Informe de Bolivia: la situacion reciente de la fecundidad y la mortalidad en Bolivia; una revision

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Chile: diferenciales de fecundidad y mortalidad por estrato social. Trabajo de investigacion

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Republica Dominicana: la mortalidad segun regiones de planificacion, periodo 1960-1980; tesis de grado

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Oaxaca: estimación del nivel de la fecundidad y mortalidad infantil, en base a los resultados del censo de 1980; trabajo final de investigación

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Mortalidad infantil, neonatal y postneonatal en países seleccionados de América Latina, ¿nuevas tendencias?: algunas cifras y comentarios

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El Salvador: Análisis de la tendencia histórica de la fecundidad (1978-83) y mortalidad infantil (1960-93)

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Honduras: 1950-1974; el uso de tasas de crecimiento por edad para establecer mediciones demográficas indirectas respecto a niveles de mortalidad por edad, natalidad y cobertura del registro de defunciones

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La mortalidad en la niñez en Centroamérica, Panamá y Belice: Belice 1970-1985

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Kansankirkon varjossa : Uskonnollisen tasa-arvon toteutuminen Suomessa – vähemmistöjen näkökulma

Työ pyrkii selvittämään miten Suomessa toimivien vähemmistöuskontojen (islam, juutalaisuus, katolisuus) muodostamat yhdyskunnat kokevat oman asemansa suhteessa valtioon, viranomaisiin ja evankelis-luterilaiseen kirkkoon. Toteutuuko vähemmistöjen omasta mielestä Suomessa uskonnollinen tasavertaisuus ja uskonnonvapaus käytännön tasolla. Sopiiko luterilaisen kirkon ja valtion läheinen suhde monikulttuurisen yhteiskunnan ideaan ja vaikuttaako tämä kyseinen suhde siihen, miten muita uskontoja kohdellaan Suomessa. Näiden lisäksi tarkastellaan suomalaisen yhteiskunnan yleistä suvaitsevaisuutta, median vähemmistöjä koskevaa uutisointia ja kuinka valtaväestöstä poikkeaviin uskonnon edustajiin suhtaudutaan arkipäivän kohtaamisissa. Työssä tuodaan myös esille miten perinteiset vähemmistöt (juutalaiset ja tataarit) ovat pystyneet sopeutumaan suomalaiseen yhteiskuntaan ja samanaikaisesti säilyttämään oman kulttuurisen identiteettinsä ja erikoislaatuisuutensa ilman valtion viranomaisten järjestämää kotouttamista. Aineisto työhön on kerätty viiden rekisteröidyn uskonnollisen yhdyskunnan jäsenelle tehdyllä teemahaastattelulla. Perinteiset mukana olevat vähemmistöyhdyskunnat ovat Helsingin juutalainen seurakunta, tataarien Suomen Islam-seurakunta ja Katolinen kirkko Suomessa. Uudempia yhteisöjä edustavat sunnimuslimien Islamic Multicultural Dawah Centre ja shiiojen Resalat Islamilainen yhdyskunta.

Parasta ennen : Tasa-arvotyön projektitapaistuminen

This book is a study of equality work, that is, the activities which have involved the promotion of gender equality in Finland. The study focuses on the period when the public sector has become more market-oriented, and business-oriented thinking has penetrated activities that have not traditionally emphasised profit-making. I have asked about the kind of power relations that have led to equality work in Finland. In addition to marketisation, publicly funded projects, especially by the European Union, have permeated the public sector. I have analysed the effects this turn has had on the aims and activities of equality work. Despite marketisation, equality work has remained for decades, and problems related to equality have also been recognised. The question of agency is a central focus of this study. I have analysed the kind of agency that has been offered and possible in equality work. With my previous “equality project career”, I have also participated in the formation of my research subject. This study also represents a description of a researcher taking on the responsibility for being involved in the formation of her own research subject. The study data includes national and EU-level political and governmental documents as well as articles and other publications related to equality issues. The data also includes documents from 99 publicly funded equality projects. Notable research data have been drawn from research interviews with 30 people who have been engaged in equality work in different parts of Finland and who have also worked in publicly funded equality projects. As a research method, I have combined Foucault’s discourse analysis and genealogical analysis as well as deconstructive reading. Political and governmental programmes have called for equality work, such as teaching, training, research and other political influencing in order to promote the political interests of the welfare state. Alliance with the state offers the opportunity to accomplish professionalism and continuity. Although equality work has not achieved similar legitimisation compared to other public sector professions. Equality work has fulfilled the interests of welfare state despite current trends towards marketisation. Publicly and budgetary funded equality work has evolved into business-oriented projects in a situation where the project itself has become a new governing mechanism for society. To analyse this trend, I have developed the concept of projectisation. The concept refers to a form of power that has directed discussions of equality in order to be heard. On the other hand, projectisation has contributed to the visibility of problems related to equality while maintaining heteronormativity and hierarchical order of societal differences, especially of gender, as well as harnessing equality for market use, thereby becoming somewhat useful and productive. Equality has been labelled as women’s work and being something that women do and continuity of the equality work has required a complex form of competence. The persistence of problems concerning equality as well as co-operation between women and the “discourse virtuosity ” of equality work has also opened up opportunities for situational change. Key words: Equality work, project, projectisation, genealogical method, discourse analysis, deconstructive reading, heteronormativity, agency, discourse virtuosity.

Tasa-arvo ja muutoksen rajat : Sukupuolten tasa-arvo poliittisena ongelmana Ranskan parité- ja Suomen kiintiökeskusteluissa

The study looks at the debates on gender equality in political decision-making in Finland and France in the 1990s and 2000s by analysing the argumentation for parité and quotas and the ways in which gender equality was constructed as a political problem. The focus of the study is on the parliamentary debates on the amendment of the electoral law in France in 2000 and the introduction of quota regulations into the Act on Equality in Finland in 1994 - 1995. The debates ended in the adoption of quota regulations in the electoral lists (France) and in the executive and preparatory bodies at the national and the local level (Finland). Apart from the analysis of the parliamentary debates, the study explores the political processes preceding the adoption of legislation as well as the debates on quotas and parity in Finnish and French societies in the 1980s and 1990s. The debates on gender equality are analysed as the sites of struggle and change with regard to the normative boundaries of gender equality, as well as of politics and citizenship. The cross-cultural perspective gives room to explore the ways in which gender equality and change can be imagined in different national contexts, and which kinds of discursive resources are available for the politicization of gender equality. Specific attention is paid to the discursive frames and agenda settings in the debates and how these set the limits of the imaginable and the possible in the promotion of gender equality. In both Finland and France, the promotion of equality was constructed as a national project, in which the main beneficiary was the society or the nation as a whole. In France, gender equality was an inherent part of the promotion of French democracy; in Finland, gender equality was regarded as a means to bring the expertise of both women and men to the benefit of the whole society. Furthermore, in both countries the promotion of gender equality was based on the harmonious cooperation of women and men and the temporal dimension of "nearly achieved" gender equality. In this kind of a context, gender equality served as a means towards the wider national ends, and there was little room to discuss the aspects of power and agency with regard to gender equality. However, the internationalisation of equality politics, as well as the conflicting interpretations of gender equality in the national political arenas, calls into question the existence of clearly defined and immutable boundaries of "Finnish" and "French" gender equality. At the same time, the rules of the game in politics, including the meaning of French republicanism and Finnish "expert oriented" politics were contested. In this way, the new equality legislation and the preceding political processes played a part in the transformation of the limits of gender equality, politics and citizenship.

Tyttöjen kesken : Monikulttuurisuus ja sukupuolten tasa-arvo nuorisotyössä.

Among Girls Youth Work, Multiculturalism and Gender Equality Finland s increasingly multicultural society concerns younger generations in a very particular manner. Starting already in pre-school kindergartens, children from different cultural backgrounds share their everyday existence. The focus of this study is Finland s increasingly multicultural society that has challenged youth work professionals in particular and made them rethink questions related to content, basic values and goals of youth work. These reconsiderations include the following essential questions: which of these pedagogic principles are defined as Finnish, and under what kinds of circumstances would the youth workers be ready to negotiate about them. These questions, which are related to multiculturalism, are then linked to the girls position, status and gender equality. The research examines how gender equality is articulated in relation to multiculturalism and vice versa, in what contexts youth work-related questions are negoatiated in, and how these negotiations then relate to gender issues. The present study combines theoretical concepts and debates from both post-colonial and youth research, and has benefited greatly from previous research which has examined the everyday lives of young people with multicultural backgrounds and conceptualised the different meanings of age, ethnicity, culture and gender. Neither multiculturalism nor gender equality is, however, taken as a given concept in this study; rather the research focuses on how youth workers understand and define these concepts and how they are used. The emphasis has been on monitoring the varying consequences of different understandings and definitions in terms of everyday work and practices. The goal of this study has been to find typical ways of conceptualising multiculturalism, gender equality and the role of girls in the context of youth work. The focus of the research is not just the youth workers different views but also the notions of the girls themselves. These are then further analysed by examining the ways the girls negotiate their agency. Examples of how the girls agency is defined and the different forms of agency that are offered to the girls within the context of leisure time activities and youth work have been sought. The kind of agency the girls then assume is also examined. The data in this research is comprised of interviews with young people with multicultural backgrounds (n=39), youth workers (n=42) and of ethnographic fieldwork (2003 2005). The fieldwork concentrated on following different types of youth work activities that were targeted at girls with migrant backgrounds. These were organized both by selected municipalities and NGOs. The research shows that various questions related to multicultural issues have enhanced the visibility of gender equality in the field of youth work. The identification of gender-based inequality is especially closely linked to the position of girls from migrant backgrounds. These girls are a source of particular worry and the aim of the many activity groups for migrant girls is to educate them so that they can become equal Finnish citizens . The youth work itself is seen as gender-neutral and equality based. Equality in this context is defined as a purely quantitative concept, and the solution to any possible inequalities is thus the exact same treatment for everyone . The girls themselves seem mainly confused by the role that is offered to them. They would need a voice and the possibility to have an impact on the planning of youth work activities. They want to have their views heard. The role of the victim assigned to them is very confining and makes it difficult to act. At the same time the research shows how gender-sensitive youth work is seen to mean youth work with girls. Gender-sensitive work with boys is not really done or is done very little, even if many of the interviewees are of the opinion that the true materialization of gender equality would require boys to be taken into account too. The principle of gender equality should be shared by the entire youth work profession. Keywords Youth work, equality, multiculturalism, gender sensitivity, agency, girls, young people, sexuality

Puhetavat naisten asemasta ja sukupuolten tasa-arvosta Kamerunissa: diskursiivinen näkökulma kamerunilaisilla asiantuntijoilla kerättyyn haastatteluaineistoon kriittis-feministisen viitekehyksen valossa

Tässä sosiaalipsykologian pro gradu -tutkielmassa tarkastellaan naisten asemaan ja sukupuolten väliseen tasa- arvoon liittyviä puhetapoja kamerunilaisilla tasa-arvokysymysten asiantuntijoilla. Asiantuntijat edustavat erilaisia paikallisia naisten oikeuksia ja sukupuolten tasa-arvoa edistäviä kansalaisjärjestöjä ja yhdistyksiä. Sukupuolten välisen tasa-arvon kehittäminen ja naisen aseman parantaminen globaalisti ovat olleet viime aikoina pinnalla. Tasa-arvon edistäminen on ollut myös afrikkalaisten yhteiskuntien haasteita jälki-kolonialistisella ajalla. Tässä tutkimuksessa ollaan kiinnostuneita mahdollisista ristiriidoista ja jännitteistä, joita syntyy länsimaisten ja paikallisten tasa-arvokäsitysten kohdatessa. Aineistona on sosiaalipsykologian laitoksen tutkimusprojektin yhteydessä Kamerunissa vuonna 2001 naisten asioita ajavien järjestöjen työntekijöillä kerätty haastatteluaineisto, jota lähestytään kielenkäytön sosiaalista todellisuutta rakentavaa luonnetta painottavasta diskursiivisesta näkökulmasta. Metodisesti tutkimuksessa nojaudutaan diskursiivisen sosiaalipsykologian, erityisesti brittiläisen diskursiivisen psykologian ja suomalaisen diskurssianalyysin, epistemologisiin lähtökohtiin ja teoreettis-metodologiseen välineistöön. Tärkeimmät analyyttiset käsitteet ovat tulkintarepertuaari ja subjektipositio. Aineistosta etsittiin puhetapoja mm. paikantamalla retorisia keinoja, joilla erilaisia kantoja faktuaalistetaan. Haastatteluaineistoa lähestytään sosiaalista todellisuutta tuottavana tilanteisena toimintana. Tutkimuksessa keskitytään analysoimaan sitä, miten sekä haastattelija että haastateltavat tarjoavat, haastavat ja tuottavat erilaisia kantoja siitä, mikä naisten asema Kamerunissa on ja miten sitä tulisi parantaa. Lisäksi tarkastellaan sitä, millaisena länsimainen näkökulma naisten asemaan ilmenee haastateltavien puheessa. Tutkimustuloksina löydettiin kaksi laajempaa puhetapaa, joiden alle tulkintarepertuaarit lukeutuivat. Nämä nimettiin ”tasa-arvopuheeksi” ja ”kulttuurieropuheeksi”. Tasa-arvopuheessa tasa-arvo ja naisten aseman parantaminen esitettiin tavoiteltavana päämääränä, ja siinä tuotettiin sosiaalista todellisuutta, jossa naisten asema esitettiin epätasa-arvoisena ja sukupuolten väliset suhteet nähtiin hierarkkisina ja alistavina naisten kannalta. Tämä puhetapa liittyi ensisijaisesti järjestön tehtävään, ja se tulkittiin keinoksi oikeuttaa järjestön toimintaa tasa-arvon edistämiseksi. Tämän puhetavan alla erottui kaksi tulkintarepertuaaria: ”tietämättömyys tasa-arvon esteenä” ja ”uskomukset tasa-arvon esteenä”. Kulttuurieropuheessa haastateltavat rakensivat eroa länsimaisen/eurooppalaisen ja afrikkalaisen/kamerunilaisen kulttuurin välille. Toisaalta länsimainen feminismi tarjosi haastateltaville keinoja samaistua ”yhteiseen taisteluun” naisten oikeuksien puolesta. Toisaalta länsimainen feminismi edusti haastateltaville ei-tavoiteltavaa tilaa, joka näyttäytyi peruuttamattomasti yhteen sovittamattomalta afrikkalaisen naiskuvan kanssa. Kulttuurieropuheen alle hahmottui kaksi erilaista puhetapaa, jotka nimettiin ”tasa-arvo naisten taisteluna” tulkintarepertuaariksi ja ”afrikkalaisen naisen” tulkintarepertuaariksi. Tärkeimpiä lähteitä metodin osalta olivat Potter & Wetherell (1987), Edwards & Potter (1992) sekä Jokinen, Juhila & Suoninen (1993, 1999). Teoreettisessa viitekehyksessä nojauduttiin tasa-arvon teoretisoinnin osalta mm. Anne Maria Hollin (1996, 2003) ja postkoloniaalin feminismin viitekehyksen osalta mm. Chandra Mohantyn (1984, 2003) kirjoituksiin.