Monte Carlo simulation on symmetric ABA/AB copolymer blends in confined thin films

The effects of blend composition on morphology, order-disorder transition (ODT), and chain conformation of symmetric ABA/AB copolymer blends confined between two neutral hard walls have been investigated by lattice Monte Carlo simulation. Only lamellar structure is observed in all the simulation morphologies under thermodynamic equilibrium state, which is supported by theoretical prediction. When the composition of AB diblock copolymer (phi) increases, both lamellar spacing and the corresponding ODT temperature increase, which can be attributed to the variation of conformation distribution of the diblock and the triblock copolymer chains. In addition, both diblock and triblock copolymer, chains with bridge conformation extend dramatically in the direction parallel to the surface when the system is in ordered state. Finally, the copolymer chain conformation depends strongly on both the blend composition and the incompatibility parameter chi N.

Study of self-assembly of symmetric coil-rod-coil ABA-type triblock copolymers by self-consistent field lattice method

The self-assembly of symmetric coil-rod-coil ABA-type triblock copolymer melts is studied by applying self-consistent field lattice techniques in a three-dimensional space. The self-assembled ordered structures differ significantly with the variation of the volume fraction of the rod component, which include lamellar, wave lamellar, gyroid, perforated lamellar, cylindrical, and spherical-like phases. To understand the physical essence of these phases and the regimes of occurrence, we construct the phase diagram, which matches qualitatively with the existing experimental results. Compared with the coil-rod AB diblock copolymer, our results revealed that the interfacial grafting density of the separating rod and coil segments shows important influence on the self-assembly behaviors of symmetric coil-rod-coil ABA triblock copolymer melts. We found that the order-disorder transition point changes from f(rod)=0.5 for AB diblock copolymers to f(rod)=0.6 for ABA triblock copolymers. Our results also show that the spherical-like and cylindrical phases occupy most of the region in the phase diagram, and the lamellar phase is found stable only at the high volume fraction of the rod.

Study of controllable aggregation morphology of ABA amphiphilic triblock copolymer in dilute solution by changing the solvent property

We have studied, both experimentally and theoretically, the aggregation morphology of the ABA amphiphilic triblock copolymer in dilute solution by changing the solvent property. Experimental results showed that the micellar morphology changed from spheres to rods and then to vesicles by changing the common solvent from N-N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to dioxane and then to tetrahydrofuran (THF). These controllable aggregates were also obtained by Monte Carlo simulation. The simulative results showed that the solvent property is a key factor that determines the copolymer aggregation morphology. The morphology changed from spheres to rods and then to vesicles by increasing the solvent solubility, corresponding to the change of stretched of the copolymer chains in the micellar cores. This result is in good agreement with the experimental one. Moreover, the simulative results revealed that the end-to-end distant of the ABA triblock copolymer in the vesicle was larger than that in the spheres and rods, indicating that the copolymer chains were more stretched in vesicles than in the spheres and rods. Furthermore, we gave the distribution of the fraction of the chain number with the end-to-end distance. The results indicated that the amount of folded chains is almost the same as that of stretched chains in the vesicle. Although most chains were folded, stretched chains could be found in the rod and sphere micelles.

Synthesis of a novel electroactive ABA triblock copolymer and its spontaneous self-assembly in water

An electroactive triblock copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and aniline pentamer (AP), PEG-block-AP-block-PEG (PAP), was synthesized via polycondensation in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC). The UV-vis spectra and cyclic-voltammograms (CV) spectra exhibited an excellent electroactivity of the triblock copolymer. The amphiphilic triblock copolymer self-assembles spontaneously into uniform micellar aggregates when the triblock copolymer was added directly to the aqueous solution. The size of the aggregates can be changed with the oxidation state of the AP segment in the PAP copolymer and the aggregates were pH-sensitive to the surrounding water solution, which provides a potential application in controlled drug release.

Synthesis and characterization of electroactive and biodegradable ABA block copolymer of polylactide and aniline pentamer

A triblock copolymer PLA-b-AP-b-PLA (PAP) of polylactide (PLA) and aniline pentamer (AP) with the unique properties of being both electroactive and biodegradable is synthesized by coupling an electroactive carboxyl-capped AP with two biodegradable bihydroxyl-capped PLAs via a condensation reaction. Three different molecule weight PAP copolymers are prepared. The PAP copolymers exhibit excellent electroactivity similar to the AP and polyaniline, which may stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. The electrical conductivity of the PAP2 copolymer film (similar to 5 x 10(-6) S/cm) is in the semiconducting region. Transmission electron microscopic results suggest that there is microphase separation of the two block segments in the copolymer, which might contribute to the observed conductivity. The biodegradation and biocompatibility experiments in vitro prove the copolymer is biodegradable and biocompatible. Moreover, these new block copolymer shows good solubility in common organic solvents, leading to the system with excellent processibility. These biodegradable PAP copolymers with electroactive function thus possess the properties that would be potentially used as scaffold materials for neuronal or cardiovascular tissue engineering.

干旱与氧化胁迫对小麦根氧化还原状态和叶片ABA积累的影响

通过分析一氧化氮（nitric oxide，NO）、活性氧（reactive oxygen species，ROS）和干旱胁迫对小麦根氧化还原状态和叶片脱落酸（abscisic acid，ABA）积累的影响，探讨了干旱胁迫下NO和H2O2调节ABA合成的可能机制。结果表明：干旱胁迫处理初期小麦根还原型谷胱甘肽含量降低、抗氧化酶活性发生振荡变化，细胞氧化还原状态向氧化型转变。NO和H2O2能模拟干旱胁迫的作用使细胞状态向氧化型转变，还可以使小麦叶片ABA积累量上升。干旱胁迫下NO和H2O2对ABA合成的调节作用可能是通过调节细胞氧化还原状态进行。

Computer vision tools for low-cost and noninvasive measurement of autism-related behaviors in infants.

The early detection of developmental disorders is key to child outcome, allowing interventions to be initiated which promote development and improve prognosis. Research on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggests that behavioral signs can be observed late in the first year of life. Many of these studies involve extensive frame-by-frame video observation and analysis of a child's natural behavior. Although nonintrusive, these methods are extremely time-intensive and require a high level of observer training; thus, they are burdensome for clinical and large population research purposes. This work is a first milestone in a long-term project on non-invasive early observation of children in order to aid in risk detection and research of neurodevelopmental disorders. We focus on providing low-cost computer vision tools to measure and identify ASD behavioral signs based on components of the Autism Observation Scale for Infants (AOSI). In particular, we develop algorithms to measure responses to general ASD risk assessment tasks and activities outlined by the AOSI which assess visual attention by tracking facial features. We show results, including comparisons with expert and nonexpert clinicians, which demonstrate that the proposed computer vision tools can capture critical behavioral observations and potentially augment the clinician's behavioral observations obtained from real in-clinic assessments.

Computer vision tools for the non-invasive assessment of autism-related behavioral markers

The early detection of developmental disorders is key to child outcome, allowing interventions to be initiated that promote development and improve prognosis. Research on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) suggests behavioral markers can be observed late in the first year of life. Many of these studies involved extensive frame-by-frame video observation and analysis of a child's natural behavior. Although non-intrusive, these methods are extremely time-intensive and require a high level of observer training; thus, they are impractical for clinical and large population research purposes. Diagnostic measures for ASD are available for infants but are only accurate when used by specialists experienced in early diagnosis. This work is a first milestone in a long-term multidisciplinary project that aims at helping clinicians and general practitioners accomplish this early detection/measurement task automatically. We focus on providing computer vision tools to measure and identify ASD behavioral markers based on components of the Autism Observation Scale for Infants (AOSI). In particular, we develop algorithms to measure three critical AOSI activities that assess visual attention. We augment these AOSI activities with an additional test that analyzes asymmetrical patterns in unsupported gait. The first set of algorithms involves assessing head motion by tracking facial features, while the gait analysis relies on joint foreground segmentation and 2D body pose estimation in video. We show results that provide insightful knowledge to augment the clinician's behavioral observations obtained from real in-clinic assessments.

Assessing the viability of studying motion indicators of autism spectrum disorders in infants at high and low risk for ASD using a passive motion capture system

Gemstone Team AMIRA

Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of depression in autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan.

Diagnosis and treatment of comorbid neuropsychiatric illness is often a secondary focus of treatment in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), given that substantial impairment may be caused by core symptoms of ASD itself. However, psychiatric comorbidities, including depressive disorders, are common and frequently result in additional functional impairment, treatment costs, and burden on caregivers. Clinicians may struggle to appropriately diagnose depression in ASD due to communication deficits, atypical presentation of depression in ASD, and lack of standardized diagnostic tools. Specific risk and resilience factors for depression in ASD across the lifespan, including level of functioning, age, family history, and coping style, have been suggested, but require further study. Treatment with medications or psychotherapy may be beneficial, though more research is required to establish guidelines for management of symptoms. This review will describe typical presentations of depression in individuals with ASD, review current information on the prevalence, assessment, and treatment of comorbid depression in individuals with ASD, and identify important research gaps.

Identificación de QTL para dormición y análisis molecular de la interacción ABA-GAs en cariopses de sorgo granífero

El objetivo de esta tesis fue contribuir a la dilucidación de los mecanismos moleculares y genéticos que participan en la expresión de la dormición de semillas de cereales, utilizando Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench como sistema modelo. Para ello se utilizaron dos aproximaciones complementarias: la identificación de QTL para el carácter dormición y la evaluación de la ocurrencia de interacciones in vitro entre componentes de la señalización del ácido abscísico (ABA) y el catabolismo de las giberelinas (GAs), candidatos a tener un rol importante durante la expresión de la dormición en granos de sorgo inmaduros (i.e. antes de madurez fisiológica). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar tres QTL (qDOR-5; qDOR-9 y qDOR-10) que explican una proporción de la variabilidad que se observa en el patrón de expresión de dormición de granos de sorgo maduros (i.e. después de madurez fisiológica). Un análisis in silico de las secuencias abarcadas por estos QTL mostró que ninguno ellos incluye genes considerados como candidatos para dormición de sorgo. En ese sentido, esta tesis aportó nuevas regiones genómicas que contienen genes hasta ahora desconocidos, que serían importantes en la expresión del carácter dormición en granos maduros. Por otra parte, los análisis de unión in vitro realizados mostraron que las proteínas SbABI4 y SbABI5 (componentes de la señalización del ABA) pueden interactuar de manera específica con el ABRC (complejo de respuesta al ABA) del promotor del gen SbGA2ox3, responsable de la degradación de giberelinas activas. Este mecanismo de cross-talk ABA-GAs podría ser uno de los responsables del mantenimiento de la dormición en cariopses inmaduros resistentes al brotado pre-cosecha. Más aún, el ABRC del promotor de SbGA2ox3, involucrado en las interacciones, se encontró además en los promotores de genes GA2ox de otras especies monocotiledóneas como Brachypodium y arroz (Oryza sativa), pero no así en las dicotiledóneas analizadas, sugiriendo que el cross-talk ABA-GAs podría tener lugar en otras especies además de sorgo. Los resultados de esta tesis en forma conjunta aportaron nuevas evidencias acerca del rol preponderante que tienen ciertas regiones del genoma o genes puntuales en la expresión de la dormición tanto en granos maduros como inmaduros de sorgo granífero.

Identificación de QTL para dormición y análisis molecular de la interacción ABA-GAs en cariopses de sorgo granífero

El objetivo de esta tesis fue contribuir a la dilucidación de los mecanismos moleculares y genéticos que participan en la expresión de la dormición de semillas de cereales, utilizando Sorghum bicolor (L.)Moench como sistema modelo. Para ello se utilizaron dos aproximaciones complementarias: la identificación de QTL para el carácter dormición y la evaluación de la ocurrencia de interacciones in vitro entre componentes de la señalización del ácido abscísico (ABA)y el catabolismo de las giberelinas (GAs), candidatos a tener un rol importante durante la expresión de la dormición en granos de sorgo inmaduros (i.e. antes de madurez fisiológica). Los resultados obtenidos permitieron identificar tres QTL (qDOR-5; qDOR-9 y qDOR-10)que explican una proporción de la variabilidad que se observa en el patrón de expresión de dormición de granos de sorgo maduros (i.e. después de madurez fisiológica). Un análisis in silico de las secuencias abarcadas por estos QTL mostró que ninguno ellos incluye genes considerados como candidatos para dormición de sorgo. En ese sentido, esta tesis aportó nuevas regiones genómicas que contienen genes hasta ahora desconocidos, que serían importantes en la expresión del carácter dormición en granos maduros. Por otra parte, los análisis de unión in vitro realizados mostraron que las proteínas SbABI4 y SbABI5 (componentes de la señalización del ABA)pueden interactuar de manera específica con el ABRC (complejo de respuesta al ABA)del promotor del gen SbGA2ox3, responsable de la degradación de giberelinas activas. Este mecanismo de cross-talk ABA-GAs podría ser uno de los responsables del mantenimiento de la dormición en cariopses inmaduros resistentes al brotado pre-cosecha. Más aún, el ABRC del promotor de SbGA2ox3, involucrado en las interacciones, se encontró además en los promotores de genes GA2ox de otras especies monocotiledóneas como Brachypodium y arroz (Oryza sativa), pero no así en las dicotiledóneas analizadas, sugiriendo que el cross-talk ABA-GAs podría tener lugar en otras especies además de sorgo. Los resultados de esta tesis en forma conjunta aportaron nuevas evidencias acerca del rol preponderante que tienen ciertas regiones del genoma o genes puntuales en la expresión de la dormición tanto en granos maduros como inmaduros de sorgo granífero.