The neoliberalisation of the Cathedral Quarter and its contestations

Over time Belfast has been well researched as a site of ethnosectarian conflict, segregation and fear see (Boal et al 1976) and (Gaffiken and Morrisey 2011). The study of socio-spatial patterns of ‘ethnocracy’ is useful, but this article will argue how it is equally important to understand local forms of urban restructuring in terms of global processes that are linked to neoliberalism. To better understand the neoliberal urbanisation of Belfast this article is organised into two parts. The first part will demonstrate how the Northern Ireland State has sought legitimacy in the free market as ‘therapy’ for the production of neutral socio-spatial formations such as the Cathedral Quarter. Secondly it will examine this performance of neoliberal urbanism, as it ‘actually exists’ and demonstrate how market-led renewal has been extended through the clustering and non-sectarian interests, ‘soft’ arrangements of urban governance, cultural re-branding strategies, economic development incentives, and the development of various flagship projects. Critically this place-based grounding of neoliberalism is useful, as it also allows for the contestations of neoliberal urbanism to become real rather than just theoretical. The second part of the article will draw attention to the responses of local, and sometimes marginal, interests that have looked to challenge, adapt and, at times, divert the extension of market-led renewal. To be clear, this article does not want to overstate the performance of such interests. Nor does it want to claim that they significantly impact or obstruct the wider neoliberal urbanisation of Belfast. Instead it is interested in their behaviours and their different methods of working to explore what may be constituted as ‘alternative’, at least in the locality of the Cathedral Quarter. By studying how and why these interests have responded to the extension of neoliberal urbanism over time, it may just be possible to provide a better platform to articulate what more progressive forms of urban resistance might look like.

Letter, Greensboro, NC, to George Washington Spencer, Chesterfield, SC, 1890 January 11

This letter is from G. W. Winstead and A. M. Scales to G. W. Spencer regarding Reverend Dr. J. W. Blosser.

Letter, Redwine Jackson Parish, LA, to George Washington Spencer, Chesterfield, SC, 1887 February 21

This letter is from J. J. Spencer to G. W. Spencer.

Letter, Society Hill, SC, to George Washington Spencer, Chesterfield, SC, 1892 February 22

This letter is from the King Iron Bridge Manufacturing Company to G. W. Spencer.

Statue of Hon. John C. Calhoun erected in Statuary Hall of the Capitol at Washington ; proceedings in Statuary Hall and in the Senate and the House of Representatives on the occasion of the unveiling, reception, and acceptance of the statue from the State of South Carolina / compiled under the direction of the Joint Committee on printing

This publication is the proceedings of the unveiling ceremony for the statue of John C. Calhoun in the Statuary Hall in Washington D.C.

Where the consumer is not a myth : letters from England describing economic and industrial conditions by Zach McGhee, Washington correspondent : speech of Hon. Wyatt Aiken in the House of Representatives, Tuesday, March 22, 1910

This document contains a speech of David Wyatt Aiken, representative of South Carolina, to the House of Representatives on Tuesday, March 22, 1910. Much of the speech is a letter from Zach McGhee, Washington correspondent of The State newspaper on industrial conditions in England and Europe.

Using non-invasive techniques to examine black bear (Ursus americanus) abundance in the North Cascades Ecosystem, Washington State

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2013

A Meteorological and Snow observational data set from Snoqualmie Pass (921 m), Washington Cascades, U.S.

We introduce a quality controlled observational atmospheric, snow, and soil data set from Snoqualmie Pass, Washington, U.S.A., to enable testing of hydrometeorological and snow process representations within a rain-snow transitional climate where existing observations are sparse and limited. Continuous meteorological forcing (including air temperature, total precipitation, wind speed, specific humidity, air pressure, short- and longwave irradiance) are provided at hourly intervals for a 24-year historical period (water years 1989-2012) and at half-hourly intervals for a more-recent period (water years 2013-2015), separated based on the availability of observations. Additional observations include 40-years of snow board new snow accumulation, multiple measurements of total snow depth, and manual snow pits, while more recent years include sub-daily surface temperature, snowpack drainage, soil moisture and temperature profiles, and eddy co-variance derived turbulent heat flux. This data set is ideal for testing hypotheses about energy balance, soil and snow processes in the rain-snow transition zone. Plots of live data can be found here: http://depts.washington.edu/mtnhydr/cgi/plot.cgi