Dewatering of microalgal culture for biodiesel production : exploring polymer flocculation and tangential flow filtration

Background: Conventional biodiesel production relies on trans-esterification of lipids extracted from vegetable crops. However, the use of valuable vegetable food stocks as raw material for biodiesel production makes it an unfeasibly expensive process. Used cooking oil is a finite resource and requires extra downstream processing, which affects the amount of biodiesel that can be produced and the economics of the process. Lipids extracted from microalgae are considered an alternative raw material for biodiesel production. This is primarily due to the fast growth rate of these species in a simple aquaculture environment. However, the dilute nature of microalgae culture puts a huge economic burden on the dewatering process especially on an industrial scale. This current study explores the performance and economic viability of chemical flocculation and tangential flow filtration (TFF) for the dewatering of Tetraselmis suecicamicroalgae culture. Results: Results show that TFF concentrates the microalgae feedstock up to 148 times by consuming 2.06 kWh m-3 of energy while flocculation consumes 14.81 kWhm-3 to concentrate the microalgae up to 357 times. Economic evaluation demonstrates that even though TFF has higher initial capital investment than polymer flocculation, the payback period for TFF at the upper extreme ofmicroalgae revenue is ∼1.5 years while that of flocculation is ∼3 years. Conclusion: These results illustrate that improved dewatering levels can be achieved more economically by employing TFF. The performances of these two techniques are also compared with other dewatering techniques.

Using the factors that have a positive impact on the retention of low socioeconomic students to prepare accelerated enrolled nurses for the science units of a nursing degree : a practice report

At a campus in a low socioeconomic (SES) area, our University allows enrolled nurses entry into the second year of a Bachelor of Nursing, but attrition is high. Using the factors, described by Yorke and Thomas (2003) to have a positive impact on the attrition of low SES students, we developed strategies to prepare the enrolled nurses for the pharmacology and bioscience units of a nursing degree with the aim of reducing their attrition. As a strategy, the introduction of review lectures of anatomy, physiology and microbiology, was associated with significantly reduced attrition rates. The subsequent introduction of a formative website activity of some basic concepts in bioscience and pharmacology, and a workshop addressing study skills and online resources, were associated with a further reduction in attrition rates of enrolled nursing students in a Bachelor of Nursing.

“Success in (Surviving) Bioscience and Pharmacology” – an eBook to improve the retention of diploma nurses transitioning to a Bachelor of Nursing course

Diploma students transitioning into the NS40 BNursing (BN) course at QUT withdraw from the bioscience and pharmacology units, and leave the university at higher rates than traditional students. The diploma students, entering in second year, have missed out on 2 units of bioscience taught to the traditional students in their first year, and miss out on a 3rd unit of bioscience taught to the traditional students in their 2nd year. Instead the diploma students receive one specialized unit in bioscience only i.e. a bridging unit. As a consequence, the diploma students may not have the depth of bioscience knowledge to be able to successfully study the bridging unit (LSB111) or the pharmacology unit (LSB384). Our plan was to write an eBook which refreshed and reinforced diploma students’ knowledge of bioscience aiming to prepare them with the concepts and terminology, and to build a level of confidence to support their transition to the BN. We have previously developed an intervention associated with reduced attrition of diploma nursing students, and this was our starting point. The study skills part of the initial intervention was addressed in the eBook, by links to the specialist services and resources available from our liaison librarian and academic skills adviser. The introductory bioscience/pharmacology information provided by the previous intervention involved material from standard textbooks. However, we considered this material too difficult for diploma students. Thus, we created simplified diagrams to go with text as part of our eBook. The outcome is an eBook, created and made available to the diploma students via the Community Website: “Surviving Bioscience and Pharmacology”. Using simplified diagrams to illustrate the concise text, definition to explain the concepts, the focus has been on encouraging self-awareness and help-seeking strategies and building students who take responsibility for their learning. All the nursing students in the second semester LSB384 Pharmacology Unit have been surveyed face-to-face to get feedback on their engagement with the eBook resource. The data has not been analysed to date. An important consideration is that the website be evaluated by the diploma students as they come into bioscience in first semester (LSB111), the student population for whom the eBook is primarily intended. To get a good response rate we need to do a face-to-face survey. However, we have not been able to do this, as the co-ordinator of the unit has changed since we started the project, and the present co-ordinator will not allow us access to these students.

Pre-operative nutritional support in children with end-stage liver disease accepted for liver transplantation: An approach to management

Pre-operative nutritional support was studied in 28 children with end-stage liver disease awaiting orthotopic liver transplantation. Nasogastric supplemental administration of a standard semi-elemental enteral nutritional formula was compared with a similar formula enriched with branched chain amino acids, and with a group receiving oral nutrition only. The duration of treatment in all groups was similar (mean 90 days). Energy intakes in the supplemented groups were 120-150% of recommended daily intakes (RDI), whereas ad libitum intakes in the oral group ranged 58-100% RDI. A significant improvement in mean Z-score for body weight (denoting catch-up) was noted only in those children who received nasogastric supplements enriched with branched-chain amino acids. The standard enterally-fed group maintained their body weight and Z-scores did not change significantly. In contrast, body weight Z-scores in those fed orally declined significantly. Nutritional supportive therapy of malnourished children with end-stage liver disease can minimize or improve nutritional status in children awaiting liver transplantation. The use of nutritional formulae rich in branche-chain amino acids may have nutritional advantages in children with chronic liver disease which require further study and evaluation.

Reduced withdrawal and failure rates of accelerated nursing students enrolled in pharmacology is associated with a supportive intervention

Background To reduce nursing shortages, accelerated nursing programs are available for domestic and international students. However, the withdrawal and failure rates from these programs may be different than for the traditional programs. The main aim of our study was to improve the retention and experience of accelerated nursing students. Methods The academic background, age, withdrawal and failure rates of the accelerated and traditional students were determined. Data from 2009 and 2010 were collected prior to intervention. In an attempt to reduce the withdrawal of accelerated students, we set up an intervention, which was available to all students. The assessment of the intervention was a pre-post-test design with non-equivalent groups (the traditional and the accelerated students). The elements of the intervention were a) a formative website activity of some basic concepts in anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, b) a workshop addressing study skills and online resources, and c) resource lectures in anatomy/physiology and microbiology. The formative website and workshop was evaluated using questionnaires. Results The accelerated nursing students were five years older than the traditional students (p < 0.0001). The withdrawal rates from a pharmacology course are higher for accelerated nursing students, than for traditional students who have undertaken first year courses in anatomy and physiology (p = 0.04 in 2010). The withdrawing students were predominantly the domestic students with non-university qualifications or equivalent experience. The failure rates were also higher for this group, compared to the traditional students (p = 0.05 in 2009 and 0.03 in 2010). In contrast, the withdrawal rates for the international and domestic graduate accelerated students were very low. After the intervention, the withdrawal and failure rates in pharmacology for domestic accelerated students with non-university qualifications were not significantly different than those of traditional students. Conclusions The accelerated international and domestic graduate nursing students have low withdrawal rates and high success rates in a pharmacology course. However, domestic students with non-university qualifications have higher withdrawal and failure rates than other nursing students and may be underprepared for university study in pharmacology in nursing programs. The introduction of an intervention was associated with reduced withdrawal and failure rates for these students in the pharmacology course.

A trajetória de mulheres com câncer de mama: uma proposta de estudo sobre prática avaliativa de integralidade no município de Volta Redonda

Esta pesquisa objetivou compreender o itinerário terapêutico de quatro mulheres com câncer de mama, no que concerne à trajetória assistencial na busca por cuidado no SUS de Volta Redonda, procurando perceber em que medida elas tiveram suas necessidades, relacionadas ao processo de adoecimento, atendidas pelos serviços de saúde, tendo como eixo norteador a integralidade em saúde. O objeto do estudo foi construído a partir do entendimento do câncer de mama como um problema de saúde pública, da contextualização do programa de controle do câncer de mama e da reflexão sobre avaliação, integralidade e itinerários terapêuticos como prática avaliativa no campo da saúde. Como trajetória metodológica, para o alcance dos objetivos propostos, a opção foi desenvolver um estudo de natureza qualitativa, empregando a história de vida como abordagem central. Nesta perspectiva, para o trabalho investigativo e interação com as quatro mulheres, visando à narrativa de suas experiências, foi utilizada a técnica de entrevista aberta na coleta de dados, com ênfase na etapa da vida após a descoberta do câncer de mama e a busca de cuidado nos serviços de saúde. As entrevistas, complementadas pelos dados dos prontuários e do diário de campo, constituíram- se como o material empírico para proceder às análises, visando, sobretudo, a apreender os atributos de integralidade na dimensão da organização dos serviços de saúde e nos conhecimentos e práticas dos profissionais de saúde. Também se buscou analisar o cumprimento dos objetivos do Programa Nacional de Controle do Câncer de Mama, em Volta Redonda, tendo em vista que as ações aí propostas representam um conjunto de prescrições para reversão da atual situação da doença no país. Pode-se evidenciar, nas análises, que o cuidado em saúde dedicado a essas mulheres com câncer de mama está muito distante do princípio da integralidade que nos orienta e que defendemos como bandeira de luta. Nesse sentido, são várias as pistas nas narrativas que nos levam a afirmar que os serviços e práticas profissionais não estão organizados para proteger essas mulheres, garantindo as respostas necessárias a suas demandas, pautadas no princípio da integralidade e nos direitos e valores relacionados à defesa da vida humana. Percebe-se um quadro de retardamento do diagnóstico e tratamento, com dificuldade no acesso a diversos procedimentos envolvidos nesse cuidado como exemplos, a mamografia, o resultado do exame histopatológico e a cirurgia de mama. O exame clínico da mama não é realizado ou valorizado na atenção básica, além de que, as práticas das unidades especializadas continuam centradas na atenção médica, com ênfase na doença, não existindo equipe multiprofissional para o atendimento às demandas psicológicas, sociais, etc. Além disso, constatou-se a falta de serviços de referência de reconstituição de mama, imprescindível no cuidado, quando se trata de garantia de atenção integral. Concluímos que é fundamental que a equipe gestora local repense a organização dos serviços e das práticas nos diversos níveis de complexidade do SUS de Volta Redonda, no atendimento às mulheres com câncer de mama e apoio a suas famílias, na perspectiva da integralidade e do direito à saúde. Por fim, o estudo defende o itinerário terapêutico como importante prática avaliativa em saúde, amistosa à integralidade, que pode ser incorporada ao cotidiano do SUS.

Avaliação de uma resina polimérica contendo nanopartículas de prata

Neste trabalho foi testada a eficiência antimicrobiana de um nanocompósito de prata preparado a partir da modificação da resina comercial Lewatit VPOC1800 (contendo grupos sulfônicos) para três espécies de bactérias (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa e Escherichia coli.) cuja estrutura e composição das camadas externas da parede celular são distintas. Em termos da susceptibilidade aos biocidas essa diferença pode significar um fator importante de estudo. A avaliação da atividade biocida foi feita através de experimento que estimou a zona de inibição proporcionada pela atividade da resina sobre as bactérias estudadas. A resina mostrou eficiência biocida que aparentemente não é afetada pelas diferenças morfológicas das bactérias estudadas. Uma série de teste em batelada foi realizado com o intuito de se verificar a massa da resina e o tempo de contato ideal com a solução a ser descontaminada, chegando aos valores de 0,2g e 1minuto. As diferentes concentrações bacterianas utilizadas no estudo não influenciaram na atividade antimicrobiana da resina. Um estudo em coluna foi realizado para se averiguar o ponto de saturação do compósito, observando-se que a curva de ruptura da resina segue um tendência exponencial crescente igual a todas as espécies estudas, atingindo a saturação em aproximadamente 2250 mL

Práticas de Saúde de Agentes Comunitários no Médio Paraíba/RJ: do institucionalizado à realidade

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo geral, analisar as práticas de saúde desenvolvidas por ACS, em consonância com os documentos determinados pelo Ministério da Saúde, na ESF na Região do Médio Paraíba, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Este estudo corresponde ao desdobramento da pesquisa Perfil dos agentes comunitários de saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: análise comparativa entre municípios e regiões em articulação com o estudo Saberes e Práticas na Atenção Primária à Saúde: diálogos entre usuários e profissionais de saúde no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de natureza qualitativa e teve como abordagem teórico-filosófico, a hermenêutica-dialética. Teve como cenários os municípios de Piraí, Porto Real, Pinheiral, Rio Claro e Rio das Flores. Os sujeitos corresponderam a 53 ACS atuantes nas UBSF dos municípios selecionados. Os instrumentos utilizados para a coleta de dados foram: a observação assistemática, o questionário semiestruturado e o grupo focal. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a hermenêutica-dialética proposta por Minayo. Através dos resultados alcançados foi possível realizar uma breve caracterização dos sujeitos provenientes do questionário e a análise do grupo focal desdobrando-se em três categorias. A primeira categoria focou nas práticas de saúde dos ACS que colaboram com a gestão do cuidado. A segunda buscou analisar as práticas de atenção à saúde dos ACS. E a terceira categoria direcionou-se para as práticas educativas dos ACS. Entendemos as práticas de saúde dos ACS acontecem de forma conectada. Pois no cotidiano das práticas não percebemos que as mesmas são realizadas concomitantemente preservando a ideologia da integralidade do cuidado aos usuários da ESF. Encontramos que a maioria dessas práticas de saúde está de acordo com o preconizado pelo MS, porém, identificamos no cotidiano das práticas dos ACS, as que não são abordadas pelos respectivos documentos, como a entrega de recados, a entrega de medicamentos e a atuação na farmácia e recepção das unidades. Assim, podemos afirmar de antemão, que as práticas de saúde dos ACS dos municípios estudados contribuem para a consolidação da Estratégia Saúde da Família no interior do Estado do Rio de janeiro. E além do mais, indicam possíveis desdobramentos para a firmação do modelo da Vigilância da Saúde na Atenção Básica à Saúde.

Estabilidade de talude com efeito sísmico a partir dos métodos de equilíbrio limite e de elementos finitos.

A Costa Peruana apresenta alta atividade sísmica, tornando imprescindível a execução de análises de estabilidade que considerem os eventos sísmicos. Com o desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas numéricas, a análise dinâmica está se tornando cada vez mais importante e usual na fase de projeto, não se justificando mais a execução de análises estáticas em locais tão vulneráveis a sismos. A presente dissertação tem como objetivo realizar a análise da estabilidade dos Penhascos de Lima, Peru, considerando quatro taludes distintos, em uma região bastante afetada por abalos sísmicos. As análises foram executadas pelos métodos de equilíbrio limite, elementos finitos e pseudo-estático, buscando-se uma comparação entre os diferentes métodos. O trabalho apresenta uma descrição completa dos taludes em estudo, uma avaliação da condição sismológica da região e finalmente a estabilidade dos Penhascos de Lima, fazendo uso dos programas computacionais Slide (método do equilíbrio limite) e Plaxis (método dos elementos finitos) em 2D. Os resultados mostraram que os três métodos adotados forneceram fatores de segurança compatíveis, principalmente quando se considera perfis menos estratificados. Para perfis homogêneos, as diferenças obtidas foram da ordem de 0,5 a 1,0 %. As análises ressaltaram a importância de considerar a condição dinâmica, e mostraram-se bastante sensíveis aos valores de carga sísmica adotado.

A contribuição da epidemiologia aos estudos de avaliação da performance clínica através de um evento traçador: o caso das prescrições médicas às crianças com infecção respiratória aguda.

Esta dissertação discute os possíveis delineamentos epidemiológicos e estratégias de análise de dados capazes de apreender as funções de ocorrência de interesse nos estudos de fatores de risco para a prescrição médica inadequada as crianças com infecção respirat6ria aguda, atendidas na rede ambulatorial. Para tal, os principais marcos teóricos que devem nortear a construção de um desenho de estudo epidemiológico são apresentados, assim como as diferentes etapas que devem ser consideradas quando se esta planejando um processo de analise estatística de dados em estudos epidemiológicos. A partir da elaboração de um modelo teórico-conceitual que represente as relações entre os diversos fatores que parecem estar envolvidos com a prescrição e o consumo de medicamentos, diferentes estratégias de pesquisa e pianos de analise são discutidos, alertando-se para os principais problemas a serem evitados quando se busca um estudo com validade e precisão entre satisfatórias.

Magnetic Properties of FePt Nanoparticles Prepared by a Micellar Method

FePt nanoparticles with average size of 9 nm were synthesized using a diblock polymer micellar method combined with plasma treatment. To prevent from oxidation under ambient conditions, immediately after plasma treatment, the FePt nanoparticle arrays were in situ transferred into the film-growth chamber where they were covered by an SiO2 overlayer. A nearly complete transformation of L1(0) FePt was achieved for samples annealed at temperatures above 700 A degrees C. The well control on the FePt stoichiometry and avoidance from surface oxidation largely enhanced the coercivity, and a value as high as 10 kOe was obtained in this study. An evaluation of magnetic interactions was made using the so-called isothermal remanence (IRM) and dc-demagnetization (DCD) remanence curves and Kelly-Henkel plots (Delta M measurement). The Delta M measurement reveals that the resultant FePt nanoparticles exhibit a rather weak interparticle dipolar coupling, and the absence of interparticle exchange interaction suggests no significant particle agglomeration occurred during the post-annealing. Additionally, a slight parallel magnetic anisotropy was also observed. The results indicate the micellar method has a high potential in preparing FePt nanoparticle arrays used for ultrahigh density recording media.

港西油田现代油藏管理研究与实践

Through years of practice, reservoir management has already become the basic mode of foreign oil companies to realize the high-efficient development of the oil field. From the view of reservoir development and technological economy, reservoir management regards the study of the reservoir engineering, designs of reservoir projects and the dynamic analysis of the reservoir's performance as a system. In the fields of reservoir description, the establishment of the geological models and development models, the dynamic simulations of reservoir exploitation and the design of the oil engineering, reservoir management emphasizes the cooperation of the geology and the engineering, the combination of the engineering technology and the economic evaluation. In order to provide the means and basis for the reservoir geology study, reservoir evaluation, reserves calculation, numerical simulation, development plan and risk analysis, it adopts the reservoir management activities(team work) to make and implement the optimized oil field development management strategies so that secientific and democratic decision making can be achieved. Under the planned economic system for a long time, the purpose of Chinese reservoir development has been to fulfill the" mandatory" production task. With the deepening of the reform, the management organization of Chinese petroleum enterprises has been gradually going through the transition and reforms to the operational entity and the establishment of the mode of oil companies under the socialist market economy system. This research aims at introducing the advanced reservoir management technique from foreign countries to further improve the reservoir development results and wholly raise the economic benefits of Chinese mature land facieses sandstone reservoirs in the later stage of the water flooding. We are going to set up a set of modern reservoir management modes according to the reservoir features, current situation and existing problems of GangXi oil field of DaGang oil company. Through the study and implementation of the reservoir description and numerical simulation technology effectively, we plan to work out integrated adjustment projects, to study the related technology of oil recovery; to set up the effective confirmable data procedure and data management system of the reservoir management, to establish the coordinated model and workbench related to geology, engineering and economy in order to realize the real time supervision and evaluation on the process of reservoir development. We hope to stipulate modernization management tools for GangXi oil fields to rationally utilize various kinds of existing technological methods and to realize the economic exploitation and achieve the maximum benefits from the reservoir. The project of the modem reservoir management will be carried out on the GangXi oil field of DaGang oil company for this oil field is typical and has integrated foundamental materials and perfect networks. Besides, it is located in the good geographical position enjoying very convenient traffic. Implementing modern reservoir management will raise the recovery ratio, reduce the production cost and improve the working efficiency. Moreover, the popularization of modern reservoir management will improve the comprehensive benefits of DaGang oil company and even the whole Petro China. Through the reserch of this project, the following technical indicators can be reached: Establishing the concept of modern reservoir management. Establishing a set of integrated data information management system adapt to the features of GangXi reservoir. 3. Forming technical research modes of modern reservoir management suitable for mature reservoirs in the later developing stage. 4. Advancing projects of GangXi reservoir which are maxium optimized in engineering technique and economic benefits of oil exploitation. Besides, this set of technology, research principle and method can guide the mature reservoir of DaGang oil field and even the whole PetroChina to develop the further research of reservoir adjustment and improve the reservoir recovery factor and developing level constantly.

大城市内部商业环境满意度评价与消费区位决策研究-以北京市西城区和海淀区为例

Since 1990s, commercial conditions in China including commercial environment, retail types, scale of retail enterprises, spatial structure of retail and shopping decision making factors have changed. In order to keep up with these changes, commercial geography should set up new perspectives, theories and methods to analyze its internal mechanism and changing rules, and thus provide reasonable and practical scientific basis to commercial planning, location decision of retail enterprises and commercial environment construction. Taking Xicheng and Haidian District of Beijing as research case, which is a sector region from city center to rural region, this paper selects 12 commercial centers as most important study objects of this sector. This paper mainly makes use of the methods of Modeling, Pearson Bivaiiate Correlations Analysis, Factor Analysis and Logit model. Based on 1300 questionnaires and fieldwork, this paper focuses on modeling of Consumer Satisfaction of Commercial Environment (CSCE), evaluation of commercial environment and driving factors of consumers' shopping location decision. Firstly, this paper discusses the development of commercial geography and commercial environment evaluation, the new characteristics and trends of commercial development in Beijing and physical commercial environment of Xicheng and Haidian District of Beijing from chapter 1 to chapter 4. Secondly, this paper summarizes characteristics of residents' shopping behavior in chapter 5. Thirdly, this paper sets up an evaluative model of CSCE, and analyzes consumer satisfaction indexes of commercial environment and their spatial features in chapter 6. Fourthly, this paper infers how residents' attributes and shopping behaviors affect their preferences of shopping location and what are residents' shopping location decisions and their influencing factors in chapter 7. Fifthly, this paper constructs a significant index model and a pyramidal framework of CSCE, and further analyzes the diversity and competitive advantage of commercial environment in chapter 8. Finally, some conclusions are drawn as follows: 1. Characteristics of residents' shopping behavior mostly embody residents' time distance preference, commodity consumption preference, shopping time distribution and shopping activity characteristics. The important factors that influence shopping location choice of residents are distance, transportation, commodity price, commodity types and commodity quality. However, the important factors, which influence shopping location re-choice of residents, are commodity price, commodity quality, commodity types and transportation. 2. CSCE indexes of 12 commercial centers show us significant spatial characteristics, such as spatial differences of "Center-fringe region", spatial characteristics of axes, spatial diversity of ring roads and so on. 3. Influencing factors including factor endowments, relative establishment factor and location and transportation factor of commercial environment are of importance for CSCE. 4. Logit model 1 indicates that shopping behavior of residents is significantly and positively related to working in high-tech companies, high income and by car and positively related to high school diploma, by bus and subway. 5. Logit model 2 indicates that residents' shopping location decision is significantly and positively related to leisure establishment and relative restaurant and entertainment establishment and negatively related to commercial location, commodity price, service quality, parking site. 6. The significant index model and the pyramidal framework of CSCE indicate competitive advantages are crucial to attractive capability of commercial center, and competitive weakness limits development of commercial centers, in particular the weakness of service quality and parking site now is the chief factors restricting development of commercial centers

Using film as a source

This book is a hands-on study skills guide that explores how film and moving image can be used as sources. It is aimed at those who want to use film and moving image as the basis for research and offers advice on research methods, theory and methodology, archival work and film-based analysis. It draws on the disciplines of film and history to offer advice for students and researchers in these fields.

The book includes sections on working with different kinds of moving images, how to explore visual sources, how to undertake film-related research and how to use film theory. In addition to providing detailed case studies, the guide also offers advice on research, writing and studying, creating a methodology, visiting archives, accessing material and exploring films from a historical perspective. The guide's focus is on good research practice, whether it be conducting an interview, visiting an archive, undertaking textual analysis or defining a research question.

Avaliação do impacto da formação profissional : aplicação da técnica cliente mistério

Relatório de estágio de mestrado, Ciências da Educação (Avaliação em Educação), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2011