Turkey: country programming background paper: report on transport sector

Includes bibliography

Detecção do TCoV (Turkey Coronavirus) a partir de amostras provenientes de perus (Meleagris gallopavo) com quadro agudo de enterite

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Use of live oocyst vaccine in the control of turkey coccidiosis: Effect on performance and intestinal morphology

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different coccidiosis-preventing programs on performance and intestinal morphology of commercial turkeys. Three hundred fifteen1-d-old female commercial cross turkey poults (British United Turkeys, BUT Big 9) were distributed into 3 treatments with 5 replicates of 21 birds each. Three programs were evaluated from 1 to 70 d of age, where program 1 had no anticoccidial drug and no vaccination against coccidiosis; program 2 had an anticoccidial drug (maduramycin 1%, 5 ppm); and program 3 had a vaccination (commercial vaccine, 4 species of Eimeria). All the groups were challenged with a dose of oocysts sporulated (20,000/bird) of 2 species of Eimeria at 21 d of age. In the growing phase (d 0-28), BW, BW gain, and FCR were significantly greater in treated groups compared with control group. In the fattening phase, the performance was not affected by treatments. Treatments and coccidiosis challenge had no significant effects on intestinal villus height. These observations support other reports that confirm live oocyst vaccination can be used effectively as a preventive against avian coccidiosis in commercially reared turkeys.

Isolation and molecular characterization of Brazilian turkey reovirus from immunosuppressed young poults

In this study, we investigated turkey reovirus (TReoV) in tissue samples from young birds, aged 15 days. RT-PCR for TReoV detected 3.3 % positive samples and TReoV was successfully isolated in Vero cells. Histological analysis of positive bursa of Fabricius (BF) revealed atrophied follicles and lymphocyte depletion. The number of CD8+, CD4+ and IgM+ cells was lower in infected BF. Phylogenetic analysis based on S3 gene showed that the Brazilian TReoV isolates clustered in a single group with 98-100 % similarity to TReoV strains circulating in the United States. This is the first indication that TReoV infection may be a contributing factor to immunosuppression in young birds.

Pathology and virus tissue distribution of Turkey Coronavirus (TCoV) in experimentally infected chicks and turkey poults

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Eocene nappe tectonics and late Alpine extension in the Central Anatolide belt, western Turkey

Strukturgeologische Untersuchungen belegen, daß die Anatoliden der Westtürkei im Eozän durch die Plazierung der Kykladischen Blauschiefereinheit entlang einer durchbrechenden Überschiebung auf die Menderes-Decken unter grünschieferfaziellen Metamorphosebedingungen entstanden.Die kykladischen Blauschiefer in der Westtürkei enthalten Relikte eines prograden alpinen Gefüges (DA1), welches hochruckmetamorph von Disthen und Chloritoid poikiloblastisch überwachsen wurde. Dieses Mineralstadium dauerte noch während des Beginns des nachfolgenden Deformationsereignisses (DA2) an, welches durch NE-gerichtete Scherung und Dekompression charakterisiert ist. Die nachfolgende Deformation (DA3) war das erste Ereignis, das beide Einheiten, sowohl die kykladische Blauschifereinheit als auch die Menderes-Decken, gemeinsam erfaßte. Der Überschiebungskontakt zwischen der kykladischen Blauschiefereinheit und den Menderes-Decken ist eine DA3-Scherzone: die ‘Cycladic-Menderes Thrust’ (CMT). Entlang der CMT-Überschiebungsbahn wurden die kykladischen Blauschiefer gegen veschiedene Einheiten der MN plaziert. Die CMT steigt nach S zum strukturell Hangenden hin an und kann daher als eine durchbrechende Überschiebung entlang einer nach S ansteigenden Rampe betrachtet werden. In den kykladischen Blauschiefern überprägen DA3-Strukturen, die im Zusammenhang mit der CMT stehen, hochdruckmentamorphe Gefüge.In den Menderes-Decken, dem Liegenden der CMT, wird DA3 durch regional vebreitete Gefügeelemente dokumentiert, die im Zusammenhang mit S-gerichteten Schersinnindikatoren stehen. DA3-Gefüge haben die Decken intern deformiert und bilden jene Scherzonen, welche die Decken untereinander abgrenzen. In der Çine-Decke können granitische Gesteine in Orthogneise und Metagranite unterteilt werden. Die Deformationsgeschichte dieser Gesteine dokumentiert zwei Ereignisse. Ein frühes amphibolitfazielles Ereignis erfaßte nur die Orthogneise, in denen vorwiegend NE-SW orientierte Lineare und NE-gerichtete Schersinnindikatoren entstanden. Die jüngeren Metagranite wurden sowohl durch vereinzelte DA3-Scherzonen, als auch in einer großmaßstäblichen DA3-Scherzone am Südrand des Çine-Massivs deformiert. In DA3-Scherzonen sind die Lineare N-S orientiert und die zugehörigen Schersinnindikatoren zeigen S-gerichtete Scherung unter grünschieferfaziellen Bedingungen an. Diese grünschieferfaziellen Scherzonen überprägen die amphibolitfaziellen Gefüge in den Orthogneisen. Magmatische Zirkone aus einem Metagranit, der einen Orthogneiss mit Top-NE Gefügen durchschlägt, ergaben ein 207Pb/206Pb-Alter von 547,2±1,0 Ma. Dies deutet darauf hin, daß DPA proterozoischen Alters ist. Dies wird auch durch die Tatsache gestützt, daß triassische Granite in der Çine- und der Bozdag-Decke keine DPA-Gefüge zeigen. Die jüngeren Top-S-Gefüge sind wahrscheinlich zur gleichen Zeit entstanden wie die ältesten Gefüge der Bayindir-Decke.Das Fehlen von Hochdruck-Gefügen im Liegenden der CMT impliziert eine Exhumierung der kykladischen Blauschiefer von mehr ca. 35 km, bevor diese im Eozän auf die Menderes-Decken aufgeschoben wurden. Die substantiellen Unterschiede bezüglich in der tektonometamorphen Geschichte der kykladischen Blauschiefer und der Menderes-Decken widersprechen der Modellvorstellung eines lateral kontinuierlichen Orogengürtels, nach der die Menderes-Decken als östliche Fortsezung der kykladischen Blauschiefer angesehen werden.Die Analyse spröder spätalpiner Deformationsstrukturen und das regionale Muster mit Hilfe von Spaltspurdatierung modellierter Abkühlalter deuten darauf hin, daß die Struktur des Eozänen Deckenstapels durch miozäne bis rezente Kernkomplex-Bildung stark modifiziert wurde. Eine großmaßstäbliche Muldenstruktur im zentralen Teil der Anatoliden hat sich als Folge zweier symmetrisch angeordneter Detachment-Systeme von initial steilen zu heute flachen Orientierungen im Einflußbreich von ’Rolling Hinges’ gebildet. Die Detachment-Störungen begrenzen den ‘Central Menderes metamorphic core complex’ (CMCC). Das Muster der Apatit-Spaltspuralter belegt, daß die Bildung des CMCC im Miozän begann. Durch die Rück-Deformierung von parallel zur Foliation konstruierten Linien gleicher Abkühlalter kann gezeigt werden, daß die Aufwölbung im Liegenden der Detachments zur Entstehung der Muldenstruktur führte. Das hohe topographische Relief im Bereich des CMCC ist eine Folge der Detachment-Störungen, was darauf hindeutet daß der obere Mantel in den Prozeß mit einbezogen gewesen ist.

Thermochronologic and geodynamic evolution of the Pontides: Sakarya terrane (Karakaya Complex) and Istanbul terrane, Turkey.

An integrated array of analytical methods -including clay mineralogy, vitrinite reflectance, Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material, and apatite fission-track analysis- was employed to constrain the thermal and thermochronological evolution of selected portions of the Pontides of northern Turkey. (1) A multimethod investigation was applied for the first time to characterise the thermal history of the Karakaya Complex, a Permo-Triassic subduction-accretion complex cropping out throughout the Sakarya Zone. The results indicate two different thermal regimes: the Lower Karakaya Complex (Nilüfer Unit) -mostly made of metabasite and marble- suffered peak temperatures of 300-500°C (greenschist facies); the Upper Karakaya Complex (Hodul and the Orhanlar Units) –mostly made of greywacke and arkose- yielded heterogeneous peak temperatures (125-376°C), possibly the result of different degree of involvement of the units in the complex dynamic processes of the accretionary wedge. Contrary to common belief, the results of this study indicate that the entire Karakaya Complex suffered metamorphic conditions. Moreover, a good degree of correlation among the results of these methods demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material can be applied successfully to temperature ranges of 200-330°C, thus extending the application of this method from higher grade metamorphic contexts to lower grade metamorphic conditions. (2) Apatite fission-track analysis was applied to the Sakarya and the İstanbul Zones in order to constrain the exhumation history and timing of amalgamation of these two exotic terranes. AFT ages from the İstanbul and Sakarya terranes recorded three distinct episodes of exhumation related to the complex tectonic evolution of the Pontides. (i) Paleocene - early Eocene ages (62.3-50.3 Ma) reflect the closure of the İzmir-Ankara ocean and the ensuing collision between the Sakarya terrane and the Anatolide-Tauride Block. (ii) Late Eocene - earliest Oligocene (43.5-32.3 Ma) ages reflect renewed tectonic activity along the İzmir-Ankara. (iii) Late Oligocene- Early Miocene ages reflect the onset and development of the northern Aegean extension. The consistency of AFT ages, both north and south of the tectonic contact between the İstanbul and Sakarya terranes, suggest that such terranes were amalgamated in pre-Cenozoic times. (3) Fission-track analysis was also applied to rock samples from the Marmara region, in an attempt to constrain the inception and development of the North Anatolian Fault system in the region. The results agree with those from the central Pontides. The youngest AFT ages (Late Oligocene - early Miocene) were recorded in the western portion of the Marmara Sea region and reflect the onset and development of northern Aegean extension. Fission-track data from the eastern Marmara Sea region indicate rapid Early Eocene exhumation induced by the development of the İzmir-Ankara orogenic wedge. Thermochronological data along the trace of the Ganos Fault –a segment of the North Anatolian Fault system- indicate the presence of a tectonic discontinuity active by Late Oligocene time, i.e. well before the arrival of the North Anatolian Fault system in the area. The integration of thermochronologic data with preexisting structural data point to the existence of a system of major E-W-trending structural discontinuities active at least from the Late Oligocene. In the Early Pliocene, inception of the present-day North Anatolian Fault system in the Marmara region occurred by reactivation of these older tectonic structures. 


Contribution of tectonic processes to the exhumation of the Cycladic blueschist unit, Greece and Turkey

In dieser Studie werden strukturgeologische, metamorphe und geochronologische Daten benutzt, um eine Quantifizierung tektonischer Prozesse vorzunehmen, die für die Exhumierung der Kykladischen Blauschiefereinheit in der Ägäis und der Westtürkei verantwortlich waren. Bei den beiden tektonischen Prozessen handelt es sich um: (1) Abschiebungstektonik und (2) vertikale duktile Ausdünnung. Eine finite Verformungsanalyse an Proben der Kykladischen Blauschiefereinheit ermöglicht eine Abschätzung des Beitrags von vertikaler duktiler Ausdünnung an der gesamten Exhumierung. Kalkulationen mit einem eindimensionalen, numerischen Model zeigt, daß vertikale duktile Ausdünnung nur ca. 10% an der gesamten Exhumierung ausmacht. Kinematische, metamorphe und geochronologische Daten erklären die tektonische Natur und die Evolution eines extensionalen Störungssystems auf der Insel Ikaria in der östlichen Ägäis. Thermobarometrische Daten lassen erkennen, daß das Liegende des Störungssystems aus ca. 15 km Tiefe exhumiert wurde. Sowohl Apatit- und Zirkonspaltspurenalter als auch Apatit (U-Th)/He-Alter zeigen, daß sich das extensionale Störungssystem zwischen 11-3 Ma mit einer Geschwindigkeit von ca. 7-8 km/Ma bewegte. Spät-Miozäne Abschiebungen trugen zur Exhumierung der letzten ~5-15 km der Hochdruckgesteine bei. Ein Großteil der Exhumierung der Kykladischen Blauschiefereinheit muß vor dem Miozän stattgefunden haben. Dies wird durch einen Extrusionskeil erklärt, der ca. 30-35 km der Kykladischen Blauschiefereinheit in der Westtürkei exhumierte. 40Ar/39Ar und 87Rb/86Sr Datierungen an Myloniten des oberen Abschiebungskontakts zwischen der Selçuk Decke und der darunterliegenden Ampelos/Dilek Decke der Kykladischen Blauschiefereinheit als auch des unteren Überschiebungskontakts zwischen der Ampelos/Dilek Decke und den darunterliegenden Menderes Decken zeigt, daß sich beide mylonitische Zonen um ca. ~35 Ma formten, was die Existenz eines Spät-Eozänen/Früh-Oligozänen Extrusionskeils beweist.

A structural and metamorphic study of the southern Menderes Massif (Western Turkey)

P-T conditions, paragenetic studies and the relation between mineral growth, deformation and - when possible- isograd minerals have been used to describe the type of metamorphism involved within lower units of the southern Menderes Massif of the Anatolide Belt in western Turkey. The study areas mainly consist of Proterozoic orthogneiss and surrounding schists of presumed Paleozoic age. Both units are seen as nappes in the southern study area, the Çine and the Selimiye nappe, on the whole corresponding to Proterozoic orthogneiss and surrounding schists, respectively. The Çine and Selimiye nappes are part of a complex geological structure within the core series of the Menderes Massif. Their emplacement under lower greenschist facies conditions, would result from closure of the northern Neo-Thethys branch during the Eocene. These two nappes are separated by a major tectonic structure, the Selimiye shear zone, which records top-to-the-S shearing under greenschist facies conditions. Amphibolite to upper amphibolite facies metamorphism is widely developed within the metasedimentary rocks of the Çine nappe whereas no metamorphism exceeding lower amphibolite facies has been observed in the Selimiye nappe. In the southern margin of the Çine Massif, around Selimiye and Millas villages, detailed sampling has been undertaken in order to map mineral isograds within the Selimiye nappe and to specify P-T conditions in this area. The data collected in this area reveals a global prograde normal erosion field gradient from south to north and toward the orthogneiss. The mineralogical parageneses and P-T estimates are correlated with Barrovian-type metamorphism. A jump of P-T conditions across the Selimiye shear zone has been identified and estimated c. 2 kbar and 100 °C which evidences the presence of amphibolite facies metasedimentary rocks near the orthogneiss. Metasedimentary rocks from the overlying Selimiye nappe have maximum P-T conditions of c. 4-5 kbar and c. 525 °C near the base of the nappe. Metasedimentary rocks from the Çine nappe underneath the Selimiye shear zone record maximum P-T conditions of about 7 kbar and >550 °C. Kinematic indicators in both nappes consistently show a top-S shear sense. Metamorphic grade in the Selimiye nappe decreases structurally upwards as indicated by mineral isograds defining the garnet-chlorite zone at the base, the chloritoid-biotite zone and the biotite-chlorite zone at the top of the nappe. The mineral isograds in the Selimiye nappe run parallel to the regional SR foliation. 40Ar/39Ar mica ages indicate an Eocene age of metamorphism in the Selimiye nappe and underneath the Çine nappe in this area. Metasedimentary rocks of the Çine nappe 20-30 km north of the Selimiye shear zone record maximum P-T conditions of 8-11 kbar and 600-650 °C. Kinematic indicators show mainly top-N shear sense associated with prograde amphibolite facies metamorphism. An age of about 550 Ma could be indicated for amphibolite facies metamorphism and associated top-N shear in the orthogneiss and metasedimentary rocks of the Çine nappe. However, there is no evidence for polymetamorphism in the 6 metasedimentary rocks of the Çine nappe, making tectonic interpretations about late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian and Tertiary metamorphic events speculative. In the western margin of the Çine Massif metamorphic mineral parageneses and pressure– temperature conditions lead to similar conclusion regarding the erosion field gradient, prograde normal toward the orthogneiss. The contact between orthogneiss and surrounding metasedimentary rocks is mylonitic and syn-metamorphism. P-T estimates are those already observed within the Selimiye nappe and correlated with lower amphibolite facies parageneses. Finally additional data in the eastern part and a general paragenetic study within the Menderes Massif lower units, the Çine and the Selimiye nappes, strongly suggest a single Barrovian-type metamorphism predating Eocene emplacement of the high pressure–low temperature Lycean and Cycladic blueschist nappes. Metamorphic mineral parageneses and pressure–temperature conditions do not support the recently proposed model of high pressure–low temperature metamorphic overprinting, which implies burial of the lower units of the Menderes Massif up to depth of 30 km, as a result of closure of the Neo-Tethys. According to the geochronological problem outlined during this thesis, there are two possible schemes: either Barrovian-type metamorphism is Proterozoic in age and part of the sediments from Selimiye nappe (lower amphibolite facies) has to be proterozoic of age too, or Barrovian-type metamorphism in Eocene of age. In the first case the structure observed now in the core series would correspond to simple exhumation of Proterozoic basement. In the latter case a possible correlation with closure of Neo-Tethys (sensu stricto, southern branch) is envisaged.

Banking Regulation in Turkey and Russia: An Economic Analysis

The importance of the banks and financial markets relies on the fact that they promote economic efficiency by allocating savings efficiently to profitable investment opportunities.An efficient banking system is a key determinant for the financial stability.The theory of market failure forms the basis for understanding financial regulation.Following the detrimental economic and financial consequences in theaftermath of the crisis, academics and policymakers started to focus their attention on the construction of an appropriate regulatory and supervisory framework of the banking sector. This dissertation aims at understanding the impact of regulations and supervision on banks’ performance focusing on two emerging market economies, Turkey and Russia. It aims at examining the way in which regulations matter for financial stability and banking performance from a law & economics perspective. A review of the theory of banking regulation, particularly as applied to emerging economies, shows that the efficiency of certain solutions regarding banking regulation is open to debate. Therefore, in the context of emerging countries, whether a certain approach is efficient or not will be presented as an empirical question to which this dissertation will try to find an answer.

Thermochronological evolution of the Eastern Pontides and the Eastern Anatolian Plateau and NW Lesser Caucasus (Turkey, Georgia, Armenia)

The analysis of apatite fission tracks is applied to the study of the syn- and post-collisional thermochronological evolution of a vast area that includes the Eastern Pontides, their continuation in the Lesser Caucasus of Georgia (Adjara-Trialeti zone) and northern Armenia, and the eastern Anatolian Plateau. The resulting database is then integrated with the data presented by Okay et al. (2010) for the Bitlis Pütürge Massif, i.e. the western portion of the Bitlis-Zagros collision zone between Arabia and Eurasia. The mid-Miocene exhumation episode along the Black Sea coast and Lesser Caucasus of Armenia documented in this dissertation mirrors the age of collision between the Eurasian and Arabian plates along the Bitlis suture zone. We argue that tectonic stresses generated along the Bitlis collision zone were transmitted northward across eastern Anatolia and focused (i) at the rheological boundary between the Anatolian continental lithosphere and the (quasi)oceanic lithosphere of the Black Sea, and (ii) along major pre-existing discontinuities like the Sevan-Akera suture zone.The integration of both present-day crustal dynamics (GPS-derived kinematics and distribution of seismicity) and thermochronological data presented in this paper provides a comparison between short- and long-term deformation patterns for the entire eastern Anatolia-Transcaucasian region. Two successive stages of Neogene deformation of the northern foreland of the Arabia-Eurasia collision zone can be inferred. (i) Early and Middle Miocene: continental deformation was concentrated along the Arabia-Eurasia (Bitlis) collision zone but tectonic stress was also transferred northward across eastern Anatolia, focusing along the eastern Black Sea continent-ocean rheological transition and along major pre-existing structural discontinuities. (ii) Since Late-Middle Miocene time the westward translation of Anatolia and the activation of the North and Eastern Anatolian Fault systems have reduced efficient northward stress transfer.

Low-temperature thermochronological evolution of the Menderes and Alanya massifs (Turkey)

The application of two low-temperature thermochronometers [fission-track analysis and (U-Th)/He analyses, both on apatite] to various tectonostratigraphic units of the Menderes and Alanya Massifs of Turkey has provided significant new constraints to the understanding of their structural evolution. The Menderes Massif of western Anatolia is one of the largest metamorphic core complexes on Earth. The integration of the geochronometric dataset presented in this dissertation with preexisting ones from the literature delineates three groups of samples within the Menderes Massif. In the northern and southern region the massif experienced a Late Oligocene-Early Miocene tectonic denudation and surface uplift; whereas data from the central region are younger, with most ages ranging between the Middle-Late Miocene. The results of this study are consistent with the interpretation for a symmetric exhumation of the Menderes Massif. The Alanya Massif of SW Anatolia presents a typical nappe pile consisting of thrust sheets with contrasting metamorphic histories. Petrological and geochronological data clearly indicate that the tectonometamorphic evolution Alanya started from Late Cretaceous with the northward subduction of an ‘Alanya ocean’ under the Tauride plate. As an effect of the closure of the İzmir–Ankara–Erzincan ocean, northward backthrusting during the Paleocene-Early Eocene created the present stacking order. Apatite fission-track ages from this study range from 31.8 to 26.8 Ma (Late Rupelian-Early Chattian) and point to a previously unrecognized mid-Oligocene cooling/exhumation episode. (U-Th)/He analysis on zircon crystals obtained from the island of Cyprus evidentiate that the Late Cretaceous trondhjemites of the Troodos Massif not recorded a significant cooling event. Instead results for the Late Triassic turbiditic sandstones of the Vlambouros Formation show that the Mamonia mélange was never buried enough to reach the closure temperature of the ZHe radiometric system (ca. 200°C), thus retaining the Paleozoic signature of a previous sedimentary cycle.

Reconstructing Iron Age Community Dynamics in Eskisehir Province, Central Turkey

Current understanding of the Iron Age polity of Phrygia in Central Anatolia is primarily based on excavations and survey in the region of the Phrygian capital of Gordion. In order to expand our knowledge of the Phrygian polity, we assess the scale and nature of Iron Age communities in the western (EskiAYehir) region of Phrygia. We address the challenge of interpreting ceramics derived from large-scale archaeological survey by utilizing Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) of ceramics from 12 sites across the region collected by the EskiAYehir archaeological survey project as well as an excavated assemblage from Aar Hoyuk. While the uniformity in ceramic technology and styles suggest the region is part of the larger Phrygian community, NAA results reveal that (a) ceramic production was regionally highly localized with limited evidence of standardization during the Iron Age and (b) based on evidence of community interaction it is possible to establish a partial chronological sequence of development. These results have implications not only for understanding the internal dynamics within the Phrygian core but also for developing a methodology for comparing ancient polities using commensurate units of interacting communities. The present study is part of the larger Anatolian Iron Age Ceramics project (http://www.une.edu.au/a-ia).