Underground dwellings in the Tajuña valley, Madrid, Spain and their bioclimatic adaptation

Underground dwellings are the maximum example of the vernacular architecture adaptation to the climatic conditions in areas with high annual and daily thermal fluctuations. This paper summarizes the systematic research about the energy performance of this popular architecture and their adaptation to the outdoor conditions in the case of the low area of the River Tajuña and its surroundings. Some considerations on their maintenance and renovation arise from the research.

Early Intermediate and Middle Horizon ceramic styles of the Cuzco Valley / Brian S. Bauer, Bradford M. Jones.

n.s. no.34(2003)

Mineral and chemical composition of hydrothermally altered rocks and sediments from the Middle Valley, ODP Leg 139 data

The Middle Valley segment at the northern end of the Juan de Fuca Ridge is a deep extensional rift blanketed with 200-500 m of Pleistocene turbiditic sediment. Sites 857 and 858 were drilled during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 139 to determine whether these two sites were hydrologically linked end members of an active hydrothermal circulation system. Site 858 was placed in an area of active hydrothermal discharge with fluids up to 270°C venting through anhydrite-bearing mounds on top of altered sediment. The shallow basement of fine-grained basalt that underlies the vents at Site 858 is interpreted as a seamount that was subsequently buried by turbidites. Site 857 was placed 1.6 km south of the Site 858 vents in a zone of high heat flow and numerous seismically imaged ridge-parallel faults. Drilling at Site 857 encountered sediments that are increasingly altered with depth and that overlie a series of mafic sills at depths of 460-940 m below sea floor. Sill margins and adjacent baked sediment are highly altered to magnesian chlorite and crosscut with veins filled with quartz, chlorite, sulfides, epidote, and wairakite. The sill interiors vary from slightly altered, with unaltered plagioclase and clinopyroxene in a mesostasis replaced by chlorite, to local zones of intense alteration and brecciation. In these latter zones, the sill interiors are pervasively replaced by chlorite, epidote, quartz, pyrite, titanite, and rare actinolite. The most complete replacement is associated with brecciated horizons with low recovery and slickensides on fracture surfaces, which we interpret as intersections between faults and the sills. Geochemically, the alteration of the sill complex is reflected in significant whole-rock depletions in Ca, Sr, and Na with corresponding enrichments in Mg, Al, and most metals. The latter results from the formation of conspicuous sulfide poikiloblasts. In contrast, metamorphism of the Site 858 seamount includes incomplete albitization of plagioclase phenocrysts and replacement of sparse mafic phenocrysts. Much of the basement alteration at Site 858 is confined to crosscutting veins except for a highly altered and veined horizon at the contact between basaltic basement and the overlying sediment. The sill complex at Site 857 is more highly depleted in 18O (d18O = 2.4 per mil - 4.7 per mil) and more pervasively replaced by secondary minerals relative to the extrusives at Site 858 (d18O = 4.5 per mil - 5.5 per mil). There is no evidence of significant albitization of the plagioclase at Site 857, suggesting high Ca/Na in the pore fluids. Fluid-inclusion data from hydrothermal minerals in altered mafic rocks and veins at Sites 857 and 858 show a consistency of homogenization temperatures, varying from 245 to 270°C, which is within the range of temperatures observed for the fluids venting at Site 858. The consistency of the fluid inclusion temperatures, the lack of albitization within the Site 857 sills, and the apparently low water/rock ratio collectively suggest that the sill complex at Site 857 is in thermal equilibrium and being altered by a highly evolved Ca-rich fluid similar to the fluids now venting at Site 858. The alteration evident in these two deep crustal drillsites is a result of the ongoing hydrothermal circulation and is consistent with downhole logging results, instrumented borehole results, and hydrothermal fluid chemistry. The pervasive alteration of the laterally extensive sill-sediment complex at Site 857 determines the chemistry of the fluids that are venting at Site 858. The limited alteration of the Site 858 lavas suggests that this basement edifice acts as a penetrator or ventilator for the regional hydrothermal reservoir with much of the flow focussed at the highly altered and veined sediment-basalt contact.

Minot, North Dakota; Oroville-Tonasket, Washington; and San Luis Valley Project, Colorado--water resource legislation : hearing before the Subcommittee on Water and Power of the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, first session, on S. 641 ... S. 649 ... S. 1549 ... August 5, 1987.

Shipping list no.: 88-43-P.

Frae the Lyne Valley; poems and sketches.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Old Northwest; a chronicle of the Ohio valley and beyond,

"Abraham Lincoln edition."

History of legislation and policy information of the Central Valley Project /

"March 1946"

The Yangtze Valley and beyond; an account of journeys in China, chiefly in the province of Sze Chuan and among the Man tze of the Somo territory,

Mode of access: Internet.

By-laws and organization for conducting the business of the Allegheny Valley Railway Company /

"To take effect February 29th, 1892."

The Mississippi Valley : its physical geography, including sketches of the topography, botany, climate, geology, and mineral resources ; and of the progress of development in population and material wealth /

Includes index.

The chronicles of Greenford Parva; or, Perivale, past and present. With divers historical, archæological, and other notes, traditions, etc., relating to the church and manor, and the Brent Valley.

Mode of access: Internet.

Summer outings in the old Granite state. A guide to pleasant places among the mountains, lakes and valleys of New Hampshire. Via the Merrimack valley route.

Disbound Original Held in Oak Street Library Facility.

Paleontology and nonmarine stratigraphy of the Cuyama Valley badlands, California.

Mode of access: Internet.

The geology of London and of part of the Thames Valley. (Explanation of sheets 1, 2, and 7)

Mode of access: Internet.