Propagation Mechanism Analysis Before the Break Point Inside Tunnels

There is no unanimous consensus yet on the propagation mechanism before the break point inside tunnels. Some deem that the propagation mechanism follows the free space model, others argue that it should be described by the multimode waveguide model. Firstly, this paper analyzes the propagation loss in two mechanisms. Then, by conjunctively using the propagation theory and the three-dimensional solid geometry, a generic analytical model for the boundary between the free space mechanism and the multi-mode waveguide mechanism inside tunnels has been presented. Three measurement campaigns validate the model in different tunnels at different frequencies. Furthermore, the condition of the validity of the free space model used in tunnel environment has been discussed in some specific situations. Finally, through mathematical derivation, the seemingly conflicting viewpoints on the free space mechanism and the multi-mode waveguide mechanism have been unified in some specific situations by the presented generic model. The results in this paper can be helpful to gain deeper insight and better understanding of the propagation mechanism inside tunnels

Propagation mechanism modelling in the near region of circular tunnels

Artículo sobre comunicaciones ferroviarias. Abstract: Along with the increase in operating frequencies in advanced radio communication systems utilised inside tunnels, the location of the break point is further and further away from the transmitter. This means that the near region lengthens considerably and even occupies the whole propagation cell or the entire length of some short tunnels. To begin with, this study analyses the propagation loss resulting from the free-space mechanism and the multi-mode waveguide mechanism in the near region of circular tunnels, respectively. Then, by conjunctive employing the propagation theory and the three-dimensional solid geometry, a general analytical model of the dividing point between two propagation mechanisms is presented for the first time. Moreover, the model is validated by a wide range of measurement campaigns in different tunnels at different frequencies. Finally, discussions on the simplified formulae of the dividing point in some application situations are made. The results in this study can be helpful to grasp the essence of the propagation mechanism inside tunnels.

Análisis paramétrico de transiciones a bocinas

Las transiciones en guía de onda son las estructuras utilizadas en microondas para transferir y adaptar la señal que viaja en un determinado sistema de transmisión (por ejemplo, un cable coaxial) a otro sistema de transmisión o a un sistema radiante (por ejemplo, una antena de bocina). Los dos sistemas de transmisión entre los que la transición adapta la señal pueden ser distintos o del mismo tipo pero con alguna de sus dimensiones diferente. Existen diferentes transiciones de guía de onda que dependiendo de su utilidad son diseñadas y construidas con diferentes secciones: circular, rectangular, elíptica o incluso combinaciones de éstas. No es necesario que la sección de la guía presente una forma geométrica conocida pero los estándares que se van a seguir hacen referencia en concreto a secciones rectangulares y circulares. En el trabajo que aquí se desarrolla se pretende optimizar por medio de simulaciones paramétricas una transición entre cable coaxial con conector tipo K y una guía de onda de sección circular que sigue el estándar presentado por Flann, Millitech y Antarfs para la banda WR34. La transición que va a ser objeto de este estudio se denomina transición tapered o transición conformada. Este tipo de transiciones se caracterizan por variar una de sus dimensiones progresivamente hasta llegar al tamaño definido en el estándar correspondiente. La manera de realizar la optimización de la transición se basará en el estudio del parámetro S11 que presente la estructura a lo largo de la banda de trabajo. Ya que se sigue el estándar WR34 la banda de trabajo que éste comprende va de 21,7 a 33 GHz. Se pretende conseguir que la respuesta del parámetro S11 se encuentre por debajo de -20 dB en la banda de WR34 como resultado del diseño para poder contar de esta manera con una buena adaptación. Finalmente se propondrá un criterio a seguir para optimizar este tipo de transiciones siguiendo el objetivo de mejor adaptación teniendo en cuenta el impacto de cada tramo sobre el rango de frecuencias en el que influye y se presentarán las características finales que presenta la transición bajo estudio. En este documento se introduce de manera breve la utilidad de los transformadores de impedancias lambda cuartos en líneas de transmisión, el estado del arte de las diferentes técnicas para su diseño, y la propuesta de diseño y caracterización objeto del presente trabajo. Posteriormente, se presenta el caso de estudio para el diseño de la transición para ser integrada a una bocina de choke. Luego, se introduce el marco teórico del trabajo presentando algunos ejemplos ilustrativos de tramos de guía de onda rectangular y guía de onda circular, introduciendo adaptadores de λ/4 en simulaciones. A continuación, se explica la implementación del modelo bajo estudio en CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Studio Suite. Finalmente se presenta la discusión de los resultados obtenidos, las conclusiones y líneas futuras de trabajo. ABSTRACT. Waveguide transitions are structures used in microwave in order to transfer and adapt the signal that travels from a certain transmission system (e.g. coaxial cable) to other transmission system or to a radiant system (e.g. horn antenna). Both transmission systems between which the transition adapts the signal can be different or from the same type, but with differences in some of their dimensions. There are different waveguide transitions that, depending on their utility, are designed and constructed in different sections: circular, rectangular, elliptic or combinations of the former. The section of the guide does not have to have a known geometric shape, although the standards to be followed in this thesis apply to rectangular and circular sections. In the work here presented, we aim to optimize by means of parametric simulations, a transition between a coaxial cable with a K-type connector and a waveguide with circular section following the standard presented by Flann, Millitech y Antarfs for the band WR34. The transition studied is called tapered transition, which is characterized by the progressive variation of its dimensions, until reaching the defined size of the corresponding standard. The way of optimizing the transition will be based in the study of the parameter S11 presented by the structure along the bandwidth. Since the standard used is the WR34, the bandwidth can be defined from 21.7 up to 33 GHz. It is aimed that the response of the S11 parameter be lower equal than -20dB in the frequency band under study according to the design in order to be well matched. Finally, a criterion to follow is proposed in order to optimize these transitions type, following the better-match objective. That will be done taking into account the impact of each section on the frequency range in which influences and the final characteristics of the studied transition will be presented. In this document, it is briefly introduced the utility of quarter-wave impedance transformers in transmission lines, the state-of-art of the different techniques for their design, and the proposal of design and characterization aimed with this work. Afterwards, the study case for the design of the transition to be integrated with a choke horn antenna will be presented. Later, the theoretical frame work is introduced, giving some illustrative examples of rectangular and circular waveguide sections, and also introducing λ/4 adaptors in the simulations. Subsequently, the implementation of the model under study in CST (Computer Simulation Technology) Studio Suite will be explained. Finally, the discussion of the results, conclusion and future lines of the work are presented.

Soil quality response to land-use change for sugarcane expansion in Brazil

Globally, increasing demands for biofuels have intensified the rate of land-use change (LUC) for expansion of bioenergy crops. In Brazil, the world\'s largest sugarcane-ethanol producer, sugarcane area has expanded by 35% (3.2 Mha) in the last decade. Sugarcane expansion has resulted in extensive pastures being subjected to intensive mechanization and large inputs of agrochemicals, which have direct implications on soil quality (SQ). We hypothesized that LUC to support sugarcane expansion leads to overall SQ degradation. To test this hypothesis we conducted a field-study at three sites in the central-southern region, to assess the SQ response to the primary LUC sequence (i.e., native vegetation to pasture to sugarcane) associated to sugarcane expansion in Brazil. At each land use site undisturbed and disturbed soil samples were collected from the 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm depths. Soil chemical and physical attributes were measured through on-farm and laboratory analyses. A dataset of soil biological attributes was also included in this study. Initially, the LUC effects on each individual soil indicator were quantified. Afterward, the LUC effects on overall SQ were assessed using the Soil Management Assessment Framework (SMAF). Furthermore, six SQ indexes (SQI) were developed using approaches with increasing complexity. Our results showed that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture led to soil acidification, significant depletion of soil organic carbon (SOC) and macronutrients [especially phosphorus (P)] and severe soil compaction, which creates an unbalanced ratio between water- and air-filled pore space within the soil and increases mechanical resistance to root growth. Conversion from pasture to sugarcane improved soil chemical quality by correcting for acidity and increasing macronutrient levels. Despite those improvements, most of the P added by fertilizer accumulated in less plant-available P forms, confirming the key role of organic P has in providing available P to plants in Brazilian soils. Long-term sugarcane production subsequently led to further SOC depletions. Sugarcane production had slight negative impacts on soil physical attributes compared to pasture land. Although tillage performed for sugarcane planting and replanting alleviates soil compaction, our data suggested that the effects are short-term with persistent, reoccurring soil consolidation that increases erosion risk over time. These soil physical changes, induced by LUC, were detected by quantitative soil physical properties as well as by visual evaluation of soil structure (VESS), an on-farm and user-friendly method for evaluating SQ. The SMAF efficiently detected overall SQ response to LUC and it could be reliably used under Brazilian soil conditions. Furthermore, since all of the SQI values developed in this study were able to rank SQ among land uses. We recommend that simpler and more cost-effective SQI strategies using a small number of carefully chosen soil indicators, such as: pH, P, K, VESS and SOC, and proportional weighting within of each soil sectors (chemical, physical and biological) be used as a protocol for SQ assessments in Brazilian sugarcane areas. The SMAF and SQI scores suggested that long-term conversion from native vegetation to extensive pasture depleted overall SQ, driven by decreases in chemical, physical and biological indicators. In contrast, conversion from pasture to sugarcane had no negative impacts on overall SQ, mainly because chemical improvements offset negative impacts on biological and physical indicators. Therefore, our findings can be used as scientific base by farmers, extension agents and public policy makers to adopt and develop management strategies that sustain and/or improving SQ and the sustainability of sugarcane production in Brazil.

Court-martial instructions guide.

Mode of access: Internet.

Suite française : en ré majeur /

Ouverture -- Bourée -- Récitatif & Air -- Menuet vif.

Aerial towed targets : techniques and procedures.

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Armed Forces censorship.

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Basic photography.

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Powerplant maintenance for reciprocating engines /

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Aerial photographic reconnaissance.

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Effective permeability of spheroidal shells /

"Contract AF33(616)-3220 Project No. 6(7-4600)Task 40572, Wright Air Development Center"

New circularly polarized frequency independent antennas with conical beam or omnidirectional patterns /

"Contract AF33(616)-6079 Project No. 9-(13-6278) Task 40572. Sponsored by: Wright Air Development Center"

A unidirectional equiangular spiral antenna /

"Contract AF33(616)-3220 Project No. 6(7-4600) Task 40572 Wright Air Development Center"

Soviet-Russian scientific and technical terms; a selective list. Special issue, January 1961: Glossary of units and measures, English-Russian, Russian-English.

Issued by the division's Lexicographic and Terminology Section under the former name of the division: Air Information Division.