Implementation of a dominance protocol for wireless medium access

Consider the problem of scheduling sporadic message transmission requests with deadlines. For wired channels, this has been achieved successfully using the CAN bus. For wireless channels, researchers have recently proposed a similar solution; a collision-free medium access control (MAC) protocol that implements static-priority scheduling. Unfortunately no implementation has been reported, yet. We implement and evaluate it to find that the implementation indeed is collision-free and prioritized. This allows us to develop schedulability analysis for the implementation. We measure the response times of messages in our implementation and find that our new response-time analysis indeed offers an upper bound on the response times. This enables a new class of wireless real-time systems with timeliness guarantees for sporadic messages and it opens-up a new research area: schedulability analysis for wireless networks.

An embedded 1149.4 extension to support mixed-signal debugging

Debugging electronic circuits is traditionally done with bench equipment directly connected to the circuit under debug. In the digital domain, the difficulties associated with the direct physical access to circuit nodes led to the inclusion of resources providing support to that activity, first at the printed circuit level, and then at the integrated circuit level. The experience acquired with those solutions led to the emergence of dedicated infrastructures for debugging cores at the system-on-chip level. However, all these developments had a small impact in the analog and mixed-signal domain, where debugging still depends, to a large extent, on direct physical access to circuit nodes. As a consequence, when analog and mixed-signal circuits are integrated as cores inside a system-on-chip, the difficulties associated with debugging increase, which cause the time-to-market and the prototype verification costs to also increase. The present work considers the IEEE1149.4 infrastructure as a means to support the debugging of mixed-signal circuits, namely to access the circuit nodes and also an embedded debug mechanism named mixed-signal condition detector, necessary for watch-/breakpoints and real-time analysis operations. One of the main advantages associated with the proposed solution is the seamless migration to the system-on-chip level, as the access is done through electronic means, thus easing debugging operations at different hierarchical levels.

Melhoria e automação de linhas de montagem

Hoje em dia, e com os avanços tecnológicos a surgirem de forma constante, existem novas áreas que têm de ser consideradas com um foco importante por parte de todas as organizações, sendo uma delas a robótica industrial. Motivada em aumentar o seu output, as condições de trabalho para os seus colaboradores, bem como todas as condições de organização da logística interna, a Grohe Portugal, mais especificamente o departamento da montagem, achou relevante fazer um estudo de métodos e tempos, calculando os ganhos potenciais de aumento de output com introdução de robótica nas linhas dos cartuchos. Os objetivos principais seriam então, fazer uma restruturação de todo o layout dessas linhas, tendo como foco automatizar alguma(s) operação(ões), conseguindo assim uma melhoria significativa do output dessas linhas com o menor payback possível. Posto isto, esta dissertação pretende apresentar o trabalho desenvolvido junto da Grohe Portugal, que teve como objetivo fazer os estudos e a automatização de linhas de montagem de cartuchos, bem como melhorar algumas linhas de montagem tendo em conta fatores ergonómicos. Relativamente à automatização da linha dos cartuchos, foi importante estudar todos os seguintes aspetos:  utilização de unidades robóticas;  ergonomia;  ganhos de produtividade;  automatizar ou semi-automatizar operações;  simplificar processos de montagem;  simplificar setups;  solicitar orçamentos;  elaborar caderno de encargos. Para a realização deste projeto, o trabalho desenvolvido foi decomposto em várias etapas, entre as quais se destacam:  análise e estudo dos métodos e sequências de montagem;  levantamento de todos os componentes e operações de montagem até à obtenção do cartucho final;  estudo de tempos de todas essas operações de montagem;  caraterização de um novo layout para as linhas com a introdução de unidades robóticas, tanto quanto possível, mais adequadas;  elaboração de caderno de encargos para ser enviado a empresas, para estas poderem apresentar uma orçamentação, bem como indicar as unidades robóticas mais adequadas para as tarefas pretendidas;  automatização da linha dos cartuchos. Relativamente ao projeto de novas linhas de montagem tendo em conta fatores ergonómicos, de forma a melhorar os sistemas de abastecimento e as condições de trabalho por parte dos operadores, foram postos em prática diferentes passos, nomeadamente:  identificação de todos os processos de montagem realizados pelos operadores na linha a melhorar;  estudo e definição da disposição dos componentes na nova linha, bem como a sua forma de abastecimento;  projeto da nova linha de montagem em 3D com recurso ao software SolidWorks;  realização prática da linha, acompanhando e ajudando a equipa da ferramentaria. O balanço final do trabalho foi bastante positivo, tanto na automatização das linhas de montagem dos cartuchos, em que todo o seu estudo foi alcançado com sucesso, como no melhoramento ergonómico das linhas de montagem, tendo-se alcançado melhorias em alguns índices de qualidade, tempos de abastecimento, organização das linhas, e nas condições de iluminação, resultando essas melhorias numa avaliação positiva por parte dos colaboradores que nelas trabalham todos os dias.

Melhoria do planeamento e abastecimento à montagem

Para conseguir responder às exigências atuais dos mercados, as indústrias necessitam de ser flexíveis, ou seja, é necessário terem a capacidade de adaptar o seu funcionamento e os seus produtos às alterações que se sucedem. Como forma de responder a este facto, o funcionamento da empresa assenta numa produção flexível para conseguir que os seus produtos que abranjam diferente o maior número possível de clientes. No entanto esta metodologia tem apresentado alguns problemas na sua implementação, por isso com o objetivo de obter uma produção mais eficaz e eficiente, a empresa tem canalizado esforços para a melhoria contínua das linhas de montagem. O trabalho desenvolvido na FUTE está enquadrado com a melhoria contínua e visa o processo de abastecimento dos diversos materiais necessários para a produção, característica fundamental para que as linhas possam produzir de forma contínua. Este estudo iniciou-se por analisar o método de abastecimento e identificar os seus problemas e causas, para que posteriormente com o auxílio dos conhecimentos adq uiridos, fosse possível conceber soluções. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho demonstram que as melhorias implementadas a nível de organização de armazéns, métodos de trabalho e meios de transporte de materiais permitem diminuir o tempo e os recursos necessários durante o processo de abastecimento, além de melhorar condições de trabalho dos operários.

Développement de méthodes d’analyse directe de polluants organiques volatils à l’état de traces dans l’air et les biogaz

Il est reconnu que le benzène, le toluène, l’éthylbenzène et les isomères du xylène, composés organiques volatils (COVs) communément désignés BTEX, produisent des effets nocifs sur la santé humaine et sur les végétaux dépendamment de la durée et des niveaux d’exposition. Le benzène en particulier est classé cancérogène et une exposition à des concentrations supérieures à 64 g/m3 de benzène peut être fatale en 5–10 minutes. Par conséquent, la mesure en temps réel des BTEX dans l’air ambiant est essentielle pour détecter rapidement un danger associé à leur émission dans l’air et pour estimer les risques potentiels pour les êtres vivants et pour l’environnement. Dans cette thèse, une méthode d’analyse en temps réel des BTEX dans l’air ambiant a été développée et validée. La méthode est basée sur la technique d’échantillonnage direct de l’air couplée avec la spectrométrie de masse en tandem utilisant une source d’ionisation chimique à pression atmosphérique (APCI-MS/MS directe). La validation analytique a démontré la sensibilité (limite de détection LDM 1–2 μg/m3), la précision (coefficient de variation CV < 10%), l’exactitude (exactitude > 95%) et la sélectivité de la méthode. Des échantillons d’air ambiant provenant d’un site d’enfouissement de déchets industriels et de divers garages d’entretien automobile ont été analysés par la méthode développée. La comparaison des résultats avec ceux obtenus par la technique de chromatographie gazeuse on-line couplée avec un détecteur à ionisation de flamme (GC-FID) a donné des résultats similaires. La capacité de la méthode pour l’évaluation rapide des risques potentiels associés à une exposition aux BTEX a été prouvée à travers une étude de terrain avec analyse de risque pour la santé des travailleurs dans trois garages d’entretien automobile et par des expériences sous atmosphères simulées. Les concentrations mesurées dans l’air ambiant des garages étaient de 8,9–25 µg/m3 pour le benzène, 119–1156 µg/m3 pour le toluène, 9–70 µg/m3 pour l’éthylbenzène et 45–347 µg/m3 pour les xylènes. Une dose quotidienne environnementale totale entre 1,46 10-3 et 2,52 10-3 mg/kg/jour a été déterminée pour le benzène. Le risque de cancer lié à l’exposition environnementale totale au benzène estimé pour les travailleurs étudiés se situait entre 1,1 10-5 et 1,8 10-5. Une nouvelle méthode APCI-MS/MS a été également développée et validée pour l’analyse directe de l’octaméthylcyclotétrasiloxane (D4) et le décaméthylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) dans l’air et les biogaz. Le D4 et le D5 sont des siloxanes cycliques volatils largement utilisés comme solvants dans les processus industriels et les produits de consommation à la place des COVs précurseurs d’ozone troposphérique tels que les BTEX. Leur présence ubiquitaire dans les échantillons d’air ambiant, due à l’utilisation massive, suscite un besoin d’études de toxicité. De telles études requièrent des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives de traces de ces composés. Par ailleurs, la présence de traces de ces substances dans un biogaz entrave son utilisation comme source d’énergie renouvelable en causant des dommages coûteux à l’équipement. L’analyse des siloxanes dans un biogaz s’avère donc essentielle pour déterminer si le biogaz nécessite une purification avant son utilisation pour la production d’énergie. La méthode développée dans cette étude possède une bonne sensibilité (LDM 4–6 μg/m3), une bonne précision (CV < 10%), une bonne exactitude (> 93%) et une grande sélectivité. Il a été également démontré qu’en utilisant cette méthode avec l’hexaméthyl-d18-disiloxane comme étalon interne, la détection et la quantification du D4 et du D5 dans des échantillons réels de biogaz peuvent être accomplies avec une meilleure sensibilité (LDM ~ 2 μg/m3), une grande précision (CV < 5%) et une grande exactitude (> 97%). Une variété d’échantillons de biogaz prélevés au site d’enfouissement sanitaire du Complexe Environnemental de Saint-Michel à Montréal a été analysée avec succès par cette nouvelle méthode. Les concentrations mesurées étaient de 131–1275 µg/m3 pour le D4 et 250–6226 µg/m3 pour le D5. Ces résultats représentent les premières données rapportées dans la littérature sur la concentration des siloxanes D4 et D5 dans les biogaz d’enfouissement en fonction de l’âge des déchets.

Phylogénie et biogéographie du genre Bauhinia s.l. (Leguminosae)

Bauhinia s.l. est le plus vaste genre de la tribu des Cercideae (Ceasalpinioideae, Leguminoseae), avec plus de 300 espèces. Il présente une distribution pantropicale et une grande variabilité morphologique. Ces deux caractéristiques ont limité les études taxonomiques sur le genre complet, résultant en plusieurs études taxonomiques de certains groupes seulement. En 1987, Wunderlin et al. proposent une vaste révision taxonomique de la tribu des Cercideae, basée sur des données morphologiques, et divisent le genre Bauhinia en quatre sous-genres. En 2005, Lewis et Forest publient une nouvelle classification préliminaire basée sur des données moléculaires, mais sur un échantillonnage taxonomique restreint. Leurs conclusions remettent en question le monophylétisme du genre Bauhinia et suggèrent plutôt la reconnaissance de huit genres au sein du grade Bauhinia s.l. Afin de vérifier les hypothèses de Lewis et Forest, et obtenir une vision plus claire de l’histroire de Bauhinia s.l., nous avons séquencé deux régions chloroplastiques (trnL-trnF et matK-trnK) et deux régions nucléaires (Leafy et Legcyc) pour un vaste échantillonnage représentatif des Cercideae. Une première phylogénie de la tribu a tout d’abord été réalisée à partir des séquences de trnL-trnF seulement et a confirmé le non-monoplylétisme de Bauhinia s.l., avec l’inclusion du genre Brenierea, traditionnellement reconnu comme genre frère de Bauhinia s.l. Afin de ne pas limiter notre vision de l’histoire évolutive des Cercideae à un seul type de données moléculaires et à une seule région, une nouvelle série d’analyse a été effectuée, incluant toutes les séquences chloroplastiques et nucléaires. Une phylogénie individuelle a été reconstruite pour chacune des régions du génome, et un arbre d’espèce ainsi qu’un arbre de supermatrice ont été reconstruits. Bien que certaines contradictions apparaissent entre les phylogénies, les grandes lignes de l’histoire des Cercideae ont été résolues. Bauhinia s.l. est divisée en deux lignées : les groupes Phanera et Bauhinia. Le groupe Bauhinia est constitué des genres Bauhinia s.s., Piliostigma et Brenierea. Le groupe Phanera est constitué des genres Gigasiphon, Tylosema, Lysiphyllum, Barklya, Phanera et Schnella. Les genres Cercis, Adenolobus et Griffonia sont les groupes-frères du clade Bauhinia s.l. Au minimum un événement de duplication de Legcyc a été mis en évidence pour la totalité de la tribu des Cercideae, excepté Cercis, mais plusieurs évènements sont suggérés à la fois par Legcyc et Leafy. Finalement, la datation et la reconstruction des aires ancestrales de la tribu ont été effectuées. La tribu est datée de 49,7 Ma et est originaire des régions tempérées de l’hémisphère nord, probablement autour de la mer de Thétys. La tribu s’est ensuite dispersée vers les régions tropicales sèches de l’Afrique, où la séparation des groupes Bauhinia et Phanera a eu lieu. Ces deux groupes se sont ensuite dispersés en parallèle vers l’Asie du sud-est au début du Miocène. À la même période, une dispersion depuis l’Afrique de Bauhinia s.s. a permis la diversification des espèces américaines de ce genre, alors que le genre Schnella (seul genre américain du groupe Phanera) est passé par l’Australie afin de rejoindre le continent américain. Cette dispersion vers l’Australie sera également à l’origine des genres Lysiphyllum et Barklya

Reconnaissance des actions humaines : méthode basée sur la réduction de dimensionnalité par MDS spatio-temporelle

L’action humaine dans une séquence vidéo peut être considérée comme un volume spatio- temporel induit par la concaténation de silhouettes dans le temps. Nous présentons une approche spatio-temporelle pour la reconnaissance d’actions humaines qui exploite des caractéristiques globales générées par la technique de réduction de dimensionnalité MDS et un découpage en sous-blocs afin de modéliser la dynamique des actions. L’objectif est de fournir une méthode à la fois simple, peu dispendieuse et robuste permettant la reconnaissance d’actions simples. Le procédé est rapide, ne nécessite aucun alignement de vidéo, et est applicable à de nombreux scénarios. En outre, nous démontrons la robustesse de notre méthode face aux occultations partielles, aux déformations de formes, aux changements d’échelle et d’angles de vue, aux irrégularités dans l’exécution d’une action, et à une faible résolution.

Studies on sea-cucumbers of minicoy, lakshadweep

This Thesis contains a detailed account of the results of the investigations on the "Studies on sea cucumbers of Minicoy, Lakshadweep" from the Arabian Sea, carried out from January 1990 to December 1991. The results are presented and discussed in six chapters, preceded by an "lntroduction", "Review of literature" and "Materials and Methods". A brief account on the importance of sea-cucumbers, its general morphology, present status of sea-cucumbers and their fishery in India and the major objectives of the present study are given in the "lntroduction" "Review of Literature" has covered and reviewed almost all available published reports and informations on sea-cucumbers on global basis, with special emphasis on Indian region and particularly in Minicoy Island. The Minicoy Island topography particularly the lagoon and reef flat area, discretion of sampling stations, survey on sea-cucumbers in space and time, analysis of samples both in the field and laboratory, statistical analysis of data, etc. and the period of study are given under "Materials and Methods.

Determination of yield and quality parameters of energy crops applying laboratory and field spectroscopy

A real-time analysis of renewable energy sources, such as arable crops, is of great importance with regard to an optimised process management, since aspects of ecology and biodiversity are considered in crop production in order to provide a sustainable energy supply by biomass. This study was undertaken to explore the potential of spectroscopic measurement procedures for the prediction of potassium (K), chloride (Cl), and phosphate (P), of dry matter (DM) yield, metabolisable energy (ME), ash and crude fibre contents (ash, CF), crude lipid (EE), nitrate free extracts (NfE) as well as of crude protein (CP) and nitrogen (N), respectively in pretreated samples and undisturbed crops. Three experiments were conducted, one in a laboratory using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) and two field spectroscopic experiments. Laboratory NIRS measurements were conducted to evaluate to what extent a prediction of quality parameters is possible examining press cakes characterised by a wide heterogeneity of their parent material. 210 samples were analysed subsequent to a mechanical dehydration using a screw press. Press cakes serve as solid fuel for thermal conversion. Field spectroscopic measurements were carried out with regard to further technical development using different field grown crops. A one year lasting experiment over a binary mixture of grass and red clover examined the impact of different degrees of sky cover on prediction accuracies of distinct plant parameters. Furthermore, an artificial light source was used in order to evaluate to what extent such a light source is able to minimise cloud effects on prediction accuracies. A three years lasting experiment with maize was conducted in order to evaluate the potential of off-nadir measurements inside a canopy to predict different quality parameters in total biomass and DM yield using one sensor for a potential on-the-go application. This approach implements a measurement of the plants in 50 cm segments, since a sensor adjusted sideways is not able to record the entire plant height. Calibration results obtained by nadir top-of-canopy reflectance measurements were compared to calibration results obtained by off-nadir measurements. Results of all experiments approve the applicability of spectroscopic measurements for the prediction of distinct biophysical and biochemical parameters in the laboratory and under field conditions, respectively. The estimation of parameters could be conducted to a great extent with high accuracy. An enhanced basis of calibration for the laboratory study and the first field experiment (grass/clover-mixture) yields in improved robustness of calibration models and allows for an extended application of spectroscopic measurement techniques, even under varying conditions. Furthermore, off-nadir measurements inside a canopy yield in higher prediction accuracies, particularly for crops characterised by distinct height increment as observed for maize.

The distributed work of local action: interaction amongst virtually collocated research teams

Existing research on synchronous remote working in CSCW has highlighted the troubles that can arise because actions at one site are (partially) unavailable to remote colleagues. Such ‘local action’ is routinely characterised as a nuisance, a distraction, subordinate and the like. This paper explores interconnections between ‘local action’ and ‘distributed work’ in the case of a research team virtually collocated through ‘MiMeG’. MiMeG is an e-Social Science tool that facilitates ‘distributed data sessions’ in which social scientists are able to remotely collaborate on the real-time analysis of video data. The data are visible and controllable in a shared workspace and participants are additionally connected via audio conferencing. The findings reveal that whilst the (partial) unavailability of local action is at times problematic, it is also used as a resource for coordinating work. The paper considers how local action is interactionally managed in distributed data sessions and concludes by outlining implications of the analysis for the design and study of technologies to support group-to-group collaboration.

Prediction of coagulation properties, titratable acidity and pH of bovine milk using mid-infrared spectroscopy

This study investigated the potential application of mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR 4,000–900 cm−1) for the determination of milk coagulation properties (MCP), titratable acidity (TA), and pH in Brown Swiss milk samples (n = 1,064). Because MCP directly influence the efficiency of the cheese-making process, there is strong industrial interest in developing a rapid method for their assessment. Currently, the determination of MCP involves time-consuming laboratory-based measurements, and it is not feasible to carry out these measurements on the large numbers of milk samples associated with milk recording programs. Mid-infrared spectroscopy is an objective and nondestructive technique providing rapid real-time analysis of food compositional and quality parameters. Analysis of milk rennet coagulation time (RCT, min), curd firmness (a30, mm), TA (SH°/50 mL; SH° = Soxhlet-Henkel degree), and pH was carried out, and MIR data were recorded over the spectral range of 4,000 to 900 cm−1. Models were developed by partial least squares regression using untreated and pretreated spectra. The MCP, TA, and pH prediction models were improved by using the combined spectral ranges of 1,600 to 900 cm−1, 3,040 to 1,700 cm−1, and 4,000 to 3,470 cm−1. The root mean square errors of cross-validation for the developed models were 2.36 min (RCT, range 24.9 min), 6.86 mm (a30, range 58 mm), 0.25 SH°/50 mL (TA, range 3.58 SH°/50 mL), and 0.07 (pH, range 1.15). The most successfully predicted attributes were TA, RCT, and pH. The model for the prediction of TA provided approximate prediction (R2 = 0.66), whereas the predictive models developed for RCT and pH could discriminate between high and low values (R2 = 0.59 to 0.62). It was concluded that, although the models require further development to improve their accuracy before their application in industry, MIR spectroscopy has potential application for the assessment of RCT, TA, and pH during routine milk analysis in the dairy industry. The implementation of such models could be a means of improving MCP through phenotypic-based selection programs and to amend milk payment systems to incorporate MCP into their payment criteria.

eRules: a modular adaptive classification rule learning algorithm for data streams

Advances in hardware and software in the past decade allow to capture, record and process fast data streams at a large scale. The research area of data stream mining has emerged as a consequence from these advances in order to cope with the real time analysis of potentially large and changing data streams. Examples of data streams include Google searches, credit card transactions, telemetric data and data of continuous chemical production processes. In some cases the data can be processed in batches by traditional data mining approaches. However, in some applications it is required to analyse the data in real time as soon as it is being captured. Such cases are for example if the data stream is infinite, fast changing, or simply too large in size to be stored. One of the most important data mining techniques on data streams is classification. This involves training the classifier on the data stream in real time and adapting it to concept drifts. Most data stream classifiers are based on decision trees. However, it is well known in the data mining community that there is no single optimal algorithm. An algorithm may work well on one or several datasets but badly on others. This paper introduces eRules, a new rule based adaptive classifier for data streams, based on an evolving set of Rules. eRules induces a set of rules that is constantly evaluated and adapted to changes in the data stream by adding new and removing old rules. It is different from the more popular decision tree based classifiers as it tends to leave data instances rather unclassified than forcing a classification that could be wrong. The ongoing development of eRules aims to improve its accuracy further through dynamic parameter setting which will also address the problem of changing feature domain values.

En jämförelse av molnbaserade realtidsanalystjänster : Skillnader i användbarhet mellan multi-tenant och single-tenant arkitekturer

Internet of Things är ett samlingsbegrepp för den utveckling som innebär att olika typer av enheter kan förses med sensorer och datachip som är uppkopplade mot internet. En ökad mängd data innebär en ökad förfrågan på lösningar som kan lagra, spåra, analysera och bearbeta data. Ett sätt att möta denna förfrågan är att använda sig av molnbaserade realtidsanalystjänster. Multi-tenant och single-tenant är två typer av arkitekturer för molnbaserade realtidsanalystjänster som kan användas för att lösa problemen med hanteringen av de ökade datamängderna. Dessa arkitekturer skiljer sig åt när det gäller komplexitet i utvecklingen. I detta arbete representerar Azure Stream Analytics en multi-tenant arkitektur och HDInsight/Storm representerar en single-tenant arkitektur. För att kunna göra en jämförelse av molnbaserade realtidsanalystjänster med olika arkitekturer, har vi valt att använda oss av användbarhetskriterierna: effektivitet, ändamålsenlighet och användarnöjdhet. Vi kom fram till att vi ville ha svar på följande frågor relaterade till ovannämnda tre användbarhetskriterier: • Vilka likheter och skillnader kan vi se i utvecklingstider? • Kan vi identifiera skillnader i funktionalitet? • Hur upplever utvecklare de olika analystjänsterna? Vi har använt en design and creation strategi för att utveckla två Proof of Concept prototyper och samlat in data genom att använda flera datainsamlingsmetoder. Proof of Concept prototyperna inkluderade två artefakter, en för Azure Stream Analytics och en för HDInsight/Storm. Vi utvärderade dessa genom att utföra fem olika scenarier som var för sig hade 2-5 delmål. Vi simulerade strömmande data genom att låta en applikation kontinuerligt slumpa fram data som vi analyserade med hjälp av de två realtidsanalystjänsterna. Vi har använt oss av observationer för att dokumentera hur vi arbetade med utvecklingen av analystjänsterna samt för att mäta utvecklingstider och identifiera skillnader i funktionalitet. Vi har även använt oss av frågeformulär för att ta reda på vad användare tyckte om analystjänsterna. Vi kom fram till att Azure Stream Analytics initialt var mer användbart än HDInsight/Storm men att skillnaderna minskade efter hand. Azure Stream Analytics var lättare att arbeta med vid simplare analyser medan HDInsight/Storm hade ett bredare val av funktionalitet.

A PAL1 gene promoter-green fluorescent protein reporter system to analyse defence responses in live cells of Arabidopsis thaliana

Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 was transformed with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene under control of a phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) promoter. PAL is a key enzyme of the phenylpropanoid pathway and is induced to high levels during plant stress. Constitutive expression of PAL1 promoter-controlled GFP occurred in vascular tissues within stems, leaves and roots and in developing flowers. PAL1 promoter–GFP expression was examined in leaves of transgenic plants subjected to an abiotic elicitor, mechanical wounding or to inoculation with the pathogens Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato or Peronospora parasitica. Wounding of leaves and treatment with an abiotic elicitor and compatible interactions produced low to moderate levels of GFP. However, in incompatible interactions there were high levels of GFP produced. In incompatible interactions, the intensity of GFP fluorescence was similar to that produced in transgenic plants expressing GFP driven by the CaMV promoter. The bright green fluorescence produced in live cells and tissues was readily visualised using conventional fluorescence microscopy and was quantified using spectroflourometry. This is the first report of the use of GFP as a reporter of defence gene activation against pathogens. It has several advantages over other reporter genes including real time analysis of gene expression and visualisation of defence gene activation in a non-invasive manner.

Full house theory: A new theory for assessing demand for arts centers

In this article I will establish an underpinning theory to apply in measuring demand for a new arts center (theater, museum, gallery, multipurpose space, tourism destination, or cultural precinct). The new theory is called "Full House Theory"-so called because it aims to provide an equation among the factors that result in maximum occupancy and use of an arts center or cultural facility. Existing theories used in the retail sector offer a distance-and-time analysis of expected customer demand but do not include differentiated product-demand analysis. Cultural planning literature examines community need in relation to cultural development but fails to provide a formula to predict sustainable demand. In addition, I will analyze the theories and methodologies in current use as well as their weaknesses in assessing cultural facility demand.