A Carboniferous insect gall: insight into early ecologic history of the Holometabola.

Although the prevalence or even occurrence of insect herbivory during the Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) has been questioned, we present the earliest-known ecologic evidence showing that by Late Pennsylvanian times (302 million years ago) a larva of the Holometabola was galling the internal tissue of Psaronius tree-fern fronds. Several diagnostic cellular and histological features of these petiole galls have been preserved in exquisite detail, including an excavated axial lumen filled with fecal pellets and comminuted frass, plant-produced response tissue surrounding the lumen, and specificity by the larval herbivore for a particular host species and tissue type. Whereas most suggestions over-whelmingly support the evolution of such intimate and reciprocal plant-insect interactions 175 million years later, we provide documentation that before the demise of Pennsylvanian age coal-swamp forests, a highly stereotyped life cycle was already established between an insect that was consuming internal plant tissue and a vascular plant host responding to that herbivory. This and related discoveries of insect herbivore consumption of Psaronius tissues indicate that modern-style herbivores were established in Late Pennsylvanian coal-swamp forests.

Exposicion de la doctrina del doctor Gall, ó nueva teoría del cerebro, considerado como residencia de las facultades intelectuales y morales del alma.

Mode of access: Internet.

Physiologie intellectuelle ou Développement de la doctrine du professeur Gall sur le cerveau et ses fonctions ... /

Anteportada.

A treatise on biliary concretions, or, stones in the gall-bladder and ducts /

Mode of access: Internet.

Manuel pratique de phrénologie ou physiologie du cerveau d'après les doctrines de Gall, de Spurzheim, de Combe et des autres phrénologistes /

Mode of access: Internet.

Bark beetles and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytoidea): with special references to species occurring in North Carolina,

Bibliography: p. [162]-167.

Resumen analítico del sistema del doctor Gall, sobre las facultades del hombre y funciones del cerebro vulgarmente llamado craneoscopia /

Mode of access: Internet.

Refutación de la organología frenológica de Gall y de sus sucesores /

Mode of access: Internet.

Qu'est-ce que la phrénologie? ou Essai sur la signification et la valeur des systèmes de psychologie en général, et de celui de Gall en particulier /

Mode of access: Internet.

Précis analytique et raisonné du système du Docteur Gall sur les facultés de l'homme et les fonctions du cerveau, vulgairement cranoscopie ou phrénologie /

Mode of access: Internet.

Qu'est-ce que la phrénologie ? ou, Essai sur la signification et la valeur des systèmes de psychologié en général, et de celui de Gall en particulier /

Mode of access: Internet.

Voyage pittoresque autour de monde : avec des portraits de sauvages d'Amérique, d'Asie, d'Afrique, et des iles du Grand océan; des paysages, des vues maritimes, et plusieurs objets d'histoire naturelle; accompagné de descriptions par le Baron Cuvier, et A. de Chamisso, et d'observations sur les crânes humains, par m. le docteur Gall /

Mode of access: Internet.

Manual of phrenology: being an analytical summary of the system of Doctor Gall,

Mode of access: Internet.

Is the distribution of Fiji leaf gall in Australian sugarcane explained by variation in the vector Perkinsiella saccharicida?

Fiji leaf gall (FLG) is an important virally induced disease in Australian sugarcane. It is confined to southern canegrowing areas, despite its vector, the delphacid planthopper Perkinsiella saccharicida, occurring in all canegrowing areas of Queensland and New South Wales. This disparity between distributions could be a result of successful containment of the disease through quarantine and/or geographical barriers, or because northern Queensland populations of Perkinsiella may be poorer vectors of the disease. These hypotheses were first tested by investigating variation in the ITS2 region of the rDNA fragment among eastern Australian and overseas populations of Perkinsiella. The ITS2 sequences of the Western Australian P. thompsoni and the Fijian P. vitiensis were distinguishable from those of P. saccharicida and there was no significant variation among the 26P. saccharicida populations. Reciprocal crosses of a northern Queensland and a southern Queensland population of P. saccharicida were fertile, so they may well be conspecific. Single vector transmission experiments showed that a population of P. saccharicida from northern Queensland had a higher vector competency than either of two southern Queensland populations. The frequency of virus acquisition in the vector populations was demonstrated to be important in the vector competency of the planthopper. The proportion of infected vectors that transmitted the virus to plants was not significantly different among the populations tested. This study shows that the absence of FLG from northern Queensland is not due to a lack of vector competency of the northern population of P. saccharicida.