999 resultados para Zimmerman Bank


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This thesis studies the interest-rate policy of the ECB by estimating monetary policy rules using real-time data and central bank forecasts. The aim of the estimations is to try to characterize a decade of common monetary policy and to look at how different models perform at this task.The estimated rules include: contemporary Taylor rules, forward-looking Taylor rules, nonlinearrules and forecast-based rules. The nonlinear models allow for the possibility of zone-like preferences and an asymmetric response to key variables. The models therefore encompass the most popular sub-group of simple models used for policy analysis as well as the more unusual non-linear approach. In addition to the empirical work, this thesis also contains a more general discussion of monetary policy rules mostly from a New Keynesian perspective. This discussion includes an overview of some notable related studies, optimal policy, policy gradualism and several other related subjects. The regression estimations are performed with either least squares or the generalized method of moments depending on the requirements of the estimations. The estimations use data from both the Euro Area Real-Time Database and the central bank forecasts published in ECB Monthly Bulletins. These data sources represent some of the best data that is available for this kind of analysis. The main results of this thesis are that forward-looking behavior appears highly prevalent, but that standard forward-looking Taylor rules offer only ambivalent results with regard to inflation. Nonlinear models are shown to work, but on the other hand do not have a strong rationale over a simpler linear formulation. However, the forecasts appear to be highly useful in characterizing policy and may offer the most accurate depiction of a predominantly forward-looking central bank. In particular the inflation response appears much stronger while the output response becomes highly forward-looking as well.

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PDB Goodies is a web-based graphical user interface (GUI) to manipulate the Protein Data Bank file containing the three-dimensional atomic coordinates of protein structures. The program also allows users to save the manipulated three-dimensional atomic coordinate file on their local client system. These fragments are used in various stages of structure elucidation and analysis. This software is incorporated with all the three-dimensional protein structures available in the Protein Data Bank, which presently holds approximately 18 000 structures. In addition, this program works on a three-dimensional atomic coordinate file (Protein Data Bank format) uploaded from the client machine. The program is written using CGI/PERL scripts and is platform independent. The program PDB Goodies can be accessed over the World Wide Web at http:// 144.16.71.11/pdbgoodies/.

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We propose a new method for design of computationally efficient nonsubsampled multiscale multidirectional filter bank with perfect reconstruction (PR). This filter bank is composed of two nonsubsampled filter banks, for multiscale decomposition and for directional expansion. For multiscale decomposition, we transform the 1-D equivalent subband filters directly into 2-D equivalent subband filters. The computational cost is considerably reduced by avoiding the computation of 2-D convolutions. The multidirectional decomposition utilizes fan filters. A new method for design of 2-D zero phase FIR fan filter transformation function is developed. This method also aids the transformation of a 1-D filter bank to a 2-D multidirectional filter bank. The potential application of the proposed filter bank is illustrated by comparing the image denoising performance of the proposed filter bank with other design method that exist in available literature.

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A nonlinear stochastic filtering scheme based on a Gaussian sum representation of the filtering density and an annealing-type iterative update, which is additive and uses an artificial diffusion parameter, is proposed. The additive nature of the update relieves the problem of weight collapse often encountered with filters employing weighted particle based empirical approximation to the filtering density. The proposed Monte Carlo filter bank conforms in structure to the parent nonlinear filtering (Kushner-Stratonovich) equation and possesses excellent mixing properties enabling adequate exploration of the phase space of the state vector. The performance of the filter bank, presently assessed against a few carefully chosen numerical examples, provide ample evidence of its remarkable performance in terms of filter convergence and estimation accuracy vis-a-vis most other competing filters especially in higher dimensional dynamic system identification problems including cases that may demand estimating relatively minor variations in the parameter values from their reference states. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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El ácaro blanco ( Poliphagotarsonemus latus, Bank) se ha convertido en un severo proble ma fitosanitario y socioeconómico para los productores de chiltoma ( Capsicum annum L.) del municipio de Tisma, Masaya. Esta plaga ha provocado grandes e importantes pérdidas económicas al reducir los rendimientos hasta en un 90%, disminuyendo así la calid ad y aumentando los costos de producción de la chiltoma. Ante la problemática existente en el municipio de Tisma y con el objetivo de encontrar una solución, se realizó un estudio en el periodo comprendido entre el mes de Agosto del 2007 a Enero del 2008, donde se evaluaron cuatro alternativas químicas y una botánica para el manejo del acaro blanco. Las alternativas evaluadas fueron: Oberón, Caldo sulfacálcico, Nim, Azufre y Vertimec en comparación con el testigo (aplicación de agua). Las variables evaluada s en el estudio fueron: Identificación del acaro blanco y sus daños en las plantas de chiltoma, Acaro blanco ( Poliphagotarsonemus latus, Bank ) por planta, Incidencia y Severidad del daño de acaro blanco, rendimiento en (kg ha - 1 ), altura de la planta (cm). Para decidir el momento de las aplicaciones de los productos se realizaron monitoreos semanales con una lupa de 16x tomando como nivel crítico un acaro por hoja tierna. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio indican que el tratamiento Oberón fue el que pr esentó las poblaciones más bajas del acaro blanco, además de ser el más efectivo en el manejo, ya que las plantas tratadas con este producto presentaron el porcentaje de severidad más bajo en comparación con los demás tratamientos en estudio. El análisis e conómico realizado en este estudio determinó que el tratamiento Oberón fue el que presentó el mayor rendimiento, menor costo variable y fue el que obtuvo el mayor beneficio neto en comparación con los demás tratamientos en estudio

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El ácaro blanco (Poliphagotarsonemus latus , Bank), es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios más severos para los productores de chiltoma ( Capsicum annuum , L.) en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya. Esta plaga ha provocado importantes pérdidas económicas, disminuyendo así la calidad de los frutos y aumentando los costos de producción. En vista de este problema en el municipio de Tisma, se realizó un estudio en el periodo comprendido entre los meses de Septiembre a Diciembre del año 2009, donde se evaluaron algunas alternativas botánicas y químicas para el manejo del acaro blanco. Las alternativas evaluadas fueron: Oberon, Chile+Ajo+Jabón, Rienda, Vertimec, Sulfato de Amonio. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio indican que el tratamiento Rienda fue el tratamiento con mejor control en el manejo del acaro blanco (39%) comparado con el testigo, ya que las plantas tratadas con este producto presentaron el menor número de ácaros por planta (2.73), menor porcentaje de incidencia (33%) y severidad (19%) en comparación con los demás tratamientos evaluados. Los tratamientos que obtuvieron los mejores rendimientos en k/Ha fueron Vertimec con (12237) y Oberon con (10944), Sulfato de Amonio obtuvo (9353). En el análisis de tasa de retorno marginal el tratamiento Vertimec es el que obtuvo mejor resultado con 659.53%.

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El ácaro blanco ( Poliphagotarsonemus latus , Bank), es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios más severos para los productores de chiltoma ( Capsicum annuum , L.) en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya. Esta plaga ha ocasionado importantes pérdidas económicas, ya que reduce los rendimientos, disminuyendo así la calidad de los frutos y aumenta los costos de producción. En vista de este problema en el municipio de Tisma, se realizó un estudio con en el objetivo de evaluar productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco en chiltoma en el período comprendido entre los meses de Julio a Octubre del año 2009, donde se evaluaron algunos productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco. Los productos evaluados fueron: Chile + Jabón, Oberón, Neem, Vertimec, Ajo + jabón en comparación con el Testigo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: Fluctuación poblacional del ácaro blanco , Incidencia y Severidad de daño de ácaro por planta, rendimiento (Kg/ha-1) y fluctuación poblacional de organismos plagas y benéficos asociados al cultivo de la chiltoma como: Mosca blanca ( Bemisia tabaci), Áfidos (Aphis gossypii ), Minador de la hoja ( Liriomyza sp ), Mariquitas ( Coccinella sp ), Hormigas ( Atta sp ) y Arañas. Los resultados obtenidos en el estudio indican que el tratamiento Oberón presento la menor fluctuación poblacional de ácaro blanco seguido por los tratamientos Vertimec y Chile + jabón, el tratamiento Oberón fue el tratamiento con menor incidencia y severidad del daño de ácaro. El análisis económico realizado en este estudio determinó que el tratamiento Oberón fue el que presentó el mayor rendimiento y obtuvo el mayor beneficio neto, por el contrario el tratamiento que presentó los mayores costos variables fue el tratamiento Vertimec, seguido por el Neem. Además en este estudio se muestrearon las fluctuaciones poblacionales de otros organismos plagas y benéficos relacionados al cultivo de la chiltoma, donde resultados de este estudio demuestran que los productos utilizados para el manejo del ácaro blanco no tienen ningún efecto en las poblaciones de estos insectos.

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El ácaro blanco (Polyphagotarsonemus latus Bank), es uno de los problemas fitosanitarios más severos para los productores de chiltoma (Capsicum annuum L.) en el municipio de Tisma, Masaya.Esta plaga ha ocasionado importantes pérdidas económicas, ya que reduce los rendimientos, disminuye la calidad de los frutos y aumenta los costos de producción. Por esta razón, en el municipio de Tisma, se realizó este estudio con en el objetivo de evaluar productos botánicos y químicos para el manejo del ácaro blanco en el cultivo de chiltoma durante el período de julio a octubre del año 2009. Los productos evaluados fueron: Chile + Jabón, Oberón, Neem, Vertimec, Ajo + jabón en comparación con el testigo. Las variables evaluadas fueron: fluctuación poblacional del ácaro blanco, incidencia y severidad de daño de ácaro por planta, y rendimiento en kg ha-1. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el tratamiento Oberón presentó la menor fluctuación poblacional de ácaro blanco, seguido por los tratamientos Vertimec y Chile + jabón, el tratamiento Oberón fue el tratamiento con menor incidencia y severidad del daño causado por el ácaro. El análisis económico realizado en este estudio determinó que el tratamiento Oberón fue el que presentó mayor rendimiento y beneficio neto, por el contrario el tratamiento que presentó los mayores costos variables fue el tratamiento Vertimec, seguido por el Neem.

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El ácaro blanco ( Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Bank ) y Trips ( Frankliniella occidentalis , Pergande ) se han convertido en problemas fitosanitarios importantes en el cultivo de Chiltoma ( Capsicum annuum , L.), e stas plagas han provocado importantes pérdidas e conómicas, disminuyendo así la calidad de los frutos y aumentando los costos de producción. Se realizó un e studio entre los meses de octubre del 2014 y enero del 2015 en la finca el plantel de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, con el propósito de encontrar alternativas que den solución al problema. Se utilizó un diseño bifactorial en parcelas divididas con un arreglo en BCA. El factor cobertura plástica mulch con dos niveles (con y sin cobert ura) y el factor tipo de manejo con cuatro niveles (Químico sintético, Entomopatógenos , Químico sintético + Entomopatógenos y testigo) para un total de ocho tratamientos con tres repeticiones. Se evaluó el uso de plástico mulch en la parcela grande y el tipo de manejo en la parcela pequeña. El tipo de manejo Químico sintético (Spiromesifen, Imidacloprid, Spinosad, Muralla delt a y Abamectina), manejo Entomopatógenos ( Beauveria bassiana y Metarhizium anisopliae ) y un manejo con productos Químico sintético + Entomopatógenos . Los resultados demostraron diferencias significativas en la interacción de los tratamientos para la variab le número de ácaros por planta . De acuerdo a la prueba de Tuckey aplicada para el factor manejo , los tratamientos evaluados se ubican en la misma categoría estadística a excepción del testigo . Los mismos factores y sus respectivos niveles evaluados , no t uvieron efecto sobre la variable número de Trips por planta. En el análisis de rendimiento mostró diferencias significativas en el factor cobertura ( α= 0.00013336 ) ; el uso de plástico mulch obtuvo mayor rendimiento con 7,405 kg/ha . Segú n la tasa de retorno marginal , el tratamiento más rentable fue con cobertura testigo ya que presentó una ta sa de retorno marginal de 743.82 %

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Summary: This cruise report is a summary of a field survey conducted within the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS), located between Cape Cod and Cape Ann at the mouth of Massachusetts Bay. The survey was conducted June 14 – June 21, 2008 on NOAA Ship NANCY FOSTER Cruise NF-08-09-CCEHBR. Multiple indicators of ecological condition and human dimensions were sampled synoptically at each of 30 stations throughout SBNMS using a random probabilistic sampling design. Samples were collected for the analysis of benthic community structure and composition; concentrations of chemical contaminants (metals, pesticides, PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs) in sediments and target demersal biota; nutrient and chlorophyll levels in the water column; and other basic habitat characteristics such as depth, salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, pH, sediment grain size, and organic carbon content. In addition to the fish samples that were collected for analysis of chemical contaminants relative to human-health consumption limits, other human-dimension indicators were sampled as well including presence or absence of fishing gear, vessels, surface trash, marine mammals, and noxious sediment odors. The overall purpose of the survey was to collect data to assess the status of ecosystem condition and potential stressor impacts throughout SBNMS, based on these various indicators and corresponding management thresholds, and to provide this information as a baseline for determining how such conditions may be changing with time. While sample analysis is still ongoing a few preliminary results and observations are reported here. A final report will be completed once all data have been processed. The results are anticipated to be of value in supporting goals of the SBNMS and National Marine Sanctuary Program aimed at the characterization, protection, and management of sanctuary resources (pursuant to the National Marine Sanctuary Reauthorization Act) as well as a new priority of NCCOS and NOAA to apply Ecosystem Based approaches to the Management of coastal resources (EBM) through Integrated Ecosystem Assessments (IEAs) conducted in various coastal regions of the U.S. including the Northeast Atlantic continental shelf. This was a multi-disciplinary partnership effort made possible by scientists from the following organizations:  NOAA, National Ocean Service (NOS), National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Environmental Health and Biomolecular Research (CCEHBR), Charleston, SC.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Atlantic Ecology Division (GED), Narragansett, RI.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory (NHEERL), Gulf Ecology Division (GED), Gulf Breeze, FL.  U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), National Wetlands Research Center, Gulf Breeze Project Office, Gulf Breeze, FL.  NOAA, Office of Marine and Aviation Operations (OMAO), NOAA ship Nancy Foster. (31pp) (PDF contains 58 pages)

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In the spring of 2001, NOAA’s National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) and National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), in consultation with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), launched a 24-month effort to define and assess biogeographic patterns of selected marine species found within and adjacent to the boundaries of three west coast National Marine Sanctuaries. These sanctuaries, Monterey Bay, Gulf of the Farallones, and Cordell Bank are conducting a joint review process to update sanctuary management plans. The management plans for these sanctuaries have not been updated for over ten years and the status of the natural resources and their management issues in and around the sanctuaries may have changed. In addition, significant accomplishments in research and resource assessments have been made within the region. Thus, it is important to incorporate new and expanding knowledge into the revised management plans for these Sanctuaries.

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The implementation of various types of marine protected areas is one of several management tools available for conserving representative examples of the biological diversity within marine ecosystems in general and National Marine Sanctuaries in particular. However, deciding where and how many sites to establish within a given area is frequently hampered by incomplete knowledge of the distribution of organisms and an understanding of the potential tradeoffs that would allow planners to address frequently competing interests in an objective manner. Fortunately, this is beginning to change. Recent studies on the continental shelf of the northeastern United States suggest that substrate and water mass characteristics are highly correlated with the composition of benthic communities and may therefore, serve as proxies for the distribution of biological biodiversity. A detailed geo-referenced interpretative map of major sediment types within Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) has recently been developed, and computer-aided decision support tools have reached new levels of sophistication. We demonstrate the use of simulated annealing, a type of mathematical optimization, to identify suites of potential conservation sites within SBNMS that equally represent 1) all major sediment types and 2) derived habitat types based on both sediment and depth in the smallest amount of space. The Sanctuary was divided into 3610 0.5 min2 sampling units. Simulations incorporated constraints on the physical dispersion of sampling units to varying degrees such that solutions included between one and four site clusters. Target representation goals were set at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 percent of each sediment type, and 10 and 20 percent of each habitat type. Simulations consisted of 100 runs, from which we identified the best solution (i.e., smallest total area) and four nearoptimal alternates. We also plotted total instances in which each sampling unit occurred in solution sets of the 100 runs as a means of gauging the variety of spatial configurations available under each scenario. Results suggested that the total combined area needed to represent each of the sediment types in equal proportions was equal to the percent representation level sought. Slightly larger areas were required to represent all habitat types at the same representation levels. Total boundary length increased in direct proportion to the number of sites at all levels of representation for simulations involving sediment and habitat classes, but increased more rapidly with number of sites at higher representation levels. There were a large number of alternate spatial configurations at all representation levels, although generally fewer among one and two versus three- and four-site solutions. These differences were less pronounced among simulations targeting habitat representation, suggesting that a similar degree of flexibility is inherent in the spatial arrangement of potential protected area systems containing one versus several sites for similar levels of habitat representation. We attribute these results to the distribution of sediment and depth zones within the Sanctuary, and to the fact that even levels of representation were sought in each scenario. (PDF contains 33 pages.)

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Although ambient (background) noise in the ocean is a topic that has been widely studied since pre-World War II, the effects of noise on marine organisms has only been a focus of concern for the last 25 years. The main point of concern has been the potential of noise to affect the health and behavior of marine mammals. The Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) is a site where the degradation of habitat due to increasing noise levels is a concern because it is a feeding ground and summer haven for numerous species of marine mammals. Ambient noise in the ocean is defined as “the part of the total noise background observed with an omnidirectional hydrophone.” It is an inherent characteristic of the medium having no specific point source. Ambient noise is comprised of a number of components that contribute to the “noise level” in varying degrees depending on where the noise is being measured. This report describes the current understanding of ambient noise and existing levels in the Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. (PDF contains 32 pages.)

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Daytime feeding behavior of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Gulf of the Farallones, California, and adjacent waters was observed during autumn of 1988 to 1990. Bodega Canyon, Cordell Bank, and the Farallon Islands were the primary sites of feeding activity. Fecal samples of whales and zooplankton tows contained euphausiids exclusively, dominated by Thysanoessa spinifera (79%), with lesser amounts of Euphausia pacifica (14%), Nyctiphanes simplex (4%), and Nematoscelis difficilis (3%). In 1988 and 1990, whales also were infrequently observed feeding on small schooling fish, presumably Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and juvenile rockfish (Sebastes spp.). Feeding was the most common behavior observed (52%), and less frequently traveling (23%), milling (21 %), and resting (4%). Whales used different methods to consume euphausiid prey at the surface (0-10 m), in shallow water (11-60 m), and deep water (61-140 m). Humpback whales fed at the surface 56% of time in 1988 and 32% of time in 1990, using primarily lateral lunges to capture swarms of euphausiids. In 1989, no surface feeding was observed; however, deep, long-duration dives were followed by extended surface intervals with many respirations. These 1989 observations coincided with increased prey depth as indicated by depth sounder records of diving whales and prey scattering layers. In 1989, increased prey depth and associated feeding behaviors were strongly associated with unusually high surface temperatures, calm seas, and changes in water circulation. Environmental conditions in 1989 triggered the most intense and wide-spread occurrence of red tide in this region since 1980. Red tide samples collected throughout this period contained Alexandrium (=Gonyaulax) catenella and Noctiluca scintillans. Surface feeding was observed only in 1988 and 1990, when surface prey were available and red tides were very limited in extent, duration, and intensity. Annual variations in humpback whale feeding behavior were related to prey availability which is affected by corresponding environmental conditions. (PDF contains 94 pages)