A novel voltage step-down/up ZCS-PWM Zeta converter

This paper presents an analysis of a novel pulse-width-modulated (PWM) voltage step-down/up Zeta converter, featuring zero-current-switching (ZCS) at the active switches. The applications in de to de and ac to de (rectifier) operation modes are used as examples to illustrate the performance of this new ZCS-PWM Zeta converter. Regarding to the new ZCS-PWM Zeta rectifier proposed, it should be noticed that the average-current mode control is used in order to obtain a structure with high power-factor (HPF) and low total harmonic distortion (THD) at the input current.Two active switches (main and auxiliary transistors), two diodes, two small resonant inductors and one small resonant capacitor compose the novel ZCS-PWM soft-commutation cell, used in these new ZCS-PWM Zeta converters. In this cell, the turn-on of the active switches occurs in zero-current (ZC) and their turn-off in zero-current and zero-voltage (ZCZV). For the diodes, their turn-on process occurs in zero-voltage (ZV) and their reverse-recovery effects over the active switches are negligible. These characteristics make this cell suitable for Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) applications.The main advantages of these new Zeta converters, generated from the new soft-commutation cell proposed, are possibility of obtaining isolation (through their accumulation inductors), and high efficiency, at wide load range. In addition, for the rectifier application, a high power factor and low THD in the input current ran be obtained, in agreement with LEC 1000-3-2 standards.The principle of operation, the theoretical analysis and a design example for the new de to de Zeta converter operating in voltage step-down mode are presented. Experimental results are obtained from a test unit with 500W output power, 110V(dc) output voltage, 220V(dc) input voltage, operating at 50kHz switching frequency. The efficiency measured at rated toad is equal to 97.3%for this new Zeta converter.Finally, the new Zeta rectifier is analyzed, and experimental results from a test unit rated at 500W output power, 110V(dc) output voltage, 220V(rms) input voltage, and operating at 50kHz switching frequency, are presented. The measured efficiency is equal to 96.95%, the power-factor is equal to 0.98, and the input current THD is equal to 19.07%, for this new rectifier operating at rated load.

Laser pulse shaping with liquid crystals

A method of unpolarized laser pulses shaping is reported. The basis of the method is the use of an hybrid optical bistable device with nematic liquid-crystals, similar to the one previously reported by us. A sample of the input light constrols, by an asymmetrical electronic comparator, a 1 x 2 electro-optical total switch. The output pulses are reshaped and maintain the same polarization properties as the input light. From triangular input light signals, symmetriacl and asymmetrical output pulses have been obtained. The minimum pulse width achieved was 0.1 msec. A representation of the output versus input light signals gives an hysteresys cycle in the asymmetrical case.

Characterising the central mechanisms of sensory modulation in human swallowing motor cortex

Objective: Pharyngeal stimulation can induce remarkable increases in the excitability of swallowing motor cortex, which is associated with short-term improvements in swallowing behaviour in dysphagic stroke patients. However, the mechanism by which this input induces cortical change remains unclear. Our aims were to explore the stimulus-induced facilitation of the cortico-bulbar projections to swallowing musculature and examine how input from the pharynx interacts with swallowing motor cortex. Methods: In 8 healthy subjects, a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) paired-pulse investigation was performed comprising a single conditioning electrical pharyngeal stimulus (pulse width 0.2 ms, 240 V) followed by cortical TMS at inter-stimulus intervals (ISI) of 10-100 ms. Pharyngeal sensory evoked potentials (PSEP) were also measured over the vertex. In 6 subjects whole-brain magnetoencephalography (MEG) was further acquired following pharyngeal stimulation. Results: TMS evoked pharyngeal motor evoked potentials were facilitated by the pharyngeal stimulus at ISI between 50 and 80 ms (Δ mean increase: 47±6%, P<0.05). This correlated with the peak latency of the P1 component of the PSEP (mean 79.6±8.5 ms). MEG confirmed that the equivalent P1 peak activities were localised to caudolateral sensory and motor cortices (BA 4, 1, 2). Conclusions: Facilitation of the cortico-bulbar pathway to pharyngeal stimulation relates to coincident afferent input to sensorimotor cortex. Significance: These findings have mechanistic importance on how pharyngeal stimulation may increase motor excitability and provide guidance on temporal windows for future manipulations of swallowing motor cortex. © 2004 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Pulse compression applied to the detection of F.S.K. and P.S.K. signals

The matched filter detector is well known as the optimum detector for use in communication, as well as in radar systems for signals corrupted by Additive White Gaussian Noise (A.W.G.N.). Non-coherent F.S.K. and differentially coherent P.S.K. (D.P.S.K.) detection schemes, which employ a new approach in realizing the matched filter processor, are investigated. The new approach utilizes pulse compression techniques, well known in radar systems, to facilitate the implementation of the matched filter in the form of the Pulse Compressor Matched Filter (P.C.M.F.). Both detection schemes feature a mixer- P.C.M.F. Compound as their predetector processor. The Compound is utilized to convert F.S.K. modulation into pulse position modulation, and P.S.K. modulation into pulse polarity modulation. The mechanisms of both detection schemes are studied through examining the properties of the Autocorrelation function (A.C.F.) at the output of the P.C.M.F.. The effects produced by time delay, and carrier interference on the output A.C.F. are determined. Work related to the F.S.K. detection scheme is mostly confined to verifying its validity, whereas the D.P.S.K. detection scheme has not been reported before. Consequently, an experimental system was constructed, which utilized combined hardware and software, and operated under the supervision of a microprocessor system. The experimental system was used to develop error-rate models for both detection schemes under investigation. Performances of both F. S. K. and D.P. S. K. detection schemes were established in the presence of A. W. G. N. , practical imperfections, time delay, and carrier interference. The results highlight the candidacy of both detection schemes for use in the field of digital data communication and, in particular, the D.P.S.K. detection scheme, which performed very close to optimum in a background of A.W.G.N.

Numerical modelling of advanced modulation formats and WDM transmission

This thesis presents a theoretical investigation of the application of advanced modelling formats in high-speed fibre lightwave systems. The first part of this work focuses on numerical optimisation of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) system design. We employ advanced spectral domain filtering techniques and carrier pulse reshaping. We then apply these optimisation methods to investigate spectral and temporal domain characteristics of advanced modulation formats in fibre optic telecommunication systems. Next we investigate numerical methods used in detecting and measuring the system performance of advanced modulation formats. We then numerically study the combination of return-to-zero differential phase-shift keying (RZ-DPSK) with advanced photonic devices. Finally we analyse the dispersion management of Nx40 Gbit/s RZ-DPSK transmission applied to a commercial terrestrial lightwave system.

Doubling of optical signals using triangular pulses

We propose a novel technique of doubling optical pulses in both frequency and time domains based on a combination of cross-phase modulation induced by a triangular pump pulse in a nonlinear Kerr medium and subsequent propagation in a dispersive medium.

Correlations between optimal temporal width and spectral characteristics of an optical signal in a wavelength-paired CS-RZ transmission with high spectral efficiency

We examine the correlations between the parameters of ultra-narrow off-centred filtering and pulse width on the performance of a wavelength paired Nx40Gbit/s DWDM transmission, consisting of carrier suppressed return-to-zero signal with 0.64 bit/s/Hz (without polarization-division multiplexing) spectral efficiency.

Correlations between optimal temporal width and spectral characteristics of an optical signal in a wavelength-paired CS-RZ transmission with high spectral efficiency

We examine the correlations between the parameters of ultra-narrow off-centred filtering and pulse width on the performance of a wavelength paired Nx40Gbit/s DWDM transmission, consisting of carrier suppressed return-to-zero signal with 0.64 bit/s/Hz (without polarization-division multiplexing) spectral efficiency. © 2004 Optical Society of America.

Modulateurs intégrés sur silicium pour la transmission de signaux à modulation d'amplitude multi-niveau

Au cours des dernières années, la photonique intégrée sur silicium a progressé rapidement. Les modulateurs issus de cette technologie présentent des caractéristiques potentiellement intéressantes pour les systèmes de communication à courte portée. En effet, il est prévu que ces modulateurs pourront être opérés à des vitesses de transmission élevées, tout en limitant le coût de fabrication et la consommation de puissance. Parallèlement, la modulation d’amplitude multi-niveau (PAM) est prometteuse pour ce type de systèmes. Ainsi, ce travail porte sur le développement de modulateurs de silicium pour la transmission de signaux PAM. Dans le premier chapitre, les concepts théoriques nécessaires à la conception de modulateurs de silicium sont présentés. Les modulateurs Mach-Zehnder et les modulateurs à base de réseau de Bragg sont principalement abordés. De plus, les effets électro-optiques dans le silicium, la modulation PAM, les différents types d’électrodes intégrées et la compensation des distorsions par traitement du signal sont détaillés.Dans le deuxième chapitre, un modulateur Mach-Zehnder aux électrodes segmentées est présenté. La segmentation des électrodes permet la génération de signaux optiques PAM à partir de séquences binaires. Cette approche permet d’éliminer l’utilisation de convertisseur numérique-analogique en intégrant cette fonction dans le domaine optique, ce qui vise à réduire le coût du système de communication. Ce chapitre contient la description détaillée du modulateur, les résultats de caractérisation optique et de la caractérisation électrique, ainsi que les tests systèmes. De plus, les tests systèmes incluent l’utilisation de pré-compensation ou de post-compensation du signal sous la forme d’égalisation de la réponse en fréquence pour les formats de modulation PAM-4 et PAM-8 à différents taux binaires. Une vitesse de transmission de 30 Gb/s est démontrée dans les deux cas et ce malgré une limitation importante de la réponse en fréquence suite à l’ajout d’un assemblage des circuits radiofréquences (largeur de bande 3 dB de 8 GHz). Il s’agit de la première démonstration de modulation PAM-8 à l’aide d’un modulateur Mach-Zehnder aux électrodes segmentées. Finalement, les conclusions tirées de ce travail ont mené à la conception d’un deuxième modulateur Mach-Zehnder aux électrodes segmentées présentement en phase de test, dont les performances montrent un très grand potentiel. Dans le troisième chapitre, un modulateur à réseau de Bragg à deux sauts de phase est présenté. L’utilisation de réseaux de Bragg est une approche encore peu développée pour la modulation. En effet, la réponse spectrale de ces structures peut être contrôlée précisément, une caractéristique intéressante pour la conception de modulateurs. Dans ces travaux, nous proposons l’ajout de deux sauts de phase à un réseau de Bragg uniforme pour obtenir un pic de transmission dans la bande de réflexion de celui-ci. Ainsi, il est possible d’altérer l’amplitude du pic de transmission à l’aide d’une jonction pn. Comme pour le deuxième chapitre, ce chapitre inclut la description détaillée du modulateur, les résultats des caractérisations optique et électrique, ainsi que les tests systèmes. De plus, la caractérisation de jonctions pn à l’aide du modulateur à réseau de Bragg est expliquée. Des vitesses de transmission PAM-4 de 60 Gb/s et OOK de 55 Gb/s sont démontrées après la compensation des distorsions des signaux. À notre connaissance, il s’agit du modulateur à réseau de Bragg le plus rapide à ce jour. De plus, pour la première fois, les performances d’un tel modulateur s’approchent de celles des modulateurs de silicium les plus rapides utilisant des microrésonateurs en anneau ou des interféromètres Mach-Zehnder.

Acousto-optic modulation of optical reflection properties in fiber Bragg gratings and the application in fiber lasers

This thesis aims to investigate the interaction of acoustic waves and fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in standard and suspended-core fibers (SCFs), to evaluate the influence of the fiber, grating and modulator design on the increase of the modulation efficiency, bandwidth and frequency. Initially, the frequency response and the resonant acoustic modes of a low frequency acousto-optic modulator (f < 1.2 MHz) are numerically investigated by using the finite element method. Later, the interaction of longitudinal acoustic waves and FBGs in SCFs is also numerically investigated. The fiber geometric parameters are varied and the strain and grating properties are simulated by means of the finite element method and the transfer matrix method. The study indicates that the air holes composing the SCF cause a significant reduction of the amount of silica in the fiber cross section increasing acousto-optic interaction in the core. Experimental modulation of the reflectivity of FBGs inscribed in two distinct SCFs indicates evidences of this increased interaction. Besides, a method to acoustically induce a dynamic phase-shift in a chirped FBG employing an optimized design of modulator is shown. Afterwards, a combination of this modulator and a FBG inscribed in a three air holes SCF is applied to mode-lock an ytterbium doped fiber laser. To improve the modulator design for future applications, two other distinct devices are investigated to increase the acousto-optic interaction, bandwidth and frequency (f > 10 MHz). A high reflectivity modulation has been achieved for a modulator based on a tapered fiber. Moreover, an increased modulated bandwidth (320 pm) has been obtained for a modulator based on interaction of a radial long period grating (RLPG) and a FBG inscribed in a standard fiber. In summary, the results show a considerable reduction of the grating/fiber length and the modulator size, indicating possibilities for compact and faster acousto-optic fiber devices. Additionally, the increased interaction efficiency, modulated bandwidth and frequency can be useful to shorten the pulse width of future all-fiber mode-locked fiber lasers, as well, to other photonic devices which require the control of the light in optical fibers by electrically tunable acoustic waves.

A high voltage pulse power supply for metal plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition

We describe the design and implementation of a high voltage pulse power supply (pulser) that supports the operation of a repetitively pulsed filtered vacuum arc plasma deposition facility in plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition (Mepiiid) mode. Negative pulses (micropulses) of up to 20 kV in magnitude and 20 A peak current are provided in gated pulse packets (macropulses) over a broad range of possible pulse width and duty cycle. Application of the system consisting of filtered vacuum arc and high voltage pulser is demonstrated by forming diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin films with and without substrate bias provided by the pulser. Significantly enhanced film/substrate adhesion is observed when the pulser is used to induce interface mixing between the DLC film and the underlying Si substrate. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3518969]

Solid State Marx Modulator with Blumlein Stack for Bipolar Pulse Generation

Sub-nanosecond bipolar high voltage pulses are a very important tool for food processing, medical treatment, waste water and exhaust gas processing. A Hybrid Modulator for sub-microsecond bipolar pulse generation, comprising an unipolar solid-state Marx generator connected to a load through a stack Blumlein system that produces bipolar pulses and further multiplies the pulse voltage amplitude, is presented. Experimental results from an assembled prototype show the generation of 1000 V amplitude bipolar pulses with 100 ns of pulse width and 1 kHz repetition rate.

Overvoltage Mitigation Techniques in Wind Power Generators

Advancements in power electronic semiconductor switching devices have lead to significantly faster switching times. In motor and generator applications, the fast switching times of pulse width modulated (PWM) inverters lead to overvoltages caused by voltage reflections with shorter and shorter cables. These excessive overvoltages may lead to a failure of the electrical machine in a matter of months. In this thesis, the causes behind the overvoltage phenomenon as well as its different mitigation techniques are studied. The most suitable techniques for mitigating the overvoltage phenomenon in wind power generator applications are chosen based on both simulations and actual measurements performed on a prototype. An RC filter at the terminals of the electrical machine and an inverter output filter designed to reduce the rise and fall times of voltage pulses are presented as a solution to the overvoltage problem. The performance and losses of both filter types are analysed.

Tasasähkönjakeluverkon asiakaspäätelaitteen galvaanisen erotuksen toteuttaminen

Tässä työssä tutkitaan LLC resonanssipiirin soveltuvuutta galvaanisen erotuksen toteuttamiseen tasasähkönjakeluverkon asiakaspäätelaitteessa. Tarkastellaan resonanssipiirin ominaisuuksia ja aikaisempia käyttökohteita. Tutkitaan piirin soveltuvuutta vaihtosähkö sovellukseen ja esitellään piirin toimintaa, häviöitä ja ohjausta. Esitellään pulssin leveys moduloitu (PWM) ja pulssin tiheys moduloitu (PDM) invertteri sovellukset ja näiden toimintaa. Esitetään vielä parannusehdotuksia ja kytkentäkuvio kytkennän ominaisuuksien ja hyö-tysuhteen parantamiseksi. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että suora PDM topologia ei sovellu tähän käyttötarkoitukseen suuren suodin induktanssin vuoksi. PWM invertteri topologia jännitteen tasasuuntauksella taas sopii sovellukseen ja tällä rakenteella on mahdollista tehdä galvaaninen erotus hyvinkin hyvällä hyötysuhteella. Pehmeän kytkennän aiheuttamien häviöiden tarkka määrittely simulointimallista on parhaimmillaankin vain suuntaa-antava, mutta tulokset olivat mielestäni oikein positiivisia. LLC resonanssipiirin toimintaa tutkittiin vain resonanssitaajuudella kytkettäessä, jolloin sen jännitevahvistusominaisuuksien hyödyntäminen jää tarkastelun ulko-puolelle.

Aktiivisen verkkosillan tuottaman yhteismuotoisen jännitteen vaimentaminen kaksitasoisessa, jännitevälipiirillisessä, taajuusmuuttajatopologiassa

Pulssinleveysmoduloidun vaihtosuuntaajan hyötysuhteen parantaminen ja kytkentätaajuuden suurentaminen ovat johtaneet lähtöjännitteen suuritaajuiseen taajuussisältöön kaksitasoisessa, jännitevälipiirillisessä taajuusmuuttajatopologiassa. Kasvava tarve siirtää tehoa myös verkkoon päin on lisännyt aktiivisen verkkosillan käyttöä. Kaksitasoisen aktiivisen verkkosillan vaikutuksesta DC-välipiirin keskipisteen ja kolmivaiheisen kuorman tähtipisteen välinen jännite on nollasta poikkeava aiheuttaen suurentuneen yhteismuotoisen jännitteen taajuusmuuttajan lähtöön ja verkon puolelle. Lisäksi yhteismuotoisten jännitteiden aiheuttamat kytkentätaajuiset häiriövirrat voivat aiheuttaa vikavirtasuojien tahatonta laukeamista, vaikeuttaa EMC-standardien vaatimusten täyttämistä, lisätä moottorin käämieristyksien rasitusta ja mahdollisuutta moottorin laakerivaurioille. Diplomityössä tutkitaan aktiivisen ja passiivisen verkkosillan tuottamaa yhteismuotoista jännitettä simuloinneilla. Esitellään aikaisempaa tutkimustietoa yhteismuotoisen jännitteen ja virran vaimennusratkaisuista aktiivista verkkosiltaa käytettäessä. Tutkimustiedon pohjalta suunnitellaan koelaitteistolle soveltuva suodin. Suotimen toiminta testataan simuloinnein sekä kokeellisin mittauksin. Tehdyt mittaukset osoittavat, että suunniteltu suodin vaimentaa yhteismuotoista jännitettä noin 20 dB verkkosillan kytkentätaajuudella ja tämän jälkeen yli 20 dB/dekadi taajuuteen 100 kHz asti. Lisäksi yhteismuotoisen virran suuruus syöttökaapelin kautta pieneni ehdotetun suotimen vaikutuksesta.