987 resultados para T3-T4
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Rapid in vitro methods for measuring digestibility may be useful in analysing aqua feeds if the extent and limits of their application are clearly defined. The pH-stat protein digestibility routine with shrimp hepatopancreas enzymes was previously related to apparent protein digestibility with juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing different protein ingredients. The potential of the method to predict culture performance of shrimp fed six commercial feeds (T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8) with 350 g kg(-1) declared crude-protein content was assessed. The consistency of results obtained using hepatopancreas enzyme extracts from either pond or clear water-raised shrimp was further verified in terms of reproducibility and possible diet history effects upon in vitro outputs. Shrimps were previously acclimated and then maintained over 56 days (initial mean weight 3.28 g) on each diet in 500-L tanks at 114 ind m(-2), clear water closed system with continuous renewal and mechanical filtering (50 mu m), with four replicates per treatment. Feeds were offered four times daily (six days a week) delivered in trays at feeding rates ranging from 4.0% to 7.0% of stocked shrimp biomass. Feed was accessible to shrimp 4 h daily for 1-h feeding period after which uneaten feed was recovered. Growth and survival were determined every 14 days from a sample of 16 individuals per tank. Water quality was monitored daily (pH, temperature and salinity) and managed by water back flushing filter cleaning every 7-10 days. Feeds were analysed for crude protein, gross energy, amino acids and pepsin digestibility. In vitro pH-stat degree of protein hydrolysis (DH%) was determined for each feed using hepatopancreas enzyme extracts from experimental (clear water) or pond-raised shrimp. Feeds resulted in significant differences in shrimp performance (P < 0.05) as seen by the differences in growth rates (0.56-0.98 g week(-1)), final weight and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Shrimp performance and in vitro DH% with pond-raised shrimp enzymes showed significant correlation (P < 0.05) for yield (R-2 = 0.72), growth rates (R-2 = 0.72-0.80) and FCR (R-2 = -0.67). Other feed attributes (protein : energy ratio, amino acids, true protein, non-protein nitrogen contents and in vitro pepsin digestibility) showed none or limited correlation with shrimp culture performance. Additional correlations were found between growth rates and methionine (R-2 = 0.73), FCR and histidine (R-2 = -0.60), and DH% and methionine or methionine+cystine feed contents (R-2 = 0.67-0.92). pH-stat assays with shrimp enzymes generated reproducible DH% results with either pond (CV <= 6.5%) or clear water (CV <= 8.5%) hepatopancreas enzyme sources. Moreover, correlations between shrimp growth rates and feed DH% were significant regardless of the enzyme origin (pond or clear water-raised shrimp) and showed consistent R-2 values. Results suggest the feasibility of using standardized hepatopancreas enzyme extracts for in vitro protein digestibility.
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Objective: To compare individuals with and without hyperhidrosis in terms of the intensity of palmar and plantar sweating. Methods: We selected 50 patients clinically diagnosed with palmoplantar hyperhidrosis and 25 normal individuals as controls. We quantified sweating using a portable noninvasive electronic device that has relative humidity and temperature sensors to measure transepidermal water loss. All of the individuals had a body mass index of 20-25 kg/cm(2). Subjects remained at rest for 20-30 min before the measurements in order to reduce external interference. The measurements were carried out in a climate-controlled environment (21-24 degrees C). Measurements were carried out on the hypothenar region on both hands and on the medial plantar region on both feet. Results: In the palmoplantar hyperhidrosis group, the mean transepidermal water loss on the hands and feet was 133.6 +/- 51.0 g/m(2)/h and 71.8 +/- 40.3 g/m(2)/h, respectively, compared with 37.9 +/- 18.4 g/m(2)/h and 27.6 +/- 14.3 g/m(2)/h, respectively, in the control group. The differences between the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001 for hands and feet). Conclusions: This method proved to be an accurate and reliable tool to quantify palmar and plantar sweating when performed by a trained and qualified professional.
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The capuchin monkey is widespread both north and south of the Legal Amazon and in the Brazilian cerrado. Ten clinically healthy capuchin monkeys were submitted to an anatomical and radiographic study of their thoracic cavities. The radiographic evaluation allowed the description of biometric values associated with the cardiac silhouette and thoracic structures. Application of the VHS (vertebral heart size) method showed positive correlation (P<0.05) with depth of the thoracic cavity, as well as between the body length of vertebrae T 3, T 4, T 5 and T 6 and the cardiac length and width. The lung fields showed a diffuse interstitial pattern, more visible in the caudal lung lobes and a bronchial pattern in the middle and cranial lung lobes. The radiographic examination allowed preliminary inferences to be made concerning the syntopy of the thoracic structures and modifiication of the pulmonary patterns and cardiac anatomy for the capuchin monkey.
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Abstract Background The present study examined absolute alpha power using quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) in bilateral temporal and parietal cortices in novice soldiers under the influence of methylphenidate (MPH) during the preparatory aiming period in a practical pistol-shooting task. We anticipated higher bi-hemispheric cortical activation in the preparatory period relative to pre-shot baseline in the methylphenidate group when compared with the control group because methylphenidate has been shown to enhance task-related cognitive functions. Methods Twenty healthy, novice soldiers were equally distributed in control (CG; n = 10) and MPH groups 10 mg (MG; n = 10) using a randomized, double blind design. Subjects performed a pistol-shooting task while electroencephalographic activity was acquired. Results We found main effects for group and practice blocks on behavioral measures, and interactions between group and phases on electroencephalographic measures for the electrodes T3, T4, P3 and P4. Regarding the behavioral measures, the MPH group demonstrated significantly poorer in shooting performance when compared with the control and, in addition, significant increases in the scores over practice blocks were found on both groups. In addition, regarding the electroencephalographic data, we observed a significant increase in alpha power over practice blocks, but alpha power was significantly lower for the MPH group when compared with the placebo group. Moreover, we observed a significant decrease in alpha power in electrodes T4 and P4 during PTM. Conclusion Although we found no correlation between behavioral and EEG data, our findings show that MPH did not prevent the learning of the task in healthy subjects. However, during the practice blocks (PBs) it also did not favor the performance when compared with control group performance. It seems that the CNS effects of MPH demanded an initial readjustment period of integrated operations relative to the sensorimotor system. In other words, MPH seems to provoke a period of initial instability due to a possible modulation in neural activity, which can be explained by lower levels of alpha power (i.e., higher cortical activity). However, after the end of the PB1 a new stabilization was established in neural circuits, due to repetition of the task, resulting higher cortical activity during the task. In conclusion, MPH group performance was not initially superior to that of the control group, but eventually exceeded it, albeit without achieving statistical significance.
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Evaluating the activity of the complement system under conditions of altered thyroid hormone levels might help elucidate the role of complement in triggering autoimmune processes. Here, we investigated alternative pathway (AP) activity in male Wistar rats (180 ± 10 g) after altering their thyroid hormone levels by treatment with triiodothyronine (T3), propylthiouracil (PTU) or thyroidectomy. T3 and thyroxine (T4) levels were determined by chemiluminescence assays. Hemolytic assays were performed to evaluate the lytic activity of the AP. Factor B activity was evaluated using factor B-deficient serum. An anti-human factor B antibody was used to measure factor B levels in serum by radial immunodiffusion. T3 measurements in thyroidectomized animals or animals treated with PTU demonstrated a significant reduction in hormone levels compared to control. The results showed a reduction in AP lytic activity in rats treated with increasing amounts of T3 (1, 10, or 50 µg). Factor B activity was also decreased in the sera of hyperthyroid rats treated with 1 to 50 µg T3. Additionally, treating rats with 25 µg T3 significantly increased factor B levels in their sera (P < 0.01). In contrast, increased factor B concentration and activity (32%) were observed in hypothyroid rats. We conclude that alterations in thyroid hormone levels affect the activity of the AP and factor B, which may in turn affect the roles of AP and factor B in antibody production.
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Questa tesi si focalizza sullo studio del funzionamento dell'asse HPT in esemplari di Tursiops truncatus, mantenuti in ambiente controllato. Sono state analizzate le concentrazioni sieriche di TSH, T3 e T4 su 8 individui, 4 maschi e 4 femmine, lungo un periodo di tempo tra febbraio 2015 e febbraio 2016, tramite prelievo di sangue in concomitanza con i controlli veterinari. Essendo il TSH un ormone specie-specifico e vista l'attuale insesistenza di sistemi per la sua rilevazione in cetacei, si è voluto valutare anche se l'utilizzo di un sistema canino con anticorpi policlonali, fosse efficace per la sua analisi in cetacei. L'analisi è stata condotta tramite il kit "Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Canine ELISA" (DRG), da cui è stata ottenuta ottima riproducibilità ed affidabilità. L'analisi degli ormoni tiroidei T3 e T4 è stata condotta tramite i kit CLIA. A seguito dell’analisi con sistema ELISA per TSH canino, tutti i campioni di tursiope hanno presentato concentrazioni superiori al limite di rilevabilità della metodica, pari a 0.01 ng/ml, e tutti rispecchiano e sottolineano la loro attività biologica. Il meccanismo di feeback positivo/negativo è evidenziato dall'analisi statistica: infatti, esiste una correlazione positiva tra T3 e TSH e tra T3 e T4. Per quanto riguarda i valori di T3 e T4 riscontrati, le medie ottenute indicano per il T3 valori di 1,117 ± 0,337 ng/ml e per il T4 10,806 ± 16,933 μg/dl, i quali rientrano nel range indicato dagli studi di Fair et al. (2011) e St. Aubin et al (1996). Le analisi statistiche hanno poi mostrato differenze nelle concentrazioni sieriche di tali ormoni tra maschi adulti, femmine adulte, maschio giovane e femmina giovane. Esse sono però significative solo nel caso del T3 (p= 0,006203), mentre per quanto riguarda TSH e T4, esse non risultano significative (rispettivamente p= 0,951254 e p= 0,131574).
Role of intra- and peritumoral budding in the interdisciplinary management of rectal cancer patients
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The presence of tumor budding (TuB) at the invasive front of rectal cancers is a valuable indicator of tumor aggressiveness. Tumor buds, typically identified as single cells or small tumor cell clusters detached from the main tumor body, are characterized by loss of cell adhesion, increased migratory, and invasion potential and have been referred to as malignant stem cells. The adverse clinical outcome of patients with a high-grade TuB phenotype has consistently been demonstrated. TuB is a category IIB prognostic factor; it has yet to be investigated in the prospective setting. The value of TuB in oncological and pathological practice goes beyond its use as a simple histomorphological marker of tumor aggressiveness. In this paper, we outline three situations in which the assessment of TuB may have direct implications on treatment within the multidisciplinary management of patients with rectal cancer: (a) patients with TNM stage II (i.e., T3/T4, N0) disease potentially benefitting from adjuvant therapy, (b) patients with early submucosally invasive (T1, sm1-sm3) carcinomas at a high risk of nodal positivity and (c) the role of intratumoral budding assessed in preoperative biopsies as a marker for lymph node and distant metastasis thus potentially aiding the identification of patients suitable for neoadjuvant therapy.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: This is the first study investigating neoadjuvant interstitial high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy combined with chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. The goal was to evaluate the type of surgical treatment, histopathologic response, side effects, local control, and survival. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 53 patients, who could not be treated with breast-conserving surgery due to initial tumor size (36/53) or due to an unfavorable breast-tumor ratio (17/53), were analyzed retrospectively. All but one were in an intermediate/high-risk group (St. Gallen criteria). The patients received a neoadjuvant protocol consisting of systemic chemotherapy combined with fractionated HDR brachytherapy (2 x 5 Gy/day, total dose 30 Gy). In cases, where breast-conserving surgery was performed, patients received additional external-beam radiotherapy (EBRT, 1.8 Gy/day, total dose 50.4 Gy). In patients, who underwent mastectomy but showed an initial tumor size of T3/T4 and/or more than three infiltrated lymph nodes, EBRT was also performed. RESULTS: In 30/53 patients (56.6%) breast-conserving surgery could be performed. The overall histopathologic response rate was 96.2% with a complete remission in 28.3% of patients. 49/53 patients were evaluable for follow-up. After a median of 58 months (45-72 months), one patient showed a mild fibrosis of the breast tissue, three patients had mild to moderate lymphatic edema of the arm. 6/49 (12.2%) patients died of distant metastases, 4/49 (8.2%) were alive with disease, and 39/49 (79.6%) were free from disease. Local recurrence was observed in only one case (2%) 40 months after primary therapy. After mastectomy, this patient is currently free from disease. CONCLUSION: The combination of interstitial HDR brachytherapy and chemotherapy is a well-tolerated and effective neoadjuvant treatment in patients with breast cancer. Compared to EBRT, treatment time is short. Postoperative EBRT of the whole breast -- if necessary -- is still possible after neoadjuvant brachytherapy. Even though the number of patients does not permit definite conclusions, the results are promising regarding survival and the very low rate of local recurrences.
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The aim was to study the variation in metabolic responses in early-lactating dairy cows (n = 232) on-farm that were pre-selected for a high milk fat content (>45 g/l) and a high fat/protein ratio in milk (>1.5) in their previous lactation. Blood was assayed for concentrations of metabolites and hormones. Liver was measured for mRNA abundance of 25 candidate genes encoding enzymes and receptors involved in gluconeogenesis (6), fatty acid β-oxidation (6), fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis (5), cholesterol synthesis (4), ketogenesis (2) and the urea cycle (2). Two groups of cows were formed based on the plasma concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and β-hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) (GRP+, high metabolic load; glucose <3.0 mm, NEFA >300 μm and BHBA >1.0 mm, n = 30; GRP-, low metabolic load; glucose >3.0 mm, NEFA <300 μm and BHBA <1.0 mm, n = 30). No differences were found between GRP+ and GRP- for the milk yield at 3 weeks post-partum, but milk fat content was higher (p < 0.01) for GRP+ than for GRP-. In week 8 post-partum, milk yield was higher in GRP+ in relation to GRP- (37.5 vs. 32.5 kg/d; p < 0.01). GRP+ in relation to GRP- had higher (p < 0.001) NEFA and BHBA and lower glucose, insulin, IGF-I, T3 , T4 concentrations (p < 0.01). The mRNA abundance of genes related to gluconeogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, fatty acid and triglyceride synthesis, cholesterol synthesis and the urea cycle was different in GRP+ compared to GRP- (p < 0.05), although gene transcripts related to ketogenesis were similar between GRP+ and GRP-. In conclusion, high metabolic load post-partum in dairy cows on-farm corresponds to differences in the liver in relation to dairy cows with low metabolic load, even though all cows were pre-selected for a high milk fat content and fat/protein ratio in milk in their previous lactation.
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El ensayo se llevó a cabo en invernáculo con plántulas de Atriplex lampa (zampa) de 30 días. Se realizaron 5 tratamientos, con 20 repeticiones cada uno. El modelo experimental fue completamente aleatorizado. Durante 28 días se efectuaron riegos cada 5 días con soluciones de Murashige & Skoog (MS) y distintas concentraciones finales de NaCl: T1 (sin NaCl) y T2, T3, T4 y T5 con 200, 400, 600 y 800 mM NaCl respectivamente. Se midió: a) la altura de las plantas, a partir del cuello, a los 7, 14, 21 y 28 días; b) el peso seco -por separado- del vástago y la raíz y potencial agua, al finalizar el ensayo (día 28) en muestras tomadas antes del amanecer en plantas cortadas a la altura del cuello. El NaCl adicionado redujo el crecimiento de Atriplex lampa respecto de T1. Dicho efecto se acentuó con el aumento de la concentración salina y la cantidad de días bajo tratamiento. La materia seca aérea producida disminuyó a medida que aumentaba la salinidad del suelo. La producción de materia seca radical no mostró diferencias significativas (P > 0.05) entre tratamientos. Por lo tanto, la zampa podría adaptarse a suelos salinos con crecimiento aceptable, constituyendo una alternativa forrajera valiosa para regiones áridas y salinas.
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La investigación esta enmarcada desde la Educación de Física y la Psicología, tomando como punto de partida las Actividades Acuáticas Educativas (Moreno y Gutiérrez) dentro de la natación y la autoestima como elemento fundamental en la construcción y desarrollo del niño, se busca determinar si la natación influye en el fortalecimiento de la autoestima en niños de 4-7 años, con el fin de teorizar sobre estos constructos. Objetivo general: Determinar si la natación influye en el fortalecimiento de la autoestima en niños de 4-7 años en el I.P.N., con el fin de teorizar acerca de la influencia de la práctica de la natación en el desarrollo de la autoestima. Objetivos específicos: Construir conceptos, categorías y proposiciones emergentes de la investigación con el fin de teorizar en torno a la práctica de la natación y su relación con el desarrollo de la autoestima. Metodología empleada. El enfoque metodológico para esta investigación es el cualitativo-crítico que trata de transcender las barreras entre lo cualitativo y lo cuantitativo, buscando dar una interpretación intersubjetiva, verificable en una realidad específica, con el fin de construir un conocimiento dialógico que complemente datos estadísticos con interpretaciones y análisis de contenido cualitativo, para nuestra investigación se utiliza como diseño metodológico la teoría fundamentada. La población total fue de 434 sujetos sus edades oscilan entre los 4 - 7 años, niños escolarizados del Instituto Pedagógico Nacional de los grados J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, T1,T2, T3, T4,T5, 101, 102, 103, 104, y 105. La investigación logro evidenciar que la práctica de la natación y específicamente con fines de actividades acuáticas educativas, logran fortalecer no solo la autoestima si no también el autoconcepto siendo estas dos premisas fundamentales en el desarrollo de los niños de 4 a 7 años y que se desarrollan de forma paralela. Teniendo en cuenta que además de ser la autoestima la evaluación de sí mismo es el valor o valoración que cada persona hace de sí mismo considerando sus virtudes y dimensionando en su justa medida los defectos. Es importante enfatizar que los resultados obtenidos son un aproximación al tema en estudio y por tanto no son generalizables.Desde esta perspectiva teórica, el estudio de la influencia de la natación en el fortalecimiento del autoestima y el autoconcepto en niños de 4 a 7 años aporta una acercamiento a un campo poco explorado, en donde se busca dejar antecedentes que sirvan para futuras investigaciones para niños de 8 años en adelante, considerando la evolución del desarrollo de la autoestima y el autoconcepto según la edad y que permitan fortalecer los espacios de actividades complementarias como la natación y a su vez abrir una mirada totalmente diferente de los maestros en donde su función pedagógica busque transcender más allá del aula de clase
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La investigación esta enmarcada desde la Educación de Física y la Psicología, tomando como punto de partida las Actividades Acuáticas Educativas (Moreno y Gutiérrez) dentro de la natación y la autoestima como elemento fundamental en la construcción y desarrollo del niño, se busca determinar si la natación influye en el fortalecimiento de la autoestima en niños de 4-7 años, con el fin de teorizar sobre estos constructos. Objetivo general: Determinar si la natación influye en el fortalecimiento de la autoestima en niños de 4-7 años en el I.P.N., con el fin de teorizar acerca de la influencia de la práctica de la natación en el desarrollo de la autoestima. Objetivos específicos: Construir conceptos, categorías y proposiciones emergentes de la investigación con el fin de teorizar en torno a la práctica de la natación y su relación con el desarrollo de la autoestima. Metodología empleada. El enfoque metodológico para esta investigación es el cualitativo-crítico que trata de transcender las barreras entre lo cualitativo y lo cuantitativo, buscando dar una interpretación intersubjetiva, verificable en una realidad específica, con el fin de construir un conocimiento dialógico que complemente datos estadísticos con interpretaciones y análisis de contenido cualitativo, para nuestra investigación se utiliza como diseño metodológico la teoría fundamentada. La población total fue de 434 sujetos sus edades oscilan entre los 4 - 7 años, niños escolarizados del Instituto Pedagógico Nacional de los grados J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, T1,T2, T3, T4,T5, 101, 102, 103, 104, y 105. La investigación logro evidenciar que la práctica de la natación y específicamente con fines de actividades acuáticas educativas, logran fortalecer no solo la autoestima si no también el autoconcepto siendo estas dos premisas fundamentales en el desarrollo de los niños de 4 a 7 años y que se desarrollan de forma paralela. Teniendo en cuenta que además de ser la autoestima la evaluación de sí mismo es el valor o valoración que cada persona hace de sí mismo considerando sus virtudes y dimensionando en su justa medida los defectos. Es importante enfatizar que los resultados obtenidos son un aproximación al tema en estudio y por tanto no son generalizables.Desde esta perspectiva teórica, el estudio de la influencia de la natación en el fortalecimiento del autoestima y el autoconcepto en niños de 4 a 7 años aporta una acercamiento a un campo poco explorado, en donde se busca dejar antecedentes que sirvan para futuras investigaciones para niños de 8 años en adelante, considerando la evolución del desarrollo de la autoestima y el autoconcepto según la edad y que permitan fortalecer los espacios de actividades complementarias como la natación y a su vez abrir una mirada totalmente diferente de los maestros en donde su función pedagógica busque transcender más allá del aula de clase
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La investigación esta enmarcada desde la Educación de Física y la Psicología, tomando como punto de partida las Actividades Acuáticas Educativas (Moreno y Gutiérrez) dentro de la natación y la autoestima como elemento fundamental en la construcción y desarrollo del niño, se busca determinar si la natación influye en el fortalecimiento de la autoestima en niños de 4-7 años, con el fin de teorizar sobre estos constructos. Objetivo general: Determinar si la natación influye en el fortalecimiento de la autoestima en niños de 4-7 años en el I.P.N., con el fin de teorizar acerca de la influencia de la práctica de la natación en el desarrollo de la autoestima. Objetivos específicos: Construir conceptos, categorías y proposiciones emergentes de la investigación con el fin de teorizar en torno a la práctica de la natación y su relación con el desarrollo de la autoestima. Metodología empleada. El enfoque metodológico para esta investigación es el cualitativo-crítico que trata de transcender las barreras entre lo cualitativo y lo cuantitativo, buscando dar una interpretación intersubjetiva, verificable en una realidad específica, con el fin de construir un conocimiento dialógico que complemente datos estadísticos con interpretaciones y análisis de contenido cualitativo, para nuestra investigación se utiliza como diseño metodológico la teoría fundamentada. La población total fue de 434 sujetos sus edades oscilan entre los 4 - 7 años, niños escolarizados del Instituto Pedagógico Nacional de los grados J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, T1,T2, T3, T4,T5, 101, 102, 103, 104, y 105. La investigación logro evidenciar que la práctica de la natación y específicamente con fines de actividades acuáticas educativas, logran fortalecer no solo la autoestima si no también el autoconcepto siendo estas dos premisas fundamentales en el desarrollo de los niños de 4 a 7 años y que se desarrollan de forma paralela. Teniendo en cuenta que además de ser la autoestima la evaluación de sí mismo es el valor o valoración que cada persona hace de sí mismo considerando sus virtudes y dimensionando en su justa medida los defectos. Es importante enfatizar que los resultados obtenidos son un aproximación al tema en estudio y por tanto no son generalizables.Desde esta perspectiva teórica, el estudio de la influencia de la natación en el fortalecimiento del autoestima y el autoconcepto en niños de 4 a 7 años aporta una acercamiento a un campo poco explorado, en donde se busca dejar antecedentes que sirvan para futuras investigaciones para niños de 8 años en adelante, considerando la evolución del desarrollo de la autoestima y el autoconcepto según la edad y que permitan fortalecer los espacios de actividades complementarias como la natación y a su vez abrir una mirada totalmente diferente de los maestros en donde su función pedagógica busque transcender más allá del aula de clase
