Künstliche Randbedingungen und Algebraische Äquivalenzen in der Elastizitätstheorie

In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Aspekte bei Randwertproblemen der linearen Elastizitätstheorie untersucht: die Approximation von Lösungen auf unbeschränkten Gebieten und die Änderung von Symmetrieklassen unter speziellen Transformationen. Ausgangspunkt der Dissertation ist das von Specovius-Neugebauer und Nazarov in "Artificial boundary conditions for Petrovsky systems of second order in exterior domains and in other domains of conical type"(Math. Meth. Appl. Sci, 2004; 27) eingeführte Verfahren zur Untersuchung von Petrovsky-Systemen zweiter Ordnung in Außenraumgebieten und Gebieten mit konischen Ausgängen mit Hilfe der Methode der künstlichen Randbedingungen. Dabei werden für die Ermittlung von Lösungen der Randwertprobleme die unbeschränkten Gebiete durch das Abschneiden mit einer Kugel beschränkt, und es wird eine künstliche Randbedingung konstruiert, um die Lösung des Problems möglichst gut zu approximieren. Das Verfahren wird dahingehend verändert, dass das abschneidende Gebiet ein Polyeder ist, da es für die Lösung des Approximationsproblems mit üblichen Finite-Element-Diskretisierungen von Vorteil sei, wenn das zu triangulierende Gebiet einen polygonalen Rand besitzt. Zu Beginn der Arbeit werden die wichtigsten funktionalanalytischen Begriffe und Ergebnisse der Theorie elliptischer Differentialoperatoren vorgestellt. Danach folgt der Hauptteil der Arbeit, der sich in drei Bereiche untergliedert. Als erstes wird für abschneidende Polyedergebiete eine formale Konstruktion der künstlichen Randbedingungen angegeben. Danach folgt der Nachweis der Existenz und Eindeutigkeit der Lösung des approximativen Randwertproblems auf dem abgeschnittenen Gebiet und im Anschluss wird eine Abschätzung für den resultierenden Abschneidefehler geliefert. An die theoretischen Ausführungen schließt sich die Betrachtung von Anwendungsbereiche an. Hier werden ebene Rissprobleme und Polarisationsmatrizen dreidimensionaler Außenraumprobleme der Elastizitätstheorie erläutert. Der letzte Abschnitt behandelt den zweiten Aspekt der Arbeit, den Bereich der Algebraischen Äquivalenzen. Hier geht es um die Transformation von Symmetrieklassen, um die Kenntnis der Fundamentallösung der Elastizitätsprobleme für transversalisotrope Medien auch für Medien zu nutzen, die nicht von transversalisotroper Struktur sind. Eine allgemeine Darstellung aller Klassen konnte hier nicht geliefert werden. Als Beispiel für das Vorgehen wird eine Klasse von orthotropen Medien im dreidimensionalen Fall angegeben, die sich auf den Fall der Transversalisotropie reduzieren lässt.

Complexity of Monte Carlo algorithms for a class of integral equations

In this work we study the computational complexity of a class of grid Monte Carlo algorithms for integral equations. The idea of the algorithms consists in an approximation of the integral equation by a system of algebraic equations. Then the Markov chain iterative Monte Carlo is used to solve the system. The assumption here is that the corresponding Neumann series for the iterative matrix does not necessarily converge or converges slowly. We use a special technique to accelerate the convergence. An estimate of the computational complexity of Monte Carlo algorithm using the considered approach is obtained. The estimate of the complexity is compared with the corresponding quantity for the complexity of the grid-free Monte Carlo algorithm. The conditions under which the class of grid Monte Carlo algorithms is more efficient are given.

Generalised Dirichelt-to-Neumann map in time dependent domains

We study the heat, linear Schrodinger and linear KdV equations in the domain l(t) < x < ∞, 0 < t < T, with prescribed initial and boundary conditions and with l(t) a given differentiable function. For the first two equations, we show that the unknown Neumann or Dirichlet boundary value can be computed as the solution of a linear Volterra integral equation with an explicit weakly singular kernel. This integral equation can be derived from the formal Fourier integral representation of the solution. For the linear KdV equation we show that the two unknown boundary values can be computed as the solution of a system of linear Volterra integral equations with explicit weakly singular kernels. The derivation in this case makes crucial use of analyticity and certain invariance properties in the complex spectral plane. The above Volterra equations are shown to admit a unique solution.

Interface dynamics in planar neural field models

Neural field models describe the coarse-grained activity of populations of interacting neurons. Because of the laminar structure of real cortical tissue they are often studied in two spatial dimensions, where they are well known to generate rich patterns of spatiotemporal activity. Such patterns have been interpreted in a variety of contexts ranging from the understanding of visual hallucinations to the generation of electroencephalographic signals. Typical patterns include localized solutions in the form of traveling spots, as well as intricate labyrinthine structures. These patterns are naturally defined by the interface between low and high states of neural activity. Here we derive the equations of motion for such interfaces and show, for a Heaviside firing rate, that the normal velocity of an interface is given in terms of a non-local Biot-Savart type interaction over the boundaries of the high activity regions. This exact, but dimensionally reduced, system of equations is solved numerically and shown to be in excellent agreement with the full nonlinear integral equation defining the neural field. We develop a linear stability analysis for the interface dynamics that allows us to understand the mechanisms of pattern formation that arise from instabilities of spots, rings, stripes and fronts. We further show how to analyze neural field models with linear adaptation currents, and determine the conditions for the dynamic instability of spots that can give rise to breathers and traveling waves.

On the solvability of a class of second kind integral equations on unbounded domains

We consider integral equations of the form ψ(x) = φ(x) + ∫Ωk(x, y)z(y)ψ(y) dy(in operator form ψ = φ + Kzψ), where Ω is some subset ofRn(n ≥ 1). The functionsk,z, and φ are assumed known, withz ∈ L∞(Ω) and φ ∈ Y, the space of bounded continuous functions on Ω. The function ψ ∈ Yis to be determined. The class of domains Ω and kernelskconsidered includes the case Ω = Rnandk(x, y) = κ(x − y) with κ ∈ L1(Rn), in which case, ifzis the characteristic function of some setG, the integral equation is one of Wiener–Hopf type. The main theorems, proved using arguments derived from collectively compact operator theory, are conditions on a setW ⊂ L∞(Ω) which ensure that ifI − Kzis injective for allz ∈ WthenI − Kzis also surjective and, moreover, the inverse operators (I − Kz)−1onYare bounded uniformly inz. These general theorems are used to recover classical results on Wiener–Hopf integral operators of21and19, and generalisations of these results, and are applied to analyse the Lippmann–Schwinger integral equation.

Asymptotic behavior at infinity of solutions of multidimensional second kind integral equations

We consider second kind integral equations of the form x(s) - (abbreviated x - K x = y ), in which Ω is some unbounded subset of Rn. Let Xp denote the weighted space of functions x continuous on Ω and satisfying x (s) = O(|s|-p ),s → ∞We show that if the kernel k(s,t) decays like |s — t|-q as |s — t| → ∞ for some sufficiently large q (and some other mild conditions on k are satisfied), then K ∈ B(XP) (the set of bounded linear operators on Xp), for 0 ≤ p ≤ q. If also (I - K)-1 ∈ B(X0) then (I - K)-1 ∈ B(XP) for 0 < p < q, and (I- K)-1∈ B(Xq) if further conditions on k hold. Thus, if k(s, t) = O(|s — t|-q). |s — t| → ∞, and y(s)=O(|s|-p), s → ∞, the asymptotic behaviour of the solution x may be estimated as x (s) = O(|s|-r), |s| → ∞, r := min(p, q). The case when k(s,t) = к(s — t), so that the equation is of Wiener-Hopf type, receives especial attention. Conditions, in terms of the symbol of I — K, for I — K to be invertible or Fredholm on Xp are established for certain cases (Ω a half-space or cone). A boundary integral equation, which models three-dimensional acoustic propaga-tion above flat ground, absorbing apart from an infinite rigid strip, illustrates the practical application and sharpness of the above results. This integral equation mod-els, in particular, road traffic noise propagation along an infinite road surface sur-rounded by absorbing ground. We prove that the sound propagating along the rigid road surface eventually decays with distance at the same rate as sound propagating above the absorbing ground.

Some uniform stability and convergence results for integral equations on the real line and projection methods for their solution

The paper considers second kind equations of the form (abbreviated x=y + K2x) in which and the factor z is bounded but otherwise arbitrary so that equations of Wiener-Hopf type are included as a special case. Conditions on a set are obtained such that a generalized Fredholm alternative is valid: if W satisfies these conditions and I − Kz, is injective for each z ε W then I − Kz is invertible for each z ε W and the operators (I − Kz)−1 are uniformly bounded. As a special case some classical results relating to Wiener-Hopf operators are reproduced. A finite section version of the above equation (with the range of integration reduced to [−a, a]) is considered, as are projection and iterated projection methods for its solution. The operators (where denotes the finite section version of Kz) are shown uniformly bounded (in z and a) for all a sufficiently large. Uniform stability and convergence results, for the projection and iterated projection methods, are obtained. The argument generalizes an idea in collectively compact operator theory. Some new results in this theory are obtained and applied to the analysis of projection methods for the above equation when z is compactly supported and k(s − t) replaced by the general kernel k(s,t). A boundary integral equation of the above type, which models outdoor sound propagation over inhomogeneous level terrain, illustrates the application of the theoretical results developed.

Global attractor for a model of extensible beam with nonlinear damping and source terms

This paper is concerned with the existence of a global attractor for the nonlinear beam equation, with nonlinear damping and source terms, u(tt) + Delta(2)u -M (integral(Omega)vertical bar del u vertical bar(2)dx) Delta u + f(u) + g(u(t)) = h in Omega x R(+), where Omega is a bounded domain of R(N), M is a nonnegative real function and h is an element of L(2)(Omega). The nonlinearities f(u) and g(u(t)) are essentially vertical bar u vertical bar(rho) u - vertical bar u vertical bar(sigma) u and vertical bar u(t)vertical bar(r) u(t) respectively, with rho, sigma, r > 0 and sigma < rho. This kind of problem models vibrations of extensible beams and plates. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Lower-semicontinuity and optimization of convex functionals

The result that we treat in this article allows to the utilization of classic tools of convex analysis in the study of optimality conditions in the optimal control convex process for a Volterra-Stietjes linear integral equation in the Banach space G([a, b],X) of the regulated functions in [a, b], that is, the functions f : [a, 6] → X that have only descontinuity of first kind, in Dushnik (or interior) sense, and with an equality linear restriction. In this work we introduce a convex functional Lβf(x) of Nemytskii type, and we present conditions for its lower-semicontinuity. As consequence, Weierstrass Theorem garantees (under compacity conditions) the existence of solution to the problem min{Lβf(x)}. © 2009 Academic Publications.

Estabilidade global e bifurcação de Hopf em um modelo de HIV baseado em sistemas do tipo Lotka-Volterra

Pós-graduação em Matematica Aplicada e Computacional - FCT

Modelos de redes unidimensionais aplicados ao estudo termodinâmico do DNA

Pós-graduação em Biofísica Molecular - IBILCE

Modelagem numérica da influência do eletrojato equatorial em dados magnetotelúricos produzidos por estruturas tridimensionais

A América do Sul apresenta várias peculiaridades geomagnéticas, uma delas, é a presença do Eletrojato Equatorial, o qual se estende de leste para oeste no Brasil ao longo de aproximadamente 3500 km. Considerando-se o fato de que a influência do Eletrojato Equatorial pode ser detectada a grandes distâncias do seu centro, isto suscita o interesse em se estudar os seus efeitos na exploração magnetotelúrica no Brasil. A influência do eletrojato equatorial na prospecção magnetotelúrica tem sido modelada para meios geológicos uni e bidimensionais valendo-se para isto de soluções analíticas fechadas e de técnicas numéricas tais como elementos finitos e diferenças finitas. Em relação aos meios geológicos tridimensionais, eles tem sido modelados na forma de "camadas finas", usando o algoritmo "thin sheet". As fontes indutoras utilizadas para simular o eletrojato equatorial nestes trabalhos, tem sido linhas de corrente, eletrojatos gaussianos e eletrojatos ondulantes. Por outro lado, o objetivo principal da nossa tese foi o modelamento dos efeitos que o eletrojato equatorial provoca em estruturas tridimensionais próprias da geofísica da prospecção. Com tal finalidade, utilizamos o esquema numérico da equação integral, com as fontes indutoras antes mencionadas. De maneira similar aos trabalhos anteriores, os nossos resultados mostram que a influência do eletrojato equatorial somente acontece em frequências menores que 10^-1 Hz. Este efeito decresce com a distância, mantendo-se até uns 3000 km do centro do eletrojato. Assim sendo, a presença de grandes picos nos perfis da resistividade aparente de um semi-espaço homogêneo, indica que a influência do eletrojato é notável neste tipo de meio. Estes picos se mostram com diferente magnitude para cada eletrojato simulado, sendo que a sua localização também muda de um eletrojato para outro. Entretanto, quando se utilizam modelos geo-elétricos unidimensionais mais de acordo com a realidade, tais como os meios estratificados, percebe-se que a resposta dos eletrojatos se amortece significativamente e não mostra muitas diferenças entre os diferentes tipos de eletrojato. Isto acontece por causa da dissipação da energia eletromagnética devido à presença da estratificação e de camadas condutivas. Dentro do intervalo de 3000 km, a resposta eletromagnética tridimensional pode ser deslocada para cima ou para baixo da resposta da onda plana, dependendo da localização do corpo, da frequência, do tipo de eletrojato e do meio geológico. Quando a resposta aparece deslocada para cima, existe um afastamento entre as sondagens uni e tridimensionais devidas ao eletrojato, assim como um alargamento da anomalia dos perfis que registra a presença da heterogeneidade tridimensional. Quando a resposta aparece deslocada para baixo, no entanto, há uma aproximação entre estes dois tipos de sondagens e um estreitamento da anomalia dos perfis. Por outro lado, a fase se mostra geralmente, de uma forma invertida em relação à resistividade aparente. Isto significa que quando uma sobe a outra desce, e vice-versa. Da mesma forma, comumente nas altas frequências as respostas uni e tridimensionais aparecem deslocadas, enquanto que nas baixas frequências se mostram com os mesmos valores, com exceção dos eletrojatos ondulantes com parâmetros de ondulação α = —2 e —3. Nossos resultados também mostram que características geométricas próprias das estruturas tridimensionais, tais como sua orientação em relação à direção do eletrojato e a dimensão da sua direção principal, afetam a resposta devido ao eletrojato em comparação com os resultados da onda plana. Desta forma, quando a estrutura tridimensional é rotacionada de 90°, em relação à direção do eletrojato e em torno do eixo z, existe uma troca de polarizações nas resistividades dos resultados, mas não existem mudanças nos valores da resistividade aparente no centro da estrutura. Ao redor da mesma, porém, se percebe facilmente alterações nos contornos dos mapas de resistividade aparente, ao serem comparadas com os mapas da estrutura na sua posição original. Isto se deve à persistência dos efeitos galvânicos no centro da estrutura e à presença de efeitos indutivos ao redor do corpo tridimensional. Ao alongar a direção principal da estrutura tridimensional, as sondagens magnetotelúricas vão se aproximando das sondagens das estruturas bidimensionais, principalmente na polarização XY. Mesmo assim, as respostas dos modelos testados estão muito longe de se considerar próximas das respostas de estruturas quase-bidimensionais. Porém, os efeitos do eletrojato em estruturas com direção principal alongada, são muito parecidos com aqueles presentes nas estruturas menores, considerando-se as diferenças entre as sondagens de ambos tipos de estruturas. Por outro lado, os mapas de resistividade aparente deste tipo de estrutura alongada, revelam um grande aumento nos extremos da estrutura, tanto para a onda plana como para o eletrojato. Este efeito é causado pelo acanalamento das correntes ao longo da direção principal da estrutura. O modelamento de estruturas geológicas da Bacia de Marajó confirma que os efeitos do eletrojato podem ser detetados em estruturas pequenas do tipo "horst" ou "graben", a grandes distâncias do centro do mesmo. Assim, os efeitos do eletrojato podem ser percebidos tanto nos meios estratificados como tridimensionais, em duas faixas de freqüência (nas proximidades de 10^-1 Hz e para freqüências menores que 10^-3 Hz), possivelmente influenciados pela presença do embasamento cristalino e a crosta inferior, respectivamente. Desta maneira, os resultados utilizando o eletrojato como fonte indutora, mostram que nas baixas freqüências as sondagens magnetotelúricas podem ser fortemente distorcidas, tanto pelos efeitos galvânicos da estrutura tridimensional como pela presença da influência do eletrojato. Conseqüêntemente, interpretações errôneas dos dados de campo podem ser cometidas, se não se corrigirem os efeitos do eletrojato equatorial ou, da mesma forma, não se utilisarem algoritmos tridimensionais para interpretar os dados, no lugar do usual modelo unidimensional de Tikhonov - Cagniard.

Application of Volterra series in nonlinear mechanical system identification and in structural health monitoring problems

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Molecular characterization and assembly of the needle complex of the Salmonella typhimurium type III protein secretion system

Many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals have evolved a specialized protein-secretion system termed type III to deliver bacterial proteins into host cells. These proteins stimulate or interfere with host cellular functions for the pathogen's benefit. The Salmonella typhimurium pathogenicity island 1 encodes one of these systems that mediates this bacterium's ability to enter nonphagocytic cells. Several components of this type III secretion system are organized in a supramolecular structure termed the needle complex. This structure is made of discrete substructures including a base that spans both membranes and a needle-like projection that extends outward from the bacterial surface. We demonstrate here that the type III secretion export apparatus is required for the assembly of the needle substructure but is dispensable for the assembly of the base. We show that the length of the needle segment is determined by the type III secretion associated protein InvJ. We report that InvG, PrgH, and PrgK constitute the base and that PrgI is the main component of the needle of the type III secretion complex. PrgI homologs are present in type III secretion systems from bacteria pathogenic for animals but are absent from bacteria pathogenic for plants. We hypothesize that the needle component may establish the specificity of type III secretion systems in delivering proteins into either plant or animal cells.

An alternating boundary integral based method for a Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation in semi-infinite regions

We consider a Cauchy problem for the Laplace equation in a two-dimensional semi-infinite region with a bounded inclusion, i.e. the region is the intersection between a half-plane and the exterior of a bounded closed curve contained in the half-plane. The Cauchy data are given on the unbounded part of the boundary of the region and the aim is to construct the solution on the boundary of the inclusion. In 1989, Kozlov and Maz'ya [10] proposed an alternating iterative method for solving Cauchy problems for general strongly elliptic and formally self-adjoint systems in bounded domains. We extend their approach to our setting and in each iteration step mixed boundary value problems for the Laplace equation in the semi-infinite region are solved. Well-posedness of these mixed problems are investigated and convergence of the alternating procedure is examined. For the numerical implementation an efficient boundary integral equation method is proposed, based on the indirect variant of the boundary integral equation approach. The mixed problems are reduced to integral equations over the (bounded) boundary of the inclusion. Numerical examples are included showing the feasibility of the proposed method.