La cooperación internacional para el desarrollo como herramienta de política exterior japonesa en África Subsahariana

El presente caso de estudio tiene como objetivo explicar el rol de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo en Tanzania, Mozambique, Nigeria para la consolidación del liderazgo político internacional de Japón. El interés de realizar esta investigación es la ampliación del conocimiento sobre el uso del poder blando, para alcanzar los objetivos de política exterior japonesa. Por eso, se llevara a cabo una revisión bibliográfica para el análisis de documentos oficiales y artículos académicos para la consolidación de información. A partir de ello, se pretende demostrar que la cooperación al desarrollo es una herramienta de política exterior japonesa para consolidarse como líder, en la medida en que el uso de herramientas propias de la cooperación y el presupuesto destinada a la ejecución de éstas tienen incidencia en los votos de estos Estados africanos para las iniciativas japonesas en las Naciones Unidas.

Campañas electorales y acción legislativa en el senado: un análisis del comportamiento de los partidos políticos durante el año 2014

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo examinar la incidencia de las estrategias de campaña ejecutadas por los partidos políticos colombianos, sobre el comportamiento legislativo tomando como referencia las elecciones senatoriales del año 2014. De esta manera, sostiene que las organizaciones partidistas que demostraron una mayor cohesión al momento electoral, se comportaron de manera disciplinada en el Senado. Por ello, se exponen las distintas estrategias que aplicaron los partidos políticos que lograron una curul en el Senado, con el fin de determinar el grado de cohesión de cada uno de ellos, utilizando como marco los dilemas organizacionales a los que los partidos se ven expuestos. Luego, se relaciona con el trabajo legislativo que tuvo lugar en el primer periodo de la primera legislatura y, se finaliza, con un análisis de la reforma política contenida en el proyecto de equilibrio de poderes.

La cooperación descentralizada: un nuevo instrumento de desarrollo. Estudio sobre el proyecto del Vallée de L’Orb y Cane-Iguaque para el tratamiento y purificación de agua y manejo de cuencas hidrográficas.

El propósito de este estudio de caso es identificar los retos y estrategias de los gobiernos locales para definir la cooperación descentralizada como un instrumento de desarrollo territorial en Colombia. Para ello, se analiza el proyecto Cane-Iguaque y Vallée de L’Orb et du Libron para el tratamiento y purificación de agua y manejo de cuencas hidrográficas, y se explica la manera en que se refuerzan las relaciones de cooperación colombo-francesas enmarcadas particularmente en el fortalecimiento institucional a partir del intercambio de experiencias, para generar nuevas y mayores capacidades de participación en el escenario internacional de las entidades territoriales del país.

De la planificación a la gestión: Implementación de modelos de ocupación en el territorio. Caso de estudio: Zona norte de Bogotá

Las políticas públicas de ordenamiento territorial contienen múltiples implicaciones. Por un lado, definen visiones de ocupación sobre el territorio y, por el otro, establecen mecanismos para su consecución. La zona norte de Bogotá permanece a la espera de un modelo que permita su ocupación con fines urbanos. La presente investigación presenta las implicaciones y caminos desde los cuáles se ha buscado sustentar las posiciones sobre la ocupación de la zona, como las contraposiciones existentes sobre el modelo de ciudad con el que se asocia. La expansión de la ciudad pone de relieve las discusiones sobre lo que debe ser una ciudad, y cambian en el tiempo de la mano con los discursos, intereses e ideologías dominantes.

Documentos de Investigación. Facultades de Ciencia Política y Gobierno y de Relaciones Internacionales N° 48. Situación actual de las políticas públicas para la reconciliación y la construcción de paz en Colombia: una aproximación desde las entidades territoriales

En este segundo documento de trabajo elaborado por el Semillero de Políticas Públicas se ha desarrollado un ejercicio de investigación formativa que tuvo dos propósitos fundamentales: a) entender el asunto de la reconciliación en Colombia como un fenómeno complejo que puede y debe ser abordado desde distintos frentes de política pública, y b) reconocer el esfuerzo que están haciendo algunos municipios en Colombia para lograr resultados concretos de reconciliación. En esta medida, hemos basado nuestro análisis en el trabajo previo de la Comisión de Conciliación Nacional, que elaboró en el año 2010 un Acuerdo Nacional para la Reconciliación y la Paz en Colombia. Según la entidad, “a través de conversatorios, foros públicos regionales, divulgación en medios y foros virtuales, se construyó de manera consensuada un Acuerdo de Mínimos por la Paz y la Reconciliación, que cuenta con la participación de prácticamente, todos los sectores de la sociedad, del ámbito público y privado; de la sociedad civil, la academia y el gobierno; de organizaciones de origen nacional como internacional” (Comisión de Conciliación Nacional, 2016, Consulta electrónica).

La contribución del PNUD y la OACNUDH en la formulación de una política pública integral de DD.HH. y DIH durante la primera administración de Juan Manuel Santos (2010-2014)

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar la influencia de las agencias de Naciones Unidas, PNUD y OACNUDH, en la formulación de una política pública de DD.HH. y DIH en Colombia entre 2010 y 2014. Se argumenta que la cooperación internacional brindada por el PNUD y la OACNUDH, a través de su asesoría técnica, influyó determinantemente en el proceso de formulación de una política pública en materia de DD.HH y DIH durante el primer gobierno de Juan Manuel Santos. Lo anterior, permitió no solo un cambio en la forma de construir políticas públicas, sino en la manera en que se aborda la situación de DD.HH. en el país, teniendo en cuenta la coyuntura de las negociaciones de paz con las FARC.

Greening the United Nations' Human Development Index?

The Human Development Index (HDI) introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in 1990 has helped facilitate widespread debate amongst development researchers, practitioners and policy makers. The HDI is an aggregate index, calculated on an annual basis by the UNDP and published in its Human Development Reports, comprising measures of three components deemed by them to be central to development: W income (the gross domestic product per capita), (ii) education (adult literacy rate) and (iii) health (life expectancy at birth). The results of calculating the HDI are typically presented as country/regional league tables, and provide a quick means for policy makers and others to judge performance. Perhaps partly because of the relative simplicity of the index, the HDI has managed to achieve a level of acceptance and use amongst politicians and policy makers that has yet to emerge with any indicator of sustainability. Indeed, despite its existence for 11 years, including nine years after the Rio Earth Summit, the HDI has not even been modified to take on board wider issues of sustainability. This paper will critically examine the potential for 'greening' the HDI so as to include environmental and resource-consumption dimensions. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.

For better or for worse, till the human development index do us part?

This paper describes the results of research intended to explore the volatility inherent in the United Nations Development Programme's (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI). The HDI is intended to be a simple and transparent device for comparing progress in human development, and is an aggregate of life expectancy, education and GDP per capita. Values of the HDI for each country are presented in the Human Development Reports (HDRs), the first being published in 1990. However, while the methodology is consistent for all countries in each year there are notable differences between years that make temporal comparisons of progress difficult. The paper presents the results of recalculating the HDI for a simplified sample of 114 countries using various methodologies employed by the UNDP. The results are a set of deviations of recalculated HDI ranks compared to the original ranks given in the HDRs. The volatility that can result from such recalculation is shown to be substantial (+/-10-15 ranks), yet reports in the popular press are frequently sensitive to movements of only a few ranks. Such movement can easily be accounted for by changes in the HDI methodology rather than genuine progress in human development. While the HDRs often carry warnings about the inadvisability of such year-on-year comparisons, it is argued that the existence of such a high-profile index and the overt presentation within league tables do encourage such comparison. Assuming that the HDI will be retained as a focal point within the HDRs, then it is suggested that greater focus be upon more meaningful and robust categories of human development (e.g. low, medium and high) rather than league tables where shifts of a few places, perhaps as a result of nothing more than a methodological or data artefact, may be highlighted in the press and by policy makers. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Putting the pieces back together again: an illustration of the problem of interpreting development indicators using an African case study

Indicators are commonly recommended as tools for assessing the attainment of development, and the current vogue is for aggregating a number of indicators together into a single index. It is claimed that such indices of development help facilitate maximum impact in policy terms by appealing to those who may not necessarily have technical expertise in data collection, analysis and interpretation. In order to help counter criticisms of over-simplification, those advocating such indices also suggest that the raw data be provided so as to allow disaggregation into component parts and hence facilitate a more subtle interpretation if a reader so desires. This paper examines the problems involved with interpreting indices of development by focusing on the United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP) Human Development Index (HDI) published each year in the Human Development Reports (HDRs). The HDI was intended to provide an alternative to the more economic based indices, such as GDP, commonly used within neo-liberal development agendas. The paper explores the use of the HDI as a gauge of human development by making comparisons between two major political and economic communities in Africa (ECOWAS and SADC). While the HDI did help highlight important changes in human development as expressed by the HDI over 10 years, it is concluded that the HDI and its components are difficult to interpret as methodologies have changed significantly and the 'averaging' nature of the HDI could hide information unless care is taken. The paper discusses the applicability of alternative models to the HDI such as the more neo-populist centred methods commonly advocated for indicators of sustainable development. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Insight into Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) (Diptera: Culicidae) Species from Brazil

Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) benarrochi s.l., Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) oswaldoi s.l., and Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) konderi s.l. collected in Acrelandia, state of Acre, Brazil, were identified based on morphological characters of the male genitalia, fourth-instar larvae, and pupae. Morphological variation was observed in the male genitalia of these species in comparison with specimens from other localities in Brazil. DNA sequence from the nuclear ribosomal second internal transcribed spacer of individuals identified as An. benarrochi s.l. by using male genitalia characteristics showed that the various morphological forms are conspecific but are distinct from An. benarrochi B from Colombia. Anopheles konderi s.l. and An. oswaldoi s.l. both misidentified as An. oswaldoi s.s. (Peryassu) throughout Brazil, may actually comprise at least two undescribed species. Diagnostic morphological characteristics of the male genitalia are provided to distinguish Anopheles benarrochi s.l., Anopheles oswaldoi s.l., and Anopheles konderi s.l. from morphologically similar species. Incrimination of An. oswaldoi s.s. in malaria transmission in Brazil needs further investigation because other undescribed species from Acre may have been confounded with this taxon.

A indústria petrolífera nacional e potiguar: uma análise a partir da tecnologia em E&P

O trabalho analisa a Indústria Petrolífera em três ambientes de atuação, mundial, nacional e estadual, a partir da observação de sete variáveis, a saber: caráter do petróleo; risco; economia de escala; integração; barreiras; tecnologia e ambiente. O estudo busca perceber as interações e os transbordamentos das variáveis selecionadas em cada um dos ambientes citados, em razão os aspectos econômicos e institucionais presentes nesta atividade, cujos resultados atingem diversos setores da economia e da sociedade como um todo e balizam o próprio processo de inovação da mesma. O estudo está alicerçado no arcabouço teórico neoschumpeteriano acerca dos aspectos voltados para concorrência e inovação, além da questão institucional, e se apóia em dados da Agência Nacional do Petróleo (A.N.P.), Ministério de Minas e Energia (MME), Movimento de Combate à Corrupção Eleitoral / Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (MCCE/TSE), Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), International Energy Agency (IAE), Institut Français Pétrole (IFP), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Avalia-se que em termos de caracterização da indústria petrolífera nos três ambientes considerados (mundial, nacional e local), há certa similitude no que se refere ao comportamento destas variáveis, com pequenas modificações suscitadas por fatores como grau de desenvolvimento e complexidade da atividade; resultado do ambiente concorrencial e inovativo; e, pelas influências institucionais acerca de atividades e grau de inserção das mesmas no ambiente socioeconômico onde estão localizadas a atividade produtiva e o seu entorno

Performance comparativa entre R290/R600a (50:50) e R134a para drop-in em refrigerador doméstico

This research this based on the seminar on Use of Natural Fluids in Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning Systems conducted in 2007 in Sao Paulo. The event was inserted in the National Plan for Elimination of CFCs, coordinated by the Ministry of Environment and implemented by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The objective of this research is analyze the performance of the hydrocarbons application as zeotropic mixtures in domestic refrigerator and validate the application of technical standards for pull down and cycling (on-off) tests to the mixture R290/R600a (50:50) in domestic refrigerator. It was first developed an computational analysis of R290/R600a (50:50) compared to R134a and other mass fractions of the hydrocarbons mixtures in the standard ASHRAE refrigeration cycle in order to compare the operational characteristics and thermodynamic properties of fluids based on the software REFPROP 6.0. The characteristics of the Lorenz cycle is presented as an application directed to zeotropic mixtures. Standardized pull down and cycling (on-off) tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the hydrocarbons mixture R290/R600a (50:50) as a drop-in alternative to R134a in domestic refrigerator of 219 L. The results showed that the use of R290/R600a (50:50) with a charge of refrigerant reduced at 53% compared to R134a presents reduced energy performance than R134a. The COP obtained with hydrocarbon mixture was about 13% lower compared to R134a. Pull down times in the refrigerator compartments for fluids analyzed were quite close, having been found a 4,7% reduction in pull down time for the R290/R600a compared to R134a, in the freezer compartment. The data indicated a higher consumption of electric current from the refrigerator when operating with the R290/R600a. The values were higher than about 3% compared to R134a. The charge of 40 g of R290/R600a proved very low for the equipment analyzed

El Salvador: impacto socioeconómico, ambiental y de riesgo por la baja presión asociada a la tormenta tropical Ida en noviembre de 2009

Incluye Bibliografía

Sustainable development 20 years on from the earth summit: progress, gaps and strategic guidelines for Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Financing for sustainable development: visions and proposals for action from a Latin American and Caribbean perspective

Foreword Throughout the preparatory process for the World Summit on Sustainable Development and at the Summit itself, which was held in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002, discussions were dominated by one central concern: the need to define and reach consensus on concrete, quantitative goals, with fixed deadlines for implementation, which were to supplement the Millennium Development Goals and facilitate progress towards an effective transition to sustainable development. Participants at the Summit explicitly affirmed the need, as a matter of urgency, to identify the financial and technical resources whereby sustainable development would become a reality and benefit directly and particularly rural and urban communities in the developing countries. The document we are now presenting is the outcome of extensive discussions held at a high-level forum during the Johannesburg Summit. Led by representatives of the Government of Mexico, the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Andean Development Corporation, those discussions were based on the ECLAC/UNDP study entitled Financing for sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean: from Monterrey to Johannesburg, which considers the opportunities and challenges for improving prospects for investment and financing for sustainable development and underscores the need to establish a new balance between the market economy and public interest through joint public/private initiatives that combine market innovation, social responsibility and appropriate regulations. Other eminent persons attending the event included heads of State, such as Gustavo Noboa, then President of Ecuador; Enrique V. Iglesias, President of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB); José María Figueres, Managing Director of the Global Agenda of the World Economic Forum and former President of Costa Rica; and Gro Harlem Brundtland, the legendary figure who pioneered sustainable development. Valuable contributions to the discussions were made by Yolanda Kakabadse, President of the World Conservation Union; Xóchitl Gálvez Ruiz, head of the Unit for the Development of Indigenous Peoples of the Office of the President of Mexico; Cecilia López, former Minister for the Environment of Colombia; and Juan Carlos Maqueda, then Vice President of Argentina. The views emerging from the forum as set forth in this document are designed to facilitate and promote application of the Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals and the commitments assumed at the International Conference on Financing for Development, which was held in Monterrey, Mexico. We also aspire to continue moving forward with the adoption of measures and policies to increase investment and financing for sustainable development as well as to foster partnerships between the public and private sectors and nongovernmental organizations. We recognize, in this context, the importance of strengthening and improving public and private institutions in order to meet the operational needs associated with the effort to achieve the Millennium Development Goals and pursue the Plan of Implementation formulated in Johannesburg. We trust that this document will contribute to in-depth discussions on the application of the Plan of Implementation in the relevant forums, in particular the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development. The Plan of Implementation of the World Summit on Sustainable Development opens up new opportunities for Latin America and the Caribbean to renew and revive their own regional agenda -with emphasis on global and especially regional public goods- and to interweave it more cohesively with the global agenda in order to promote the common interests of Latin America and the Caribbean more forcefully in international development forums. The regional agenda and the global agenda cannot be separated in a contrived manner; indeed, to an increasing degree, what we are witnessing are global environmental processes which call for action at the local level. The achievement of sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean, where the necessary economic, social, environmental and geopolitical conditions are combined, requires a subtle balance between the market economy, the State and the citizen. Such a balance will result in the consolidation of democratic governance in the service of human development. VICENTE FOX President of Mexico JOSÉ ANTONIO OCAMPO Executive Secretary, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ELENA MARTÍNEZ Assistant Aministrator and Regional Director for Latin America and the Caribbean of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ENRIQUE GARCÍA Executive President, Andean Development Corporation (ADC)""