Gestió de pressupostos per a la construcció

En els últims anys el sector de la construcció ha experimentat un creixement exponencial. Aquest creixement ha repercutit sobre molts aspectes: des de la necessitat de tenir més personal a les obres, la implantació d’unes oficines per a poder gestionar la compatibilitat i portar un control sobre les obres fins a la necessitat d’haver de disposar de programes informàtics específics que ajudin a realitzar la feina de la manera més còmode i àgil possible. El projecte que s’ha dut a terme consisteix a cobrir una d’aquestes necessitats, que és la de la gestió dels pressupostos en les diferents obres que els constructors realitzen. Utilitza la base de dades de l’ITEC (institut de Tecnologia de la Construcció de Catalunya) sobre la qual treballen la immensa majoria dels arquitectes quan dissenyen les obres, però també permet entrar les pròpies dades que el constructor vulgui. L’usuari de l’aplicació podrà fer pressupostos per obres de nova construcció, reformes ... agrupant cada una d’elles per capítols. Aquests capítols els podem entendre com les diferents fases a dur a terme, per exemple: la construcció dels fonaments, l’aixecament de les parets o fer la teulada. Dins dels capítols hi trobem les partides, que és un conjunt de materials i hores de feina i maquinària per a dur a terme una part de l’obra, com per exemple seria fer un envà de separació entre habitacions. En aquest cas hi tindríem els diferents materials que necessitaríem, totxanes, morter; les hores de manobre necessàries per aixecar-la, el transport de tot el material fins a l’obra... Tots aquests paràmetres (materials, hores, transport...) s’anomenen articles i van inclosos a dins de les partides. Aquesta aplicació està dissenyada per funcionar en un entorn client/servidor, utilitzant com a servidor un Linux OpenSuse 10.2 i com a clients estacions de treball amb Windows XP, tot i que també podríem utilitzar d’altres versions dels sistemes operatius de Microsoft. L’entorn de desenvolupament utilitzat és el del llenguatge FDS , el qual ja porta integrat un gestor de fitxers que és el que es farà servir.

Programa de gestió per la Pastisseria Mas

En els últims anys, el món de la informàtica ha evolucionat d'una manera inimaginable, tan a nivell de Hardware com de Software. Aquesta evolució ha donat lloc a la creació de moltes empreses dedicades a la programació, on una de les seves principals feines ha estat la realització de programes de gestió d'empreses. Moltes vegades, però, els programes estàndards no poden satisfer el total de les necessitats dels clients, sinó algunes d’aquestes i realitzar un programa personalitzat té un cost elevat. En el cas de la Pastisseria Mas de Navàs, una empresa familiar, per poder realitzar les tasques administratives utilitzen fulls de càlcul, concretament el Microsoft Excel, que permet portar els comptes d'una manera més o menys senzilla, ja que només són necessàries unes nocions bàsiques d'informàtica. El mateix passa amb les dades dels proveïdors, que les guarden en una Base de Dades del tipus Microsoft Access. Una altra de les mancances és el tema dels encàrrecs que es fa de manera manual. Per tant, l’objectiu d’aquest projecte, és realitzar un programa que els hi faciliti la seva activitat. Aquest programa els permetrà gestionar les dades que utilitzen, com la informació sobre els clients, personal, comandes... També s’ha desenvolupat una web que permet obtenir informació sobre les comandes que s’han realitzat. Aquesta aplicació està dissenyada per funcionar en l’entorn Windows XP i s’ha desenvolupat amb el compilador de CodeGear Rad Studio, concretament el C++ Builder 2009. A nivell de base de dades, he utilitzat MySQL i en el cas de la pàgina web, PHP i lamateixa base de dades. L’anàlisi i el disseny ha estat fet en UML.

Teclat virtual amb predicció del llenguatge

L'objectiu de la realització d'aquest treball és la creació d'un teclat virtual destinat a ajudar a persones amb mobilitat reduïda, que no poden utilitzar el teclat físic de l'ordinador, a escriure intentant aconseguir una velocitat d'escriptura raonable per a textos de qualsevol mida. Per aconseguir aquesta velocitat d'escriptura raonable s'ha implementat un sistema de predicció del llenguatge que té dos aspectes. D'una banda es prediuen paraules segons la seva freqüència d'ús en un determinat diccionari i, d'altra banda, es prediuen paraules seguint les regles d'escriptura de la gramàtica catalana. Un altre aspecte important era que el programa creat es pogués utilitzar en diferents sistemes operatius ja que només hi havia versions específiques per a cada un d'ells. El programa creat es pot executar en els sistemes operatius Windows XP, Mac OS i Ubuntu Linux. El programa creat pretén ser una base per a posteriors millores i ampliacions en diferents parts del seu conjunt. No obstant això, com a resultat s'ha obtingut un programa que permet escriure raonablement ràpid i permet a l'usuari gestionar diccionaris i els dos tipus de predicció que s'han implementat.

Ketterien sovelluskehityskäytäntöjen soveltaminen J2EE-kehitykseen

Yritysohjelmistojen kehittäminen on monesti aikataulukriittistä ja tuottavuusvaatimukset ovat korkeita. Työssä kehitettiin tyypillisen web-käyttöliittymän omaavan J2EE-sovelluksen koontiin soveltuva koontimenetelmä, joka hyödyntää XP:n (Extreme Programming) sovelluskehityskäytäntöjä. Tärkeimpiä näistä on automatisoitu testaus, jonka päätyypit ovat automatisoitu yksikkö- ja integrointitestaus. Työn aikana asetettiin tavoitteet koontimenetelmälle sekä evaluointiin ja valittiin markkinoilla olevista työkaluista toimeksiantajan ympäristöön sopiva joukko. Koontimenetelmän toteutuksen tarkastelussa havaittiin, että XP:n käytännöt soveltuvat J2EE-sovelluskehitykseen ja tarpeelliset työkalut tähän ovat olemassa.

Coaching agile methods in research and development projects

Agile coaching of a project team is one way to aid learning of the agile methods. The objective of this thesis is to present the agile coaching plan and to follow how complying the plan affects to the project teams. Furthermore, the agile methods are followed how they work in the projects. Two projects are used to help the research. From the thesis point of view, the task for the first project is to coach the project team and two new coaches. The task for the second project is also to coach the project team, but this time so that one of the new coaches acts as the coach. The agile methods Scrum process and Extreme programming are utilized by the projects. In the latter, the test driven development, continuous integration and pair programming are concentrated more precisely. The results of the work are based on the observations from the projects and the analysis derived from the observations. The results are divided to the effects of the coaching and to functionality of the agile methods in the projects. Because of the small sample set, the results are directional. The presented plan, to coach the agile methods, needs developing, but the results of the functionality of the agile methods are encouraging.

Ketterät menetelmät ja laadunhallinta

Ketterien menetelmien käyttö on yleistymässä ohjelmistotuotannossa. Tämän vuoksi ketteriltä menetelmiltä vaaditaan hyvää laadunhallintaa. Ketteriä menetelmiä on olemassa useita erilaisia, mutta ne kaikki jakavat samanlaiset perusarvot ja periaatteet. Tässä työssä tutkitaan kolmea eri ketterää menetelmää: Scrum, eXtreme Programming (XP) sekä Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM). Jokaisesta menetelmästä selvitetään, miten niissä hoidetaan laadunhallinta. Työssä otetaan myös kantaa ketterien ja perinteisten menetelmien eroihin sekä siihen, millaisissa projekteissa ketteriä menetelmiä kannattaa käyttää.

Amenorréia e anormalidades do cromossomo X

OBJETIVO: correlacionar as manifestações clínicas de pacientes com amenorréia e anormalidades do cromossomo X. MÉTODOS: realizou-se uma análise retrospectiva dos achados clínicos e laboratoriais das pacientes com amenorréia e anormalidades do cromossomo X, atendidas entre janeiro de 1975 e novembro de 2007. Suas medidas antropométricas foram avaliadas através de tabelas de crescimento padrão, sendo que, quando presentes, dismorfias menores e maiores foram anotadas. O estudo dos cromossomos foi realizado através do cariótipo com bandamento GTG. RESULTADOS: do total de 141 pacientes com amenorréia, 16% apresentavam anormalidades numéricas e 13% estruturais do cromossomo X. Destas pacientes com anormalidade do X (n=41), 35 possuíam descrição clínica completa. Todas elas apresentavam hipogonadismo hipergonadotrófico. Amenorréia primária foi observada em 24 pacientes, das quais 91,7% com fenótipo de síndrome de Turner. Com exceção de um caso com deleção Xq22-q28, todas as demais pacientes com este fenótipo apresentavam alterações envolvendo Xp (uma com uma linhagem 46,XY associada). Os dois casos restantes com apenas amenorréia primária possuíam deleções proximais de Xq. Entre as 11 pacientes com amenorréia secundária, 54,5% apresentavam fenótipo de Turner (todas com monossomia do X isolada ou em mosaico). Entre aquelas com fenótipo de falência ovariana isolada observaram-se somente deleções Xq e trissomia do X. CONCLUSÕES: a análise cromossômica deve sempre ser realizada em mulheres com falência ovariana de causa não conhecida, mesmo na ausência de achados dismórficos. Esta também é de extrema importância em pacientes sindrômicas, pois, além de confirmar o diagnóstico, é capaz de identificar pacientes em risco, como nos casos com uma linhagem 46,XY.

A systematic literature review on agile project

In the 21st century, agile project management (APM) has emerged as a major evolutionary step in the area of software project management. APM is defined as a conceptual framework, consisting of various methods such as Scrum, quick respond to change, better customer collaboration, minimum coverage of documentation and extreme programming (XP) that facilitates to produce working software in multiple iterations with team work. Because agile project management has become more popular in the software industry in recent years, it constitutes an interesting and comprehensive research topic. This thesis presents a systematic literature review (SLR) of published research articles concerning agile project management. Based on a predefined search strategy, 273 such articles were identified, of which 44 were included in the review. The selected 44 articles were published between years 2005 and 2012. The thesis defines a review process by developing a review protocol and presenting the results of the review. The results are expected to provide researchers, software man

Asiakkaiden integroiminen osaksi tuotekehitysprosessia

Kandidaatin työ on tehty Lappeenrannan teknillisen yliopiston tuotantotalouden tiedekunnassa. Työn tarkoituksena on tarkastella kuinka asiakaslähtöinen tuotekehitys on kehittynyt viime vuosikymmeninä, selvittää millaisilla menetelmillä asiakkaita voidaan liittää osaksi tuotekehitysprosessia ja kartoittaa asiakkaiden integrointiin liittyviä riskejä. 1940-luvulta alkaen yritysten innovaatioprosessit ovat kehittyneet asiakaslähtöisempään suuntaan. Nykyään yrityksille on entistä tärkeämpää tarjota tuotteita, jotka parhaiten vastaavat asiakkaiden tarpeita. Asiakasymmärrystä tuotekehityksessä voidaan lisätä monella eri menetelmällä. Tässä työssä tarkastelemme menetelmistä lähemmin innovaatiopelejä sekä ketterästä ohjelmistokehityksestä ammentavaa extreme programming (XP) – menetelmää. Innovaatiopelit perustuvat yhdessä asiakkaiden kanssa pelattaviin jopa leikkimielisiin peleihin, joiden avulla asiakkaiden mielipiteet ja ideat tulevat kuulluiksi. XP-menetelmä taas perustuu iteratiivisuuteen, sillä asiakkaan palautteen perusteella kehitettävään tuotteeseen tehdään parannuksia, jonka jälkeen uusi prototyyppi esitellään asiakkaalle. Asiakaslähtöiseen tuotekehitykseen liittyy kuitenkin myös riskejä, kuten tietotaidon vuotamista. Riskejä voidaan kuitenkin hallita valitsemalla yhteistyökumppaninsa tarkkaan ja käyttämällä edelläkävijäkäyttäjiä (lead user) hyväkseen.

Wrist ultrasound analysis of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis

In the present study, we evaluated 42 wrists using the semi-quantitative scales power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS) and gray scale ultrasound (GSUS) with scores ranging from 0 to 3 and correlated the results with clinical, laboratory and radiographic data. Twenty-one patients (17 women and 4 men) with rheumatoid arthritis according to criteria of the American College of Rheumatology were enrolled in the study from September 2008 to July 2009 at Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). The average disease duration was 14 months. The patients were 66.6% Caucasians and 33.3% non-Caucasians, with a mean age of 42 and 41 years, respectively. A dorsal longitudinal scan was performed by ultrasound on the radiocarpal and midcarpal joints using GE LOGIQ XP-linear ultrasound and a high frequency (8-10 MHz) transducer. All patients were X-rayed, and the Larsen score was determined for the joints, with grades ranging from 0 to V. This study showed significant correlations between clinical, sonographic and laboratory data: GSUS and swollen right wrist (r = 0.546), GSUS of right wrist and swelling of left wrist (r = 0.511), PDUS of right wrist and pain in left wrist (r = 0.436), PDUS of right wrist and C-reactive protein (r = 0.466). Ultrasound can be considered a useful tool in the diagnosis of synovitis in early rheumatoid arthritis mainly when the anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide and rheumatoid factor are negative, and can lead to an early change in the therapeutic decision.

Nucleotide excision repair pathway assessment in DNA exposed to low-intensity red and infrared lasers

Low-intensity lasers are used for prevention and management of oral mucositis induced by anticancer therapy, but the effectiveness of treatment depends on the genetic characteristics of affected cells. This study evaluated the survival and induction of filamentation of Escherichia coli cells deficient in the nucleotide excision repair pathway, and the action of T4endonuclease V on plasmid DNA exposed to low-intensity red and near-infrared laser light. Cultures of wild-type (strain AB1157) E. coli and strain AB1886 (deficient in uvrA protein) were exposed to red (660 nm) and infrared (808 nm) lasers at various fluences, powers and emission modes to study bacterial survival and filamentation. Also, plasmid DNA was exposed to laser light to study DNA lesions produced in vitro by T4endonuclease V. Low-intensity lasers:i) had no effect on survival of wild-type E. coli but decreased the survival of uvrA protein-deficient cells,ii) induced bacterial filamentation, iii) did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmids in agarose gels, andiv) did not alter the electrophoretic profile of plasmids incubated with T4 endonuclease V. These results increase our understanding of the effects of laser light on cells with various genetic characteristics, such as xeroderma pigmentosum cells deficient in nucleotide excision pathway activity in patients with mucositis treated by low-intensity lasers.

Análise: indicadores de pesquisa do XX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos

Em outubro de 2006, a Regional do Paraná sediou em Curitiba o XX Congresso Brasileiro de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos (XX CBCTA) com o tema Alimentos e Agroindústrias Brasileiras no Contexto Internacional. O objetivo deste Congresso foi discutir o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico e a inovação na indústria de alimentos no cenário nacional e internacional. O programa científico foi abrangente e diversificado, com Conferências, Palestras, Mesas-Redondas, Curso de Atualização, Clínicas Tecnológicas, Visitas Técnicas e Apresentações de Trabalhos Científicos em oito áreas definidas pelo Congresso. Como resultado da realização do XX CBCTA, esta análise visa uma apresentação e discussão dos indicadores da pesquisa da área de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos do País e contribuição ao desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico da área, bem como subsídios para órgãos de fomento para decisão de investimentos na pesquisa e na formação de recursos humanos. No XX CBCTA, foi apresentado um total de 2066 trabalhos científicos de todo o Brasil, com exceção do Estado de Rondônia. Os trabalhos foram registrados no banco de dados e utilizados para esta análise. As inscrições foram escolhidas de acordo com a área da pesquisa de cada trabalho, sob responsabilidade de cada autor. As áreas definidas pela Comissão Científica do Congresso foram: Embalagem (EB); Método Analítico (MA); Microbiologia, Micotoxicologia e Biotecnologia (MB); Nutrição, Saúde e Alimentação (NA); Processo e Desenvolvimento de Produto (PD); Qualidade de Alimentos (QA); Química e Bioquímica (QB); e Resíduo Agroindustrial e Meio Ambiente (RM). Foi utilizado o Programa da Microsoft® Office Excel para a composição dos gráficos, versão Windows XP.

Impact of sward type, cutting date and conditioning temperature on mass and energy flows in the integrated generation of solid fuel and biogas from semi-natural grassland

Energy production from biomass and the conservation of ecologically valuable grassland habitats are two important issues of agriculture today. The combination of a bioenergy production, which minimises environmental impacts and competition with food production for land with a conversion of semi-natural grasslands through new utilization alternatives for the biomass, led to the development of the IFBB process. Its basic principle is the separation of biomass into a liquid fraction (press fluid, PF) for the production of electric and thermal energy after anaerobic digestion to biogas and a solid fraction (press cake, PC) for the production of thermal energy through combustion. This study was undertaken to explore mass and energy flows as well as quality aspects of energy carriers within the IFBB process and determine their dependency on biomass-related and technical parameters. Two experiments were conducted, in which biomass from semi-natural grassland was conserved as silage and subjected to a hydrothermal conditioning and a subsequent mechanical dehydration with a screw press. Methane yield of the PF and the untreated silage was determined in anaerobic digestion experiments in batch fermenters at 37°C with a fermentation time of 13-15 and 27-35 days for the PF and the silage, respectively. Concentrations of dry matter (DM), ash, crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent ligning (ADL) and elements (K, Mg, Ca, Cl, N, S, P, C, H, N) were determined in the untreated biomass and the PC. Higher heating value (HHV) and ash softening temperature (AST) were calculated based on elemental concentration. Chemical composition of the PF and mass flows of all plant compounds into the PF were calculated. In the first experiment, biomass from five different semi-natural grassland swards (Arrhenaterion I and II, Caricion fuscae, Filipendulion ulmariae, Polygono-Trisetion) was harvested at one late sampling (19 July or 31 August) and ensiled. Each silage was subjected to three different temperature treatments (5°C, 60°C, 80°C) during hydrothermal conditioning. Based on observed methane yields and HHV as energy output parameters as well as literature-based and observed energy input parameters, energy and green house gas (GHG) balances were calculated for IFBB and two reference conversion processes, whole-crop digestion of untreated silage (WCD) and combustion of hay (CH). In the second experiment, biomass from one single semi-natural grassland sward (Arrhenaterion) was harvested at eight consecutive dates (27/04, 02/05, 09/05, 16/05, 24/05, 31/05, 11/06, 21/06) and ensiled. Each silage was subjected to six different treatments (no hydrothermal conditioning and hydrothermal conditioning at 10°C, 30°C, 50°C, 70°C, 90°C). Energy balance was calculated for IFBB and WCD. Multiple regression models were developed to predict mass flows, concentrations of elements in the PC, concentration of organic compounds in the PF and energy conversion efficiency of the IFBB process from temperature of hydrothermal conditioning as well as NDF and DM concentration in the silage. Results showed a relative reduction of ash and all elements detrimental for combustion in the PC compared to the untreated biomass of 20-90%. Reduction was highest for K and Cl and lowest for N. HHV of PC and untreated biomass were in a comparable range (17.8-19.5 MJ kg-1 DM), but AST of PC was higher (1156-1254°C). Methane yields of PF were higher compared to those of WCD when the biomass was harvested late (end of May and later) and in a comparable range when the biomass was harvested early and ranged from 332 to 458 LN kg-1 VS. Regarding energy and GHG balances, IFBB, with a net energy yield of 11.9-14.1 MWh ha-1, a conversion efficiency of 0.43-0.51, and GHG mitigation of 3.6-4.4 t CO2eq ha-1, performed better than WCD, but worse than CH. WCD produces thermal and electric energy with low efficiency, CH produces only thermal energy with a low quality solid fuel with high efficiency, IFBB produces thermal and electric energy with a solid fuel of high quality with medium efficiency. Regression models were able to predict target parameters with high accuracy (R2=0.70-0.99). The influence of increasing temperature of hydrothermal conditioning was an increase of mass flows, a decrease of element concentrations in the PC and a differing effect on energy conversion efficiency. The influence of increasing NDF concentration of the silage was a differing effect on mass flows, a decrease of element concentrations in the PC and an increase of energy conversion efficiency. The influence of increasing DM concentration of the silage was a decrease of mass flows, an increase of element concentrations in the PC and an increase of energy conversion efficiency. Based on the models an optimised IFBB process would be obtained with a medium temperature of hydrothermal conditioning (50°C), high NDF concentrations in the silage and medium DM concentrations of the silage.

ItePasas : itinerarios educativos Pasas.

Requirimientos mínimos para la ejecución del CD-ROM: ordenador PC; Windows 98, XP, Vista; 512 Mb de ram; resolución 1024x768, 32 bits

PowerPoint - basic skills training

This step-by-step guided worksheet and accompanying PowerPoint file introduce some key skills: - reorganising slides and bullets - creating speaker notes - printing slide handouts - including hyperlinks - adding images Simple stuff, but many find it useful - it uses Office 2004 (XP)