RELAÇÃO ENTRE TRANSTORNOS DE HÁBITOS ORAIS COM AS MALOCLUSÃO DE ANGLE E TIPOS FACIAIS

As maloclusões estão sempre presente em nossa pratica clínica, por isso é importante a prevenção das causas dessas maloclusões. Os transtornos dos hábitos podem aparecer nas diferentes maloclusões de Angle, Esses transtornos de hábitos podem ser causadores de maloclusões e evidenciar o tipo do padrão facial. O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi de analisar se a relação nos transtorna dos hábitos com as maloclusões de Angle e o tipo facial. A amostra foi composta por 398 pacientes com média de idade de 13 anos e 3 meses. De acordo com os resultados encontrados pode-se concluir que: Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre o tipo de maloclusão e o tipo de amamentação; Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre o tipo de maloclusão e a sucção de dedo ou de chupeta; Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre o tipo facial e tipo de amamentação; Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre tipo facial e o hábito de sucção de chupeta; Na associação de entre o tempo do hábito de sucção e tipo facial,houve maior freqüência deste hábito no tipo dolicofacial;Não houve associação estatisticamente entre o tempo dos hábitos e maloclusão; O tempo de sucção de chupeta foi maoir em braquifacial em relação dolicofacial.(AU)

What does the study of the spatial patterns of pathological lesions tell us about the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders?

Discrete pathological lesions, which include extracellular protein deposits, intracellular inclusions and changes in cell morphology, occur in the brain in the majority of neurodegenerative disorders. These lesions are not randomly distributed in the brain but exhibit a spatial pattern, that is, a departure from randomness towards regularity or clustering. The spatial pattern of a lesion may reflect pathological processes affecting particular neuroanatomical structures and, therefore, studies of spatial pattern may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of a lesion and of the disorders themselves. The present article reviews first, the statistical methods used to detect spatial patterns and second, the types of spatial patterns exhibited by pathological lesions in a variety of disorders which include Alzheimer's disease, Down syndrome, dementia with Lewy bodies, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Pick's disease and corticobasal degeneration. These studies suggest that despite the morphological and molecular diversity of brain lesions, they often exhibit a common type of spatial pattern (i.e. aggregation into clusters that are regularly distributed in the tissue). The pathogenic implications of spatial pattern analysis are discussed with reference to the individual disorders and to studies of neurodegeneration as a whole.

Clustering of cerebral cortical lesions in patients with corticobasal degeneration

Clustering of ballooned neurons (BN) and tau positive neurons with inclusion bodies (tau+ neurons) was studied in the upper and lower laminae of the frontal, parietal and temporal cortex in 12 patients with corticobasal degeneration (CBD). In a significant proportion of brain areas examined, BN and tau+ neurons exhibited clustering with a regular distribution of clusters parallel to the pia mater. A regular pattern of clustering of BN and tau+ neurons was observed equally frequently in all cortical areas examined and in the upper and lower laminae. No significant correlations were observed between the cluster sizes of BN or tau+ neurons in the upper compared with the lower cortex or between the cluster sizes of BN and tau+ neurons. The results suggest that BN and tau+ neurons in CBD exhibit the same type of spatial pattern as lesions in Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body dementia and Pick's disease. The regular periodicity of the cerebral cortical lesions is consistent with the degeneration of the cortico-cortical projections in CBD.

Neuropathology of the sporadic and variant subtypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease:a comparative quantitative study

The objective of the present study was to compare quantitatively the neuropathology of two subtypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), viz., sporadic CJD (sCJD) and variant CJD (vCJD). The vacuolation (‘spongiform change’), surviving neurons, glial cell nuclei, and deposits of the disease form of prion protein (PrPsc) were quantified in histological sections of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in 11 cases of sCJD and 15 cases of vCJD. Three aspects of the quantitative pathology of each histological feature were studied: overall abundance (density or coverage), spatial distribution parallel to the tissue boundary, and laminar distribution across gyri of the cerebral cortex. Overall vacuole density was greater in sCJD than in vCJD in some regions while overall neuronal densities were greater in vCJD. In cerebral cortex, vacuoles and PrPsc deposits were distributed in clusters which exhibited a regular distribution parallel to the pia mater, this type of spatial pattern being more frequent in sCJD than in vCJD. In some cortical gyri there were differences in laminar distribution between subtypes, viz. the vacuolation was more generally distributed across cortical laminae in sCJD, neuronal loss was often greater in upper laminae in vCJD but in lower laminae in sCJD, and PrPsc deposits were more frequently distributed in upper laminae in vCJD but in lower laminae in sCJD. A significant gliosis affected lower cortical laminae in both sCJD and vCJD. Hence, there were differences in degeneration of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in sCJD and vCJD, which may reflect variations in disease aetiology and propagation of PrPsc through the brain.

Comparative quantitative neuropathology of the sporadic and variant subtypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

The objective of the present study was to compare quantitatively the neuropathology of two subtypes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), viz., sporadic CJD (sCJD) and variant CJD (vCJD). The vacuolation (‘spongiform change’), surviving neurons, glial cell nuclei, and deposits of the disease form of prion protein (PrPsc) were quantified in histological sections of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in 11 cases of sCJD and 15 cases of vCJD. Three aspects of the quantitative pathology of each histological feature were studied: overall abundance (density or coverage), spatial distribution parallel to the tissue boundary, and laminar distribution across gyri of the cerebral cortex. Overall vacuole density was greater in sCJD than in vCJD in some regions while overall neuronal densities were greater in vCJD. In cerebral cortex, vacuoles and PrPsc deposits were distributed in clusters which exhibited a regular distribution parallel to the pia mater, this type of spatial pattern being more frequent in sCJD than in vCJD. In some cortical gyri there were differences in laminar distribution between subtypes, viz. the vacuolation was more generally distributed across cortical laminae in sCJD, neuronal loss was often greater in upper laminae in vCJD but in lower laminae in sCJD, and PrPsc deposits were more frequently distributed in upper laminae in vCJD but in lower laminae in sCJD. A significant gliosis affected lower cortical laminae in both sCJD and vCJD. Hence, there were differences in degeneration of cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum in sCJD and vCJD, which may reflect variations in disease aetiology and propagation of PrPsc through the brain.

Tax morale and tax evasion: Social preferences and bounded rationality

We study a family of models of tax evasion, where a flat-rate tax finances only the provision of public goods, neglecting audits and wage differences. We focus on the comparison of two modeling approaches. The first is based on optimizing agents, who are endowed with social preferences, their utility being the sum of private consumption and moral utility. The second approach involves agents acting according to simple heuristics. We find that while we encounter the traditionally shaped Laffer-curve in the optimizing model, the heuristics models exhibit (linearly) increasing Laffercurves. This difference is related to a peculiar type of behavior emerging within the heuristics based approach: a number of agents lurk in a moral state of limbo, alternating between altruism and selfishness.

Patterns of diagnostic comorbidity in children and adolescents with anxiety

Comorbidity is defined as the co-occurrence of two or more psychological disorders and has been identified as one of the most pressing issues facing child psychologists today. Unfortunately, research on comorbidity in anxious children is rare. The purpose of this research was to examine how specific comorbid patterns in children and adolescents referred with anxiety disorders affected clinical presentation. In addition, the effects of gender, age and total number of diagnoses were also examined.^ Three hundred fifty-five children and adolescents (145 girls and 210 boys, hereafter referred to as "children") aged 6 to 17 who presented to the Child Anxiety and Phobia Program during the years 1987 through 1996 were assessed through a structured clinical interview administered to both the children and their families. Based on information from both children and parents, children were assigned up to five DSM diagnoses. Global ratings of severity were also obtained. While children were interviewed, parents completed a number of questionnaires pertaining to their child's overall functioning, anxiety, thoughts and behaviors. Similarly, while parents were interviewed, children completed a number of self-report questionnaires concerning their own thoughts, feelings and behaviors.^ In general, children with only anxiety disorders were rated as severe as children who met criteria for both anxiety and externalizing disorders. Children with both anxiety and externalizing disorders were mostly young (i.e. age 6 through 11) and mostly male. These children tended to rate themselves (and be rated by their parents) equally as anxious as children with only anxiety disorders. Global ratings of severity tended to be associated with the type of comorbid pattern versus the number of diagnoses assigned to a child. The theoretical, development and clinical implications of these findings will be discussed. ^

A study of the relationship between employee virtuality and technology deviance as mediated by leadership and employee perceptions

Recent studies found that organizations have been investing significant capital in developing teams and employees in geographic areas where labor and resources are considerably cheaper. Furthermore, organizations are moving core operational activities such as research and development and back-office processes to globally distributed teams. ^ However, several factors that are inherent to these virtual teams can have a negative impact on employee perceptions and engagement; specifically, the physical and temporal differences between employees and their supervisors, the lack of meaningful social interaction intrinsic to working relationships, and cultural biases that can be fostered when close, daily interactions is not there to help bridge the dissimilarity. ^ When strategies are not in place to mitigate these deficiencies, it can cause virtual employees to disengage emotionally and intellectually from the organization, or lead them to feel justified in working against the best interest of the company. ^ Past research indicates that although deviant behavior in the workplace is not new, transgressions committed by employees have been increasing significantly every year. Beyond the focus of why employees are motivated to act against the organization, to what extent do the recent changes to the organization’s structure influence this type of behavior through their actions at the macro (organizational) and micro level (leadership). ^ In addition, there is a related phenomenon that has aided the transformation of the workplace—namely, the ubiquity of technology. In the context of workplace deviance, established research has documented an increasing trend of employees utilizing company technology as a medium and amplifier when harming the organization. It is important to understand whether technology has facilitated or hindered workplace deviance by virtue of the technology itself (as a means), and as part of the new employee roles created by the evolving technology (i.e., virtual employees). Therefore, it is important to identify how individual attitudes and behaviors can be affected by an employee’s degree of virtuality. ^ This study will add to the understanding of how social interaction and physical proximity, leadership and other perception factors contribute to the changes organizations are experiencing as their structure evolves and adapts to compete in the new global environment. ^

A Study of the Relationship between Employee Virtuality and Technology Deviance as Mediated by Leadership and Employee Perceptions

Recent studies found that organizations have been investing significant capital in developing teams and employees in geographic areas where labor and resources are considerably cheaper. Furthermore, organizations are moving core operational activities such as research and development and back-office processes to globally distributed teams. However, several factors that are inherent to these virtual teams can have a negative impact on employee perceptions and engagement; specifically, the physical and temporal differences between employees and their supervisors, the lack of meaningful social interaction intrinsic to working relationships, and cultural biases that can be fostered when close, daily interactions is not there to help bridge the dissimilarity. When strategies are not in place to mitigate these deficiencies, it can cause virtual employees to disengage emotionally and intellectually from the organization, or lead them to feel justified in working against the best interest of the company. Past research indicates that although deviant behavior in the workplace is not new, transgressions committed by employees have been increasing significantly every year. Beyond the focus of why employees are motivated to act against the organization, to what extent do the recent changes to the organization’s structure influence this type of behavior through their actions at the macro (organizational) and micro level (leadership). In addition, there is a related phenomenon that has aided the transformation of the workplace – namely, the ubiquity of technology. In the context of workplace deviance, established research has documented an increasing trend of employees utilizing company technology as a medium and amplifier when harming the organization. It is important to understand whether technology has facilitated or hindered workplace deviance by virtue of the technology itself (as a means), and as part of the new employee roles created by the evolving technology (i.e, virtual employees). Therefore, it is important to identify how individual attitudes and behaviors can be affected by an employee’s degree of virtuality. This study will add to the understanding of how social interaction and physical proximity, leadership and other perception factors contribute to the changes organizations are experiencing as their structure evolves and adapts to compete in the new global environment.

A communication partner training program: Assessing conversational behaviors and attitudes towards communication in Persons with Aphasia and their Communication Partners

This study examined the conversational behaviors of eleven dyads consisting of a person with aphasia (PWA) and their familiar communication partner (CP), and investigated changes in behaviors as a result of attending a communication partner-training program CPT). Attitudes about communication were examined and related to conversational behaviors observed pre- and post- training. Results indicated that CPs and PWA used significantly more facilitating behaviors than barrier behaviors, although most dyads experienced some barriers. A comparison of pre-and post-CPT conversations revealed a significant interaction between time and type of behavior, with the increase in the number of facilitators approaching significance. Overall, persons with aphasia and their conversational partners expressed positive attitudes about communication. There were no significant correlations between scores on attitude surveys and behaviors pre or post-training. This study demonstrated that these dyads employed facilitative conversational behaviors even before CPT, and that facilitative behaviors can increase after a one-day training workshop.

Hydrothermal-vent alvinellid polychaete dispersal in the eastern Pacific .1. Influence of vent site distribution, bottom currents, and biological patterns

Deep-sea hydrothermal-vent habitats are typically linear, discontinuous, and short-lived. Some of the vent fauna such as the endemic polychaete family Alvinellidae are thought to lack a planktotrophic larval stage and therefore not to broadcast-release their offspring. The genetic evidence points to exchanges on a scale that seems to contradict this type of reproductive pattern. However, the rift valley may topographically rectify the bottom currents, thereby facilitating the dispersal of propagules between active vent sites separated in some cases by 10s of kilometers or more along the ridge axis. A propagule flux model based on a matrix of intersite distances, long-term current-meter data, and information on the biology and ecology of Alvinellidae was developed to test this hypothesis. Calculations of the number of migrants exchanged between two populations per generation (N-m) allowed comparisons with estimates obtained from genetic studies. N, displays a logarithmic decrease with increasing dispersal duration and reaches the critical value of 1 after 8 d when the propagule Aux model was run in standard conditions. At most, propagule traveling time cannot reasonably exceed 15-30 d, according to the model, whereas reported distances between sites would require longer lasting dispersal abilities. Two nonexclusive explanations are proposed. First, some aspects of the biology of Alvinellidae have been overlooked and long-distance dispersal does occur. Second, such dispersal never occurs in Alvinellidae, but the spatial-temporal dynamics of vent sites over geological timescales allows short-range dispersal processes to maintain gene flow.

Burrows with Chimneys of the Fiddler Crab Uca thayeri: Construction, Occurrence, and Function

Joao B. L. Gusmao-Junior, Glauco B. O. Machado, and Tania M. Costa (2012) Burrows with chimneys of the fiddler crab Uca thayeri: construction, occurrence, and function. Zoological Studies 51(5): 598-605. Building of soil structures is observed in a variety of semi-terrestrial crustaceans. In fiddler crabs (Genus Uca), this behavior occurs in several species, some of which build structures that are largely ornamental and others construct barriers that are apparently for defense. Although there is a relative abundance of studies on this type of behavior in Uca, the relationship between the social context and the occurrence of these structures remains poorly studied. Thus, this study attempted to analyze in detail the construction, occurrence, and function of mud chimneys built by the fiddler crab Uca thayeri; these sedimentary structures are possibly associated with burrow defense. Field investigations and laboratory experiments were conducted. Both sexes were often found in burrows with chimneys; however, laboratory experiments showed that only females actively built and maintained chimneys, with some difference in the morphology of these structures between sexes. The social context had little influence on the construction of chimneys, which showed that the stimulus for constructing chimneys could be endogenous. Our results suggest that burrows with chimney of U. thayeri may have functions other than defense, and may act in regulating the internal conditions of the burrow, as observed in other crustaceans with such building behavior. http://zoolstud.sinica.edu.tw/Journals/51.5/598.pdf

A Organização e os Dispositivos Móveis

O uso de dispositivos móveis está a ganhar cada vez mais espaço dentro das organizações. O aumento do consumo de material informático por parte dos consumidores está a levar a que os mesmos comecem a tentar utilizar os seus dispositivos móveis1 Notebooks, Tablets e Smartphones no interior das organizações. Este tipo de comportamento, levou ao aparecimento de uma nova tendência – o Bring Your Own Device (BYOD), a utilização de dispositivos móveis para fins laborais, levanta várias e sérias questões de segurança aos departamentos de TI das organizações, fazendo com que as organizações necessitem de definir novas políticas de segurança para que a sua informação e os seus dados se mantenham seguros. O trabalho adiante desenvolvido pretende mostrar de que forma as organizações veem esta mudança de paradigma, em que os próprios colaboradores utilizam os seus dispositivos móveis como ferramenta de trabalho na organização. Por outro lado analisar os modelos de segurança que se podem associar ao BYOD e aos dispositivos móveis para permitir uma maior segurança dos dados e informação que circula entre a organização e o dispositivo móvel.

Contexts and Factors Associated with Bullying

Introduction: School violence discloses a phenomenon that has acquired a marked visibility in today's society, becoming a reality in all schools. With these aggressive behaviors comes a new conception, which increasingly reveals a concern for the community, the bullying (Eiras, 2009). Objectives: Tidentify bullying as a health need in schools; identify the factors associated with bullying. Methods: Integrative Literature Review, and were analyzed 7 articles published in MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), the Online Knowledge Library (B -on) and the Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP), whereas inclusion criteria were established the Portuguese, English and Spanish and the interval 2011-2016. Results: After analyzing the articles selected for the preparation of this monograph, we identified the following contexts and factors associated with bullying. Conclusions: age with higher prevalence, where this phenomenon was found is between 12 and 13 years; gender, where there is no consensus on the influence of the same in bullying behaviors; family and socio-demographic context in which a family environment marked by cohesion and support promotes attitudes of non-violence and socioeconomic status are not directly related to find this type of episode; bullying characteristics, wherein said type of behavior is more verbal bullying; substance use and knowledge.

Contexts and Factors Associated with Bullying

Abstract Introduction: School violence discloses a phenomenon that has acquired a marked visibility in today's society, becoming a reality in all schools. With these aggressive behaviors comes a new conception, which increasingly reveals a concern for the community, the bullying (Eiras, 2009). Objectives: Tidentify bullying as a health need in schools; identify the factors associated with bullying. Methods: Integrative Literature Review, and were analyzed 7 articles published in MEDLINE, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), the Online Knowledge Library (B -on) and the Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (RCAAP), whereas inclusion criteria were established the Portuguese, English and Spanish and the interval 2011-2016. Results: After analyzing the articles selected for the preparation of this monograph, we identified the following contexts and factors associated with bullying. Conclusions: age with higher prevalence, where this phenomenon was found is between 12 and 13 years; gender, where there is no consensus on the influence of the same in bullying behaviors; family and socio-demographic context in which a family environment marked by cohesion and support promotes attitudes of non-violence and socioeconomic status are not directly related to find this type of episode; bullying characteristics, wherein said type of behavior is more verbal bullying; substance use and knowledge.