Desenvolvimento de componentes nanométricos para aplicação em células a combustível à base de sólidos estruturados e filmes finos

The present work aims the preparation of filmes of strontium-doped lanthanum manganite (perovskita) yttria-stabilized zirconia (LSM-SDC) films deposited on substrate of YSZ by means of spin coating technique having as principal objective their application to solid oxide fuel cells of intermediate temperature. La0,8Sr0,2MnO3 and Ce0,8Sm0,2O1,9 were obtained by modified Pechini method by use of gelatin which act as polymerization agent. The powders obtained were characterized by Xray fluorescence, X ray diffraction, electronic scanning microscopy and the superficial area by BET method. The results obtained by X-ray fluorescence showed that the route adopted for obtention of powders was effective in the obtention of the compositions with close values to the stoichiometrics. Ethyl cellulose was used as pore-forming agent and mixed with the LSM-SDC powders in weight proportions of 1:24, 2:23 and 1:9. The films were sintered at 1150 °C for 4 h and characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy technique (SEM) and atomic force. The phases quantification of the precursory powders and of the obtained films was carried through Rietveld method. According with the analysis of SEM, as the content of ethyl cellulose was increased, the pore distribution in films become more uniform and the pore size reduced. The methodology used for the obtention of the films was very efficient, considering a material was obtained with characteristics that were proper to the application as electrolyte/cathode system to solid oxide fuel cells

Chemical vapor deposition of multi-walled carbon nanotubes from nickel/yttria-stabilized zirconia catalysts

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were produced by chemical vapor deposition using yttria-stabilized zirconia/nickel (YSZ/Ni) catalysts. The catalysts were obtained by a liquid mixture technique that resulted in fine dispersed nanoparticles of NiO supported in the YSZ matrix. High quality MWNT having smooth walls, few defects, and low amounts of by-products such as amorphous carbon were obtained, even from catalysts with large Ni concentrations (> 50 wt.%). By adjusting the experimental parameters, such as flux of the carbon precursor (ethylene) and Ni concentration, both the MWNT morphology and the process yield could be controlled. The resulting YSZ/Ni/MWNT composites can be interesting due to their mixed ionic-electronic transport properties, which could be useful in electrochemical applications.

Photoluminescence of core-shell nanoparticles made from yttrium stabilized zirconia powder grain coated with alumina

A YSZ@Al2O3 nanocomposite was obtained by Al 2O3 coating on the surface of yttrium stabilized zirconia via a polymeric precursor method. The resulting core-shell structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy and PL spectra. The TEM micrographs clearly show a homogeneous Al2O3 shell around the ZrO2 core. The observed PL is related to surface-interface defects. Such novel technologies can, in principle, explore materials which are not available in the bulk single crystal form but their figure-of-merit is dramatically dependent on the surface-interface defect states. © 2013 This journal isThe Royal Society of Chemistry.

Síntese e caracterização de cátodos de perovskitas 'La IND.0,6''Sr IND.0,4''Fe IND.y''Co IND.1-y''O IND.3-'delta'', para células a combustível de eletrólito sólido (SOFC) operando em temperaturas intermediárias

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Reação de redução de oxigênio sobre perovskitas La1-xSrxFeyCo1-yO3-δ, para células a combustível de óxido sólido (SOFC)

Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - FC

Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of NiO-Ce1-XEuxO2-δ powders for fuel cell catalytic anodes

CeO2-based materials doped with rare earth (TR +3) can be used as alternative to traditional NiO-YSZ anodes in solid oxide fuel cells as they have higher ionic conductivity and lower ohmic losses compared to YSZ. Moreover, they allow fuel cell operation at lower temperatures (500-800°C). In the anode composition, the concentration of NiO acting as catalyst in YSZ provides high electrical conductivity and high electrochemical activity of reactions, promoting internal reform in the cell. In this work, NiO - Ce1-xEuxO2-δ compounds (x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3) have been synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method. The materials were characterized by TG, XRD, TPR and SEM-FEG techniques. The refinement of data obtained by X-ray diffraction showed the presence of ceria doped with europium crystallized in a cubic phase with fluorite structure, in addition to the presence of NiO. The microwave-assisted hydrothermal method showed significant reduction in the average particle size and good mass control of phase compositions compared to other chemical synthesis techniques.

Linking origin of the electric field-assisted beta-PbF2 crystallization in lead oxyfluoroborate glasses below T (g) to simultaneous cathode/anode-compensated electrochemical reactions

Full validation of the electrochemical mechanisms so far postulated as driving force of electric field-assisted non-spontaneous crystallization development in given glasses has suffered experimental restrictions. In this work, we looked into origin of this phenomenon in lead oxyfluoroborate glasses, resulting in beta-PbF2 growth even below the corresponding glass transition temperatures, through achieving a systematic study of not only Pt,Ag/Glass/Ag,Pt- but also Pt,Ag/Glass/YSZ:PbF2/Ag,Pt-type cells, where YSZ:PbF2 represents a two-phase system (formed by Y2O3-doped ZrO2 and PbF2). It is demonstrated that crystallization induction in these glasses involves Pb2+ ions reduction at the cathode, the phenomenon being, however, confirmed only when the F- ions were simultaneously also able to reach the anode for oxidation, after assuring either a direct glass-anode contact or percolation pathways for free fluoride migration across the YSZ:PbF2 mixtures. A further support of this account is that the electrochemically induced beta-PbF2 phase crystallizes showing ramified-like microstructure morphology that arises, accordingly, from development of electroconvective diffusion processes under electric field action.

Photoluminescence of core-shell nanoparticles made from yttrium stabilized zirconia powder grain coated with alumina

A YSZ@Al2O3 nanocomposite was obtained by Al2O3 coating on the surface of yttrium stabilized zirconia via a polymeric precursor method. The resulting core–shell structures were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electronic microscopy and PL spectra. The TEM micrographs clearly show a homogeneous Al2O3 shell around the ZrO2 core. The observed PL is related to surface–interface defects. Such novel technologies can, in principle, explore materials which are not available in the bulk single crystal form but their figure-of-merit is dramatically dependent on the surface–interface defect states.

Aspetti innovativi per la valutazione e la misura della porosità nei materiali dell'edilizia antica e moderna. La geometria frattale della porosità

New concepts on porosity appraisal in ancient and modern construction materials. The role of Fractal Geometry on porosity characterization and transport phenomena. This work studied the potential of Fractal Geometry to the characterization of porous materials. Besides the descriptive aspects of the pore size distribution, the fractal dimensions have led to the development of rational relations for the prediction of permeability coefficients to fluid and heat transfer. The research considered natural materials used in historical buildings (rock and earth) as well as currently employed materials as hydraulic cement and technologically advanced materials such as silicon carbide or YSZ ceramics. The experimental results of porosity derived from the techniques of mercury intrusion and from the image analysis. Data elaboration was carried out according to established procedures of Fractal Geometry. It was found that certain classes of materials are clearly fractal and respond to simple patterns such as Sierpinski and Menger models. In several cases, however, the fractal character is not recognised because the microstructure of the material is based on different phases at different dimensional scales, and in consequence the “fractal dimensions” calculated from porosimetric data do not come within the standard range (less than 3). Using different type and numbers of fractal units is possible, however, to obtain “virtual” microstructures that have the fraction of voids and pore size distribution equivalent with the experimental ones for almost any material. Thus it was possible to take the expressions for the permeability and the thermal conduction which does not require empirical “constants”, these expressions have also provided values that are generally in agreement with the experimental available data. More problematic has been the fractal discussion of the geometry of the rupture of the material subjected to mechanical stress both external and internal applied. The results achieved on these issues are qualitative and prone to future studies. Keywords: Materials, Microstructure, Porosity, Fractal Geometry, Permeability, Thermal conduction, Mechanical strength.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di La0.4Sr0.4TiO3 (LST) come anodo innovativo per celle a combustibile ad ossido solido (SOFC)

Le celle a combustibile ad ossido solido (SOFC) sono reattori elettrochimici che convertono l’energia chimica di un gas combustibile direttamente in energia elettrica con un’alta efficienza e con basse emissioni. Il materiale più comunemente usato come anodo, il Ni/YSZ cermet, mostra però numerosi svantaggi nell’applicazione quali la suscettibilità all’avvelenamento da zolfo e la deposizione di coke per cracking degli idrocarburi usati come combustibile. E’ perciò necessario sviluppare materiali alternativi che sopperiscano a questi problemi. Il titanato di stronzio drogato con lantanio con stechiometria La0.4Sr0.4TiO3 (LST) è stato scelto come anodo alternativo per le ottime proprietà possedute. Lo scopo del lavoro di tesi è stato quindi lo studio dell’influenza della natura dei precursori, delle condizioni di sintesi e dell’aggiunta di agenti porizzanti necessari per l’ottenimento della fase perovskitica pura e con porosità controllata. In un primo tempo è stata verificata la possibilità di ottenere la fase La0.4Sr0.4TiO3 pura mediante sintesi allo stato solido, trattando termicamente miscele di precursori diversi. I risultati ottenuti hanno evidenziato che l’utilizzo di nitrati metallici porta a risultati migliori rispetto all’utilizzo di carbonati ed ossidi poiché permette la formazione della fase perovskite a temperature inferiori e con una purezza maggiore. Poiché l’analisi elementare sui materiali preparati in questa prima fase ha evidenziato un problema sulla stechiometria, il metodo di sintesi è stato ottimizzato solubilizzando preventivamente i precursori di lantanio e stronzio e determinandone il titolo mediante ICP. Inoltre, sono state effettuate delle sintesi utilizzando TiO2 a diversa area superficiale, per verificare l’effetto sulle fasi formate di una maggior reattività di questo componente. Per completezza la perovskite è stata sintetizzata anche tramite sintesi sol-gel, utilizzando il metodo Pechini, ottenendo a 700°C la fase pura. L’analisi morfologica ha evidenziato che le polveri con caratteristiche migliori per la formatura sono quelle ottenute tramite sintesi allo stato solido. Le pastiglie prodotte, miscelando tali polveri e agenti porizzanti opportuni, hanno evidenziato la stabilità della fase perovskitica voluta ma anche la necessità di ottimizzare l’aggiunta del porizzante per avere una porosità adeguata all’applicazione del sistema quale anodo SOFC.

In-situ-Präparation von komplexen supraleitenden und ferroelektrischen Heterostrukturen mittels gepulster Laser-Deposition

In der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Konstruktion und der Aufbau eines Systems zur gepulsten Laserablation von dünnen Schichten beschrieben. Die hohe Flexibilität der Anlage wird ermöglicht durch einen sechsfach-Targethalter und eine Heizerkonstruktion, die einfachen Substrateinbau, hohe Temperaturhomogenität und einen zugänglichen Temperaturbereich von bis zu 1000°C erlaubt. Durch eine komplexe Laser-Optik, die eine homogene Energiedichte auf dem Target sicherstellt, wird eine optimale Filmqualität erreicht.Durch die Entwicklung einer zweistufigen Prozeßführung für Y-stabilisiertes ZrO2 wird eine Wachstumsbasis hoher kristalliner Qualität für funktionale Oxidschichten auf Silizium zur Verfügung gestellt. Es zeigt sich, daß die dielektrischen Eigenschaften der YSZ Schicht stark vom Sauerstoffgehalt, der Grenzflächenmorphologie sowie der Dicke der ersten Schicht abhängig sind. Basierend auf dieser Schicht wurde BaZrO3 als zusätzliche Pufferschicht für den Hochtemperatursupraleiter (HTSL) YBa2Cu3O7 ? untersucht. Unter Verwendung von SrTiO3 Substraten konnte die dielektrische Konstante von BaZrO3 zu ? ? 65 bestimmt sowie das Dispersionsverhalten mittels modifizierter Debye-Gleichungen erklärt werden. Vergleichende Messungen auf einkristallinen SrTiO3 Substraten zeigen eine erhöhte Übergangstemperatur von 90.2 K und eine wesentliche Verbesserung der Oberflächenrauhigkeit des HTSL von 2 nm (rms) durch die Verwendung von BaZrO3 Schichten hoher Qualität. Eine nur wenige Monolagen dicke zusätzliche BaZrO3 Pufferschicht auf YSZ-gepufferten Silizium Substraten verhindert die Ausbildung von ?9° rotierten YBCO Körnern, die üblicherweise bei der direkten Deposition auf YSZ beobachtet werden. Resistive Messungen mit Übergangstemperaturen oberhalb 89 K sind vergleichbar zu Ergebnissen, die für CeO2/YSZ Pufferschichtkombinationen erreicht werden. Durch kontinuierliche Gitteranpassung wurde eine neue Schichtabfolge YBCO/CeO2/YSZ/BaZrO3 für die Erzeugung bi-epitaxialer Korngrenzen-Josephson Kontake gefunden und deren Epitaxiebeziehungen geklärt. Eine in-situ deponierte Schichtabfolge zeigt mit einer Übergangstemperatur von 91.7 K und einer Übergangsbreite von 0.15 K supraleitende Eigenschaften vergleichbar zu den besten bisher auf diesem Gebiet erreichten Ergebnissen. Voruntersuchungen zur Realisierung eines Josephsonkontaktes mit dieser Schichtabfolge zeigen jedoch, daß die erreichten Eigenschaften für die technologische Anwendung nicht ausreichend sind.Die Verwendung einer YSZ/CeO2 Pufferschichtkombination ermöglicht die Herstellung von c Achsen orientiertem ferroelektrischem SrBi2Ta2O9 auf Silizium. Im Gegensatz hierzu führt die direkte Deposition auf Silizium zu polykristallinem SrBi2Ta2O9 oder zur Ausbildung der Pyrochlor Phase, wenn nur YSZ als Pufferschicht verwendet wird. Obwohl die Polarisierung von SrBi2Ta2O9 in der ab-Ebene liegt, konnte in MFIS Strukturen ein Speicherfenster von maximal 0.87 V beobachtet werden, was eine Verbesserung um nahezu einen Faktor drei im Vergleich zu polykristallinem SrBi2Ta2O9 bedeutet. Messungen an ferroelektrischen Kondesatorstrukturen ergeben Hystereseschleifen mit einer remanenten Polarisierung von Pr = 6.5 µC/cm2 sowie einem Koerzitivfeld von Ec = 35 kV/cm. AFM Messungen im Piezo-Response Modus zeigen ferroelektrische Domänen, die durch Anlegen einer Gleichspannung reversibel umpolarisiert werden können. Im Nicht-Kontakt AFM Modus wurde die lokale Polarisierung der Schichten zu 3.4 µC/cm2 bestimmt. Weiterhin wurde eine alternative Pufferschichtkombination SrZrO3/YSZ zur Erzeugung von a-Achsen orientiertem SrBi2Ta2O9 untersucht. SrZrO3 zeigt a Achsen Orientierung in vier Wachstumsdomänen, die durch ein Model erklärt werden können. Die SrBi2Ta2O9 Schicht zeigt a Achsen sowie (116)-orientierte Körner mit derselben Domänenstruktur. Die dielektrische Konstanten von SrZrO3 und SrBi2Ta2O9 wurden zu ? ? 29 und ? ? 20 bestimmt. Die beobachteten Speicherfenster sind allerdings nicht ferroelektrischer Natur, sondern wahrscheinlich durch mobile Ionen und Ladungsfangstellen in den Pufferschichten verursacht. Die stark abgesenkte dielektrische Konstante von SrBi2Ta2O9 kann durch die im Vergleich zu polykristallinem verkleinerte Korngröße erklärt werden.

Modeling And Predicting The Performance Of Infiltrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes

Fuel cells are a topic of high interest in the scientific community right now because of their ability to efficiently convert chemical energy into electrical energy. This thesis is focused on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) because of their fuel flexibility, and is specifically concerned with the anode properties of SOFCs. The anodes are composed of a ceramic material (yttrium stabilized zirconia, or YSZ), and conducting material. Recent research has shown that an infiltrated anode may offer better performance at a lower cost. This thesis focuses on the creation of a model of an infiltrated anode that mimics the underlying physics of the production process. Using the model, several key parameters for anode performance are considered. These are the initial volume fraction of YSZ in the slurry before sintering, the final porosity of the composite anode after sintering, and the size of the YSZ and conducting particles in the composite. The performance measures of the anode, namely percolation threshold and effective conductivity, are analyzed as a function of these important input parameters. Simple two and three-dimensional percolation models are used to determine the conditions at which the full infiltrated anode would be investigated. These more simple models showed that the aspect ratio of the anode has no effect on the threshold or effective conductivity, and that cell sizes of 303 are needed to obtain accurate conductivity values. The full model of the infiltrated anode is able to predict the performance of the SOFC anodes and it can be seen that increasing the size of the YSZ decreases the percolation threshold and increases the effective conductivity at low conductor loadings. Similar trends are seen for a decrease in final porosity and a decrease in the initial volume fraction of YSZ.

Development And Use Of A Model To Predict Properties Of Infiltrated Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Anodes

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) provide a potentially clean way of using energy sources. One important aspect of a functioning fuel cell is the anode and its characteristics (e.g. conductivity). Using infiltration of conductor particles has been shown to be a method for production at lower cost with comparable functionality. While these methods have been demonstrated experimentally, there is a vast range of variables to consider. Because of the long time for manufacture, a model is desired to aid in the development of the desired anode formulation. This thesis aims to (1) use an idealized system to determine the appropriate size and aspect ratio to determine the percolation threshold and effective conductivity as well as to (2) simulate the infiltrated fabrication method to determine the effective conductivity and percolation threshold as a function of ceramic and pore former particle size, particle fraction and the cell¿s final porosity. The idealized system found that the aspect ratio of the cell does not affect the cells functionality and that an aspect ratio of 1 is the most efficient computationally to use. Additionally, at cell sizes greater than 50x50, the conductivity asymptotes to a constant value. Through the infiltrated model simulations, it was found that by increasing the size of the ceramic (YSZ) and pore former particles, the percolation threshold can be decreased and the effective conductivity at low loadings can be increased. Furthermore, by decreasing the porosity of the cell, the percolation threshold and effective conductivity at low loadings can also be increased

Superplastic deformation of directionally solidified nanofibrillar Al2O3-Y3Al5O12-ZrO2 eutectics

Nanofibrillar Al2O3–Y3Al5O12–ZrO2 eutectic rods were manufactured by directional solidification from the melt at high growth rates in an inert atmosphere using the laser-heated floating zone method. Under conditions of cooperative growth, the ternary eutectic presented a homogeneous microstructure, formed by bundles of single-crystal c-oriented Al2O3 and Y3Al5O12 (YAG) whiskers of ≈100 nm in width with smaller Y2O3-doped ZrO2 (YSZ) whiskers between them. Owing to the anisotropic fibrillar microstructure, Al2O3–YAG–YSZ ternary eutectics present high strength and toughness at ambient temperature while they exhibit superplastic behavior at 1600 K and above. Careful examination of the deformed samples by transmission electron microscopy did not show any evidence of dislocation activity and superplastic deformation was attributed to mass-transport by diffusion within the nanometric domains. This combination of high strength and toughness at ambient temperature together with the ability to support large deformations without failure above 1600 K is unique and shows a large potential to develop new structural materials for very high temperature structural applications.

Influence of particle morphology on nanostructural feature and conducting property in Sm-doped CeO2 sintered body

Doped ceria (CeO2,) compounds are fluorite type oxides, which show oxide ionic conductivity higher than yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ), in oxidizing atmospheres. As a consequence of this, considerable interest has been shown in application of these materials for 'low (500-650 degreesC)' or 'intermediate (650-800 degreesC)' temperature operation, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). In this study, the authors prepared two kinds of nanosize Sm-doped CeO2 particles with different morphologies: one type was round and the other was elongated. Processing these powders with different morphology produced dense materials with very different ionic conducting properties and different nanoscale microstructures. Since both particles are very fine and well dispersed, sintered bodies with high density (relative density >95% of theoretical) could be prepared using both types of powder particles. The electrical conductivity of sintered bodies prepared from these powders with different starting morphologies was very different. Materials prepared from particles having a round shape were much higher than those produced using powders with an elongated morphology. Measured activation energies of the corresponding sintered samples showed a similar trend; round particles (60 kJ/mol), elongated particles (74 kJ/mol). While X-ray diffraction (XRD) profiles of these sintered materials were identical, diffuse scatter was observed in the back.-round of selected area electron diffraction pattern recorded from both sintered bodies. This indicated an underlying structure that appeared to have been influenced by the processing technology. Detailed observation using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) revealed that the size of microdomain with ordering of cations in the sintered body made from round shape particles was much smaller than that of the sintered body made from elongated particles. Accordingly, it is concluded that the morphology of doped CeO2 powders strongly influenced the microdomain size and electrolytic properties in the doped CeO2 sintered body. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.