Office workers : salaries, hours of work, supplementary benefits, New York, N. Y., January-February 1948.

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Leisure at work in Britain, West Germany, France and Japan : a cross-cultural comparative study

The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of changing values and attitudes toward work and the workplace in Britain, West Germany, France and Japan. A cross-national approach was adopted in order to gain a better understanding of differences and similarities in behaviour and to identify aspects specific to each society. Although the relationship between work and leisure has been thoroughly examined and there is a growing body of literature on changes in the values associated with these two phenomena, little research has been carried out into leisure at work. Studies of work time have tended to consider it as a homogeneous block, whereas recent research suggests that more attention should be devoted to unravelling the multiple uses of time at the workplace. The present study sought to review and analyse this new approach to the study of work time, and special attention is devoted to an examination of definitions of leisure, recreation, free time and work within the context of the workplace. The cross-cultural comparative approach gave rise to several problems due to the number of countries involved and the unusual combination of factors being investigated. The main difficulties were differences in the amount and quality of literature available, the non-comparability of existing data, definitions of concepts and socio-linguistic terms, and problems over access to organizations for fieldwork. Much of the literature generalizes about patterns of behaviour and few authors isolate factors specific to particular societies. In this thesis new empirical work is therefore used to ascertain the extent to which generalizations can be made from the literature and characteristics peculiar to each of the four countries identified. White-collar employees in large, broadly comparable companies were studied using identical questionnaires in the appropriate language. Respondents selected were men and women, aged between 20-65 years and either managers or non-managers. Patterns of leisure at work were found to be broadly similar in the national contexts, but with the Japanese and the West Germans experiencing the least leisure at work, and the British and the French perceiving the most. The general trend seems to be toward convergence of attitudes regarding leisure at work in the four countries. Explanations for variations in practice were sought within the wider societal contexts of each country.

Trade union policy and new technology: the Civil and Public Services Association

The introduction of a micro-electronic based technology to the workplace has had a far reaching and widespread effect on the numbers and content of jobs. The importance of the implications of new technology were recognised by the trade unions, leading to a plethora of advice and literature in the late 70s and early 80s, notably the TUC 'Technology and Employment ' report. However, studies into the union response have consistently found an overall lack of influence by unions in the introduction of technology. Whilst the advent of new technology has coincided with an industrial relations climate of unprecedented hostility to union activity in the post-war period, there are structural weaknesses in unions in coming to terms with the process of technological change. In particular was the identification of a lack of suitable technological expertise. Addressing itself to this perceived weakness of the union response, this thesis is the outcome of a collaborative project between a national union and an academic institution. The thesis is based on detailed case studies concerning technology bargaining in the Civil Service and the response of the Civil and Public Services Associations (CPSA), the union that represents lower grade white collar civil servants. It is demonstrated that the application of expertise to union negotiators is insufficient on its own to extend union influence and that for unions to effectively come to terms with technology and influence its development requires a re-assessment across all spheres of union activity. It is suggested that this has repercussions for not only the internal organisation and quality of union policy formation and the extent, form and nature of collective bargaining with employer representatives, but also in the relationship with consumer and interest groups outside the traditional collective bargaining forum. Three policy options are developed in the thesis with the 'adversarial' and 'co~operative' options representing the more traditional reactive and passive forms of involvement. These are contrasted with an 'independent participative' form of involvement which was a 'pro-active' policy option and utilised the expertise of the Author in the CPSA's response to technological change.

Outsourcing in Ireland:a literature review, survey and case study perspective

Outsourcing, or offshoring as it is now known, has been around for many decades. In the beginning it was only the very peripheral activities that were blue-collar (lower skilled) work outsourced, but this is now all changing with the outsourcing of white-collar jobs. Historically outsourcing was used when organisation could not perform to world-class excellence in all sectors of the organisation due to incompetence of staff and/or management, lack of capacity, financial pressures, and/or technological pressures. The research currently underway is initially focusing on a literature review of current outsourcing applications in the market place and what impact outsourcing has on business performance. This paper will present the findings of the initial literature review. It will also discuss the methodology being followed to explore the Irish Industrial Sector.

Outsourcing: a Theoretical Viewpoint

Outsourcing or offshoring as it is now known has been around for many decades. In the beginning, it was only very peripheral activities that were outsourced, i.e. blue-collar (lower skilled) work but this is now all changing with the outsourcing of white-collar jobs. The digital revolution, the falling costs of transport and telecom costs and the opening up of the global economy helped the outsourcing market. For companies going down or contemplating the road of outsourcing there are both potential benefits and challenges, for example, the type of outsourcing they want to get involved in, and the country they want to outsource to. Outsourcing can potentially happen anywhere in the world where the costs are lower and the quality higher. The main places that have been used for outsourcing have been India, China, Ireland, South-East Asia, Russia, Mexico and the Czech Republic. The research currently underway is initially focusing on a literature review of current outsourcing applications in the market place. From this literature review, a questionnaire is being developed to assess the impact Outsourcing has on businesses. This research focuses on the Irish Market place.

Three essays on entrepreneurial entry, serial entrepreneurship, and labor turnover

This study explores two important aspects of entrepreneurship — liquidity constraints and serial entrepreneurs, with an additional analysis of occupational choice among wage workers. In the first essay, I revisit the question of whether entrepreneurs face liquidity constraints in business formation. The principle challenge is that wealth is correlated with unobserved ability, and adequate instruments are often difficult to identify. This paper uses the son's birth order as an instrument for household wealth. I exploit the data available in the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study, and find evidence of liquidity constraints associated with self-employment in South Korea. The second essay develops and tests a model that explains entry into serial entrepreneurship and the performance of serial entrepreneurs as the result of selection on innate ability. The model supposes that agents establish businesses with imperfect information about their entrepreneurial ability and the profitability of business ideas. Agents continually observe signals with which they update their beliefs, and this process eventually determines their next business choice. Selection on ability induces a positive correlation between entrepreneurial experience (measured by previous business earnings and founding experience) and serial business formation, as well as its subsequent performance. The predictions in the model are tested using panel data from the NLSY79. The analysis permits a distinction to be made between selection on innate ability and learning by doing. Motivated by previous empirical findings that white-collar workers had higher turnover rates than blue-collar workers during firm expansion, the third essay further examines job turnover among workers with or without specific skills. I present a search-matching model, which predicts that when firm growth is driven by technological advance, workers whose skills are specific to the obsolete technology show a higher tendency to separate from their jobs. This hypothesis is tested with data from the PSID. I find supportive evidence that in the context of technological change, having an occupation requiring specific skills, such as computer specialists or engineers, increases the odds of job separation by nearly eight percent. ^

The impact of migration and intergenerational changes on the Cuban family in the United States

This study examines changes in the Cuban family in the United States produced by time, migration, and the rise of new generations. The thesis will use a data set extracted from the 5% Public Use Microdata Series (PUMS) of the U.S. Decennial Census of Population for the years 1970, 1980 and 1990. Contingency table analysis and comparison of means were used to examine various family-related variables. The analysis points to changes in the traditional Cuban family towards less traditional family arrangements. The multigenerational feature of the Cuban household has diminished as the elderly have become independent and are more likely to be living on their own. Although female labor participation remains high, the occupational patterns of the first generation of Cuban women have diversified and a new trend has emerged for the second generation. The second generation of Cuban women demonstrates a strong inclination for white-collar occupations. Fertility rates remain low.

Race, Power and Economic Extraction in Benton Harbor, MI

My dissertation investigates twin financial interventions—urban development and emergency management—in a single small town. Once a thriving city drawing blacks as blue-collar workers during the Great Migration, Benton Harbor, Michigan has suffered from waves of out-migration, debt, and alleged poor management. Benton Harbor’s emphasis on high-end economic development to attract white-collar workers and tourism, amidst the poverty, unemployment, and disenfranchisement of black residents, highlights an extreme case of American urban inequality. At the same time, many bystanders and representative observers argue that this urban redevelopment scheme and the city’s takeover by the state represent Benton Harbor residents’ only hope for a better life. I interviewed 44 key players and observers in local politics and development, attended 20 public meetings, conducted three months of observations, and collected extensive archival data. Examining Benton Harbor’s time under emergency management and its luxury golf course development as two exemplars of a larger relationship, I find that the top-down processes allegedly intended to alleviate Benton Harbor’s inequality actually reproduce and deepen the city’s problems. I propose that the beneficiaries of both plans constitute a white urban regime active in Benton Harbor. I show how the white urban regime serves its interests by operating an extraction machine in the city, which serves to reproduce local poverty and wealth by directing resources toward the white urban regime and away from the city.

Job-demand for Learning, Job-related Learning and Need for Achievement

Individual learning is important, as it is both a precursor and an outcome of learning in organisations. Job-related learning is driven by external factors (e.g., the demands of the job) and internal factors (i.e., the personality of the individual). The study examined whether need for achievement moderates the relationship between job-demand for learning and job-related learning. Data were obtained from 153 full-time, white-collar employees from a range of industries. Hierarchical regression analysis using the product term revealed that need for achievement moderates the relationship between job-demand for learning and job-related learning. Specifically, although job-demand for learning is correlated positively to job-related learning for both the high and the low need for achievement groups, this correlation is stronger amongst the high group. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for future research and practice.

Effets des contraintes psychosociales au travail sur la détresse psychologique et les absences médicalement certifiées pour problèmes de santé mentale: une étude prospective de 5 ans

Contexte : Les effets cumulés des contraintes psychosociales du modèle déséquilibre efforts-reconnaissance (DER) sur la santé mentale sont peu connus. Aussi, peu d’études ont évalué les effets du DER sur des indicateurs objectifs de problèmes de santé mentale (PSM). Enfin, aucune étude prospective antérieure n’a évalué l’effet combiné des contraintes psychosociales du DER et du modèle demande-latitude (DL) et sur les PSM médicalement certifiés. La présente thèse vise à combler ces limites. Objectifs : 1) Mesurer l’effet de l’exposition cumulée au déséquilibre efforts-reconnaissance sur la prévalence de la détresse psychologique sur une période de cinq ans; 2) Mesurer l’effet du déséquilibre efforts-reconnaissance sur l’incidence des absences médicalement certifiées pour PSM sur une période de cinq ans; 3) Évaluer l’effet indépendant et l’effet combiné des contraintes psychosociales des modèles Demande-Latitude et Déséquilibre Efforts-Reconnaissance sur l’incidence des absences médicalement certifiées pour PSM sur une période de cinq ans. Méthodes : La cohorte était constituée de plus de 2000 hommes et femmes occupant des emplois de cols blancs. La collecte des données a été réalisée à trois reprises avec une moyenne de suivi de cinq ans. À chaque temps, les contraintes psychosociales et la détresse psychologique ont été mesurées à l’aide d’instruments validés. Les absences médicalement certifiées pour PSM ont été récoltées à partir des fichiers administratifs des employeurs. Les PSM ont été modélisés à l’aide des régressions log-binomiale et de Cox. Les analyses ont été réalisées séparément chez les hommes et les femmes, en ajustant pour les principaux facteurs de confusion. Résultats : Chez les hommes et les femmes, une exposition chronique au DER sur trois ans était associée à une prévalence plus élevée de la détresse psychologique. Les effets observés à trois ans ont persisté à cinq ans chez les hommes (Rapport de prévalence (RP)=1,91 (1,20–3,04)) et les femmes (RP=2,48 (1,97–3,11)). Ces effets étaient de plus grande amplitude que ceux observés en utilisant l’exposition initiale à l’entrée dans l’étude (de +0,30 à +0,94). Par ailleurs, les hommes et les femmes exposés au DER présentaient un risque plus élevé d’absences médicalement certifiées pour PSM (Risque relatif (RR)=1,38 (1,08–1,76)), comparés aux travailleurs non-exposés. La faible reconnaissance au travail était associée à un risque important d’absences pour PSM chez les hommes (RR=3,04 (1,46–6,33)) mais pas chez les femmes (RR=1,24 (0,90–1,72)). Chez les femmes uniquement, un effet indépendant du « job strain » (RR=1,50 (1,12–2,07)) et du DER (RR=1,34 (0,98–1,84)), ainsi qu’un effet de l’exposition combinée au « job strain » (demande psychologique élevée et faible latitude décisionnelle) et au DER (RR=1,97 (1,40–2,78)) sur le risque d’absences médicalement certifiées pour PSM ont également été observés. Conclusion : Les résultats de cette thèse supportent l’effet délétère de l’exposition au DER sur la prévalence de la détresse psychologique et sur le risque d’absences médicalement certifiées pour PSM chez les hommes et les femmes. Chez les hommes et les femmes, l’exposition cumulée au DER était associée à une prévalence élevée de la détresse psychologique à trois ans et à cinq ans. De plus, les contraintes psychosociales du DER ont été associées aux absences médicalement certifiés pour PSM. Chez les femmes particulièrement, un effet combiné du « job strain » et du DER était associé à un risque plus élevé d’absences médicalement certifiées pour PSM, que l’exposition à un seul des deux facteurs. Ces résultats suggèrent que la réduction des contraintes psychosociales au travail pourrait contribuer à réduire l’incidence des PSM, incluant les absences médicalement certifiées pour PSM.

Dolor en población laboral y su interferencia en actividades de la vida diaria

Introducción: El dolor es una sensación subjetiva, modulada por la experiencia previa y estado emocional del afectado que resulta complejo evaluar objetivamente, por lo que se utilizan diferentes escalas y herramientas. Es objetivo de este trabajo es valorar la afectación en calidad de vida del dolor en población laboral, cuantificándola y estableciendo la repercusión que suponen variables como la edad, el género y el tipo de trabajo desempeñado. Material y métodos: Se realiza un estudio observacional transversal en una muestra de 1.080 trabajadores, con edades comprendidas entre los 18 y 65 años, durante los reconocimientos periódicos de vigilancia de la salud de empresas del sector servicios en España. Se valoran mediante cuestionario BPI reducido, autocompletado por el trabajador, los efectos del dolor en diferentes esferas del individuo (actividad general, estado de ánimo, capacidad para caminar, trabajo habitual, relaciones con otras personas, sueño y disfrute de la vida), puntuando de 0 a 10. Se empleó para el cálculo de las diferentes pruebas el paquete estadístico SPSS 20.0. Resultados: Las mujeres presentan mayor interferencia en AVD que los hombres, aunque en ambos géneros la mayor interferencia se refiere al trabajo. La interferencia en AVD en ambos géneros se incrementa con la edad, aunque las mujeres presentan valores superiores. Con relación al trabajo desempeñado, los valores son superiores en los trabajadores no manuales (white collar) frente a los manuales (blue collar) pero, al aplicar la corrección de Bonferroni, se observa que sólo hay diferencias estadísticamente significativas en estado de ánimo, relaciones personales, sueño y ganas de disfrutar de la vida. Las mujeres presentan valores mayores en aspectos no relacionados con actividad física, mientras que las variables con mayor componente físico, salvo caminar, no muestran diferencias en ambos géneros. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este trabajo muestran que el dolor interfiere en las AVD con diferencias por género, de forma creciente en relación con la edad y en puestos concretos de trabajo, lo que puede influir en la planificación asistencial y preventiva, dentro de un concepto selectivo que contemple las diferencias encontradas.

Psyykkinen työhyvinvointi turkulaisten opettajien kokemana

Opetushallituksen toteuttama laajasta raportista käy ilmi, että opetustyö koetaan henkisesti raskaana ja koettu stressi on yleisempää kuin muilla aloilla keskimäärin. Työssä viihtymistä heikentävät muun muassa fyysisen työympäristön puutteet, työtahti sekä työhön liittyvän stressin ja emotionaalisten paineiden kasvu. (Onnismaa 2010) Yhteiskunnassa vallitsevat nykyarvot tehokkuus, mittaus ja tuottavuus heijastuvat koulujen toimintaan väistämättä. Yhteiskunnalliset ilmiöt kuten oppilasaineksen muuttuminen muun muassa maahanmuuton ja kasvavien tuloerojen myötä kuormittavat nykypäivän opettajia uudella tavalla. Näiden ilmiöiden vaikutukset näkyvät kouluissa muun muassa käytöshäiriöinä, levottomuutena ja ahdistuneisuutena. (Syrjäläinen 2002) Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, millainen on turkulaisten luokan- ja erityisopettajien kokema psyykkisen työhyvinvoinnin taso. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa opettajan työn stressitekijöitä, voimavaratekijöitä, työuupumuksen ja työn imun kokemista sekä keinoja stressin hallintaan ja sen vähentämiseksi. Tutkimuksen ulkopuolelle rajattiin työhyvinvointiin liittyvät tekijät kuten työturvallisuus ja koulu työyhteisönä. Tutkimus suoritettiin monimetodisesti. Määrällisinä mittareina käytettiin Maslach Burnout Inventorya, Työn imu –mittaria, Coping strategies for white collar workers -mittaria ja opettajan työn stressitekijät- mittaria. MBI:n ja Työn imun tulokset yhdistämällä luotiin työhyvinvointiprofiileja. Määrällisten mittareiden lisäksi käytettiin avoimia kysymyksiä muun muassa opettajien asenteiden ja kehitysehdotusten selvittämiseksi. Tämän tutkimuksen mukaan turkulaiset luokan- ja erityisopettajat voivat työssään suhteellisen hyvin. Aineistosta 78 % kuuluvat työssään hyvinvoivien klustereihin. Vakavasti uupuneita opettajia oli 4 % aineistosta. Eniten opettajan työssä stressaavaksi koettiin muun muassa kiire, melu, tietotekniikka, puutteelliset resurssit ja työn lisääntyneet vaatimukset. Stressiä opettajat vähentäisivät esimerkiksi lisäämällä oppilaiden tukemiseen käytettäviä resursseja sekä luokkakokoja pienentämällä. Stressinhallintaan opettajat käyttivät eniten ongelmanratkaisutyyppisiä keinoja, kuten laitan asiat tärkeysjärjestykseen ja yritän rauhoittua ja selvittää ongelmat. Voimavaroina tutkimukseen osallistuneet opettajat kokivat työyhteisön, toimivan kodin ja koulun välisen yhteistyön sekä oppilaat. Erityisesti tilanteet, joissa opettaja näki oppilaan kehittyvän ja koki auttavansa lasta kohti parempaa tulevaisuutta, antoivat voimaa.

Prevalence of thoracic spine pain in a surveillance network

International audience

Congruencia entre los valores personales y organizacionales y su influencia con el engagement en el trabajo : estudio de caso en una organización del sector salud

La capacidad de gestión del personal se ha convertido en un imperativo para las organizaciones modernas. Por tanto se vienen introduciendo temas como la administración en valores y el engagement de los trabajadores. Sin embargo, la relación entre estos dos aún no ha sido estudiada. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo analizar el efecto que tiene el grado de articulación y reconocimiento de los valores organizacionales y personales y organizacionales sobre los niveles de engagement de los empleados. Para esta investigación se utilizó una muestra constituida por 54 trabajadores de una organización del sector salud de la ciudad de Bogotá a quienes les fueron aplicadas dos escalas: el Inventario para Medir la Articulación entre la Persona y la Organización (Inventario APO) y Utrech Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Como principal resultado se obtuvo que de las tres dimensiones consideradas predictoras del engagement, solamente el reconocimiento de los valores organizacionales tuvo un efecto estadísticamente significativo.

Essays in Gender Economics

This thesis consists of three papers on gender economics. Chapter 1 studies whether people dislike collaborating with someone who corrects them and whether the dislike is stronger when that person is a woman. Having a good relationship with colleagues is integral in group work, potentially leading to successful collaborations. However, there are occasions when people have to correct their colleagues. Using a quasi-laboratory experiment, I find that people, including those with high productivity, are less willing to collaborate with a person who has corrected them even if the correction improves group performance. In addition, I find suggestive evidence that men respond more negatively to women’s corrections, which is not driven by their beliefs about the difference in women’s and men’s abilities. These findings suggest that there is a behavioral bias in group work that distorts the optimal selection of talents and penalizes those who correct others’ mistakes, and the distortion may be stronger when women correct men. Chapter 2 studies the role of gender and cognitive skills on other peoples’ generosity. Using a novel experimental design where I exogenously vary gender and cognitive skills and sufficiently powered analysis, I find neither the two attributes nor their interactions affect other people’s generosity; if anything, people are more generous to women with high potential. Chapter 3 studies how increased legal tolerance toward domestic violence affects married women’s welfare using the domestic violence decriminalization bill introduced to the Russian national congress in 2016. Using difference-in-differences and flexibly controlling for macroeconomic shocks, I find that the bill decreased married women’s life satisfaction and increased depression, especially among those with a college degree and a highly qualified white-collar occupation supposed to be more sensitive to gender regressive atmosphere. Consistent with this conjecture, people became more tolerant toward general and domestic violence after the bill.