Ophélie & Solitude, folie et réinventions de la réalité dans la littérature fantastique

La première partie du présent mémoire est un court roman nommé Ophélie. C’est dans un esprit fantastique qu’on s’immisce dans la vie d’une femme solitaire, l’héroïne, qui vit une existence anonyme à travers la lecture et son emploi en bibliothèque. Sa routine sera rapidement remise en question suite à l’avènement de phénomènes qu’elle ne peut s’expliquer. Bataillée entre son esprit rationnel et l’acceptation d’une redéfinition des règles du monde tel qu’elle le connaît, elle se lance à la poursuite de la seule personne qui pourra enfin répondre à ses questions, cet homme mystérieux qui réapparaît constamment dans les circonstances les plus insolites de son existence. Ophélie est à la fois une réflexion sur la littérature et sa capacité de s’infiltrer dans notre imaginaire tout comme une remise en question de notre réalité à travers la solitude indéfectible de l’être humain et les perceptions individuelles. La deuxième partie, l’essai Solitude, folie et réinventions de la réalité dans la littérature fantastique, se penche sur la représentation de la solitude dans la littérature fantastique en analysant les effets de celle-ci sur les protagonistes. On met de l’avant le rôle que joue l’isolement d’un personnage dans le développement d’un récit fantastique avec deux romans contemporains soit Querelle d’un squelette avec son double de Ying Chen et La Secte des Égoïstes d’Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt, mais également avec deux nouvelles du XIXe siècle : Le Horla de Guy de Maupassant et Vera de Villiers de L’Isle-Adam. On tentera de comprendre comment le fantastique joue avec la solitude pour la transformer et ainsi en faire une condition à l’apparition de phénomènes surnaturels. Le fantastique en tant que métaphore de la folie ou du délire fonctionne, dans les récits étudiés, comme un mécanisme de défense contre les ravages de la solitude.

La critique biblique chez Spinoza

Ce mémoire consiste en une explication de la critique biblique de Spinoza contenue dans la Traité théologico-politique. Cette critique répond à un problème précis : la subversion de la religion en superstition. Cette critique, nous l’expliquons en quatre parties. La première partie consiste en une mise en situation problématique. Elle montre que le problème biblique, qui appelle une critique, est la subversion de la religion. On y montre aussi l’origine de la superstition et la manière dont elle subvertit la religion. La seconde partie consiste en une mise en contexte historique, où l’on montre la pertinence historique d’une telle critique. Nous voyons en effet que la critique biblique de Spinoza s’inscrit dans une période de controverses théologiques importante. La troisième partie expose la méthode d’interprétation des Écritures de Spinoza (méthode historico-critique) et cherche à éclaircir la notion de lumière naturelle, notion fondamentale de la dite méthode. Enfin, dans la quatrième partie, nous exposons la critique spinoziste des autres méthodes interprétatives, jugées erronées par ce dernier, soient les méthodes surnaturelle, sceptique et dogmatique. Nous le verrons, la critique biblique, qui se rapporte à une question très précise, a une finalité plus générale. En effet, la critique biblique est inséparable du but que se donne Spinoza dans le Traité théologico-politique, soit défendre la liberté de penser et de dire ce que l’on pense. En fait, la critique biblique est un moyen pour réaliser ce but.

La représentation de la violence chez les personnages féminins dans les tragédies lyriques de Quinault et Lully

Ce mémoire porte sur les quatre premières tragédies lyriques de Quinault et Lully, soit Cadmus et Hermione (1673), Alceste (1674), Thésée (1675) et Atys (1676), et étudie la représentation des personnages féminins dans leur rapport à la violence. Se fondant sur des considérations sociohistoriques et dramaturgiques, il cherche à déterminer si, par leur liberté formelle, les premiers opéras français ont pu promouvoir une image plus libre et plus forte de la féminité que celle véhiculée par la doxa. Le premier chapitre aborde la question de la violence dans la société française du XVIIe siècle et du rapport des femmes à la violence, tant subie qu’engendrée. Il s’attarde ensuite aux particularités de la violence dans la tragédie lyrique, convoquant les notions de pathos et de catharsis, d’effet tragique et de représentation scénique. Recourant à une méthodologie basée sur les études littéraires et dramaturgiques et complétée par de brèves analyses musicales, le second chapitre analyse le rapport à la violence chez les personnages féminins du corpus : d’abord les mortelles, puis les surnaturelles, avant de comparer leur représentation dichotomique à celle plus diversifiée des personnages masculins.

Lessons in psychology – Colombia Nineteenth Century

Manuel Ancízar published in 1851 his Lectures on Psychology. The text has been a representative of the interests of Colombian intellectuals of the time for discipline. The treatise of the history of psychology Colombia have considered the nineteenth century as a period characterized by a poorly conceived attempt to import some emerging professional practices of psychiatric and educational type. However, the work of Ancízar showed large exhibition on the subject matter of psychology: human consciousness and the theories that support the formation of the new science. The core of the work is oriented towards the secular drama, against which Ancízar defended the supernatural origin and nature of the human soul. The author introduced an eclectic psychology in which, the secular orientation of modern ideas are integrated with the conception of the soul as a divine gift. The reading of the work has been outstanding and indispensable work for understanding ancient and autochthonous forms of access to psychological issues.

Naturaleza, paisaje y memoria: alturas y ciudades del Reino de Qutio en la experiencia viajera del siglo XVIII (Estudios)

A mediados del siglo XVIII las alturas de los Andes del Reino de Quito, al igual que sus centros urbanos, fueron visitadas por viajeros naturalistas y misioneros. Este artículo explora cómo algunos de esos viajeros percibieron, construyeron y recordaron desde dos puntos de vista distintos la naturaleza y el paisaje. Tras exponer las categorías y enfoques empleados, el artículo explora dos tipos de percepción y memoria de la naturaleza: el sobrenatural y el naturalista. Finalmente, se analiza el paisaje urbano en cuya construcción escrita se combinaron las antiguas ideas del orden colonial con la perspectiva de la prosperidad terrenal, correlato del interés por las ciencias aplicadas que animaba la exploración de las alturas nevadas y de los volcanes.

Medusa, Antaeus, and Caesar Libycus

Although it is well known that Lucan’s Libya is a wild and threatening place, its threat is not restricted to indigenous people, places and things, such as Hannibal, Cleopatra, the Syrtes, or the desert with its catalogue of horrifying snakes. He also associates Libya with anti-Republican Romans, above all Julius Caesar, who endangers the Republic with his excessive, animalistic energy and resembles the continent where he is trapped in the final book. Although the gods as characters are removed from the world of the Bellum Civile, Lucan allows supernatural traces to linger in particular locations such as the Gallic grove in Book 3 or Thessaly in Book 6. Libya is by far the greatest of these reservoirs of frightening myth and fantasy, which do violence to the historical credibility of the narrative, just as Libya itself is presented as the origin or conduit of a number of historical characters who assault Italy and Europe. Lucan’s two mythic narratives (Antaeus in Book 4 and Medusa in Book 9) are essential parts of the hostile Libyan landscape, but in very different ways. The male Antaeus, associated with lions, is connected with a region of solid rock where he was destroyed. The female Medusa, associated with snakes, is connected with a region of shifting sands where she left a deadly, everlasting legacy. To complicate matters further, even though Medusa’s snakes represent the annihilation of the Republican self, the logic of the narrative is undermined and there is even a sympathetic subtext. As part of Libya’s historical and mythical legacy, these stories reveal that for Lucan, historical epic is linked with Republicanism, but mythical epic is in the service of dictatorship.

Human monstrosity: rape, ambiguity and performance in Rosemary’s Baby (Roman Polanski, 1968)

The narrative of Rosemary’s Baby hinges on a central hesitation between pregnancy induced madness and the existence of Satanism. Accordingly, the monstrous element is embodied in both the real and the supernatural: Rosemary’s husband Guy (John Cassavetes) is responsible for her victimisation through rape in either explanation. However, I will argue that the inherent ambiguity of the plot makes it difficult to place him as such a figure typical to the archetypal horror binaries of normality/monster, human/inhuman. By displacing generic convention the film complicates the issue of monstrosity, whilst simultaneously offering the possibility for the depiction of female experience of marriage to be at the centre of the narrative, for the real to be possibly of more significance than the supernatural. Previous writing has tended to concentrate on Rosemary and her pregnancy, so through detailed consideration of Cassavetes’ performance and its placement in the mise-en-scène this focus on Guy aims to demonstrate that he changes almost as much as Rosemary does. The chapter will focus on the film’s depiction of rape, during Rosemary’s nightmare and after it, in order to demonstrate how the notion of performance reveals Guy’s monstrousness and the difficulties this represents in our engagement with him.

Otherworlds: fantasy and history in medieval literature

This book offers a new perspective on the otherworlds of medieval literature. These fantastical realms are among the most memorable places in medieval writing, by turns beautiful and monstrous, alluring and terrifying. Passing over a river or sea, or entering into a hollow hill, heroes come upon strange and magical realms. These places are often very beautiful, filled with sweet music and adorned with precious stones and rich materials. There is often no darkness, time may pass at a different pace, and the people who dwell there are usually supernatural. Sometimes such a place is exactly what it appears to be-the land of heart's desire-but, the otherworld can also have a sinister side, trapping humans and keeping them there against their will. Otherworlds: Fantasy and History in Medieval Literature takes a fresh look at how medieval writers understood these places and why they found them so compelling. It focuses on texts from England, but places this material in the broader context of literary production in medieval Britain and Ireland. The narratives examined in this book tell a rather surprising story about medieval notions of these fantastical places. Otherworlds are actually a lot less 'other' than they might initially seem. Authors often use the idea of the otherworld to comment on very serious topics. It is not unusual for otherworld depictions to address political issues in the historical world. Most intriguing of all are those texts where locations in the real world are re-imagined as otherworlds. The regions on which this book focuses, Britain, Ireland and the surrounding islands, prove particularly susceptible to this characterization.

An ethnomedicinal survey of a Tashelhit-speaking community in the High Atlas, Morocco

Traditional knowledge about medicinal plants from a poorly studied region, the High Atlas in Morocco, is reported here for the first time; this permits consideration of efficacy and safety of current practices whilst highlighting species previously not known to have traditional medicinal use. Our study aims to document local medicinal plant knowledge among Tashelhit speaking communities through ethnobotanical survey, identifying preferred species and new medicinal plant citations and illuminating the relationship between emic and etic ailment classifications. Ethnobotanical data were collected using standard methods and with prior informed consent obtained before all interactions, data were characterized using descriptive indices and medicinal plants and healing strategies relevant to local livelihoods were identified. 151 vernacular names corresponding to 159 botanical species were found to be used to treat 36 folk ailments grouped in 14 biomedical use categories. Thirty-five (22%) are new medicinal plant records in Morocco, and 26 described as used for the first time anywhere. Fidelity levels (FL) revealed low specificity in plant use, particularly for the most commonly reported plants. Most plants are used in mixtures. Plant use is driven by local concepts of disease, including “hot” and “cold” classification and beliefs in supernatural forces. Local medicinal plant knowledge is rich in the High Atlas, where local populations still rely on medicinal plants for healthcare. We found experimental evidence of safe and effective use of medicinal plants in the High Atlas; but we highlight the use of eight poisonous species.

Possessed by the beast: subjectivity and agency in pictures in the dark and foxspell

The first book to assess critically mystery in children's literature, this collection charts a development from religious mystery through rationally solved detective fictions to insoluble supernatural and horror mysteries. Written by internationally recognised scholars in the field, these thirteen original essays offer challenging and innovative readings of both classic and popular mysteries for children. This volume will be essential and stimulating reading for anyone with an interest in children's literature or in mystery fiction.

Picturing Australian history: visual texts in nonfiction for children

Time is one of the most prominent themes in the relatively young genre of children's literature, for the young, like adults, want to know about the past. The historical novel of the West grew out of Romanticism, with its exploration of the inner world of feeling, and it grew to full vigor in the era of imperialism and the exploration of the physical world. From the end of the 18th century, children's books flourished, partly in response to these cultural and political influences. After Darwin, Freud, and Einstein, literary works began to grapple with skepticism about the nature of time itself. This book explores how children's writers have presented the theme and concept of time past. While the book looks primarily at literature of the 19th and 20th centuries, it considers a broad range of historical material treated in works from that period. Included are discussions of such topics as Joan of Arc in children's literature, the legacy of Robinson Crusoe, colonial and postcolonial children's literature, the Holocaust, and the supernatural. International in scope, the volume examines history and collective memory in Portuguese children's fiction, Australian history in picture books, Norwegian children's literature, and literary treatments of the great Irish famine. So too, the expert contributors are from diverse countries and backgrounds.

Apprehending butterflies and flying beauties : bringing magical realism to ground

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