Ecological Investigations with the Continuous Plankton Recorder: The Phytoplankton in the Southern North Sea. 1932-37.

1. The changes in the composition and distribution of the plankton of the southern North Sea have been investigated month by month, from June 1932 to December 1937; the present report deals with the phytoplankton. The survey was carried out by the Continuous Plankton Recorder, towed at a standard depth of 10 metres, by ships on regular steamship lines across the North Sea from Hull towards the Skagerrak, to Bremen and to Rotterdam, and later between London and Esbjerg. 2. The material and methods are described, together with a discussion on the validity of this type of survey and some comparison of its results with those obtained by other methods (pp. 76-86). 3. Particular attention has been paid to Rhizosolenia styliformis (pp. 92- 107), Biddulphia sinensis (pp. 108-115), Phaeocystis (pp. 149-153), and the Dinoflagellates (pp. 134-149); of these the first three are known to be of particular importance in relation to the herring fisheries. More generalised data are available for the principal diatoms other than R. styliformis and B. sinensis (pp. 116-134). 4. The main part of the work is an ecological study of the phytoplankton changes in time and space over the 5½ years. Each year is marked by some distinct variations in the abundance and the times of increase, maximum numbers and decline as recorded in the different forms. These variations in the annual cycles are compared on the different lines by a series of graphs arranged against a time scale of months, a set for each year being placed side by side (Plates I-XXI). More detailed studies by more frequent records were made in the autumns of 1934, 1935, 1936 and 1937 (cf. Figs. 3 and 4). The changes in spatial distribution are shown by a series of monthly maps arranged in a similar manner for each year (Plates XXII-LXIV). These intensive studies of the changes in time and space are also intended to form the basis for correlations with other features in the general ecology of the area (e. g. the zooplankton, hydrology, meteorology and fisheries) to be made in later publications. 5. Whilst each form has shown its own peculiar features, a trend towards a general increase in the phytoplankton as a whole has been observed during the period, although the years 1934 and 1936 have in some respects shown deviations and regressive features, and not all organisms have revealed the same trend. The possible relation of this gradual trend to other events observed in recent years in these and neighbouring waters is discussed (pp. 162-167). 6. The application of these results to the study of patchiness (pp. 154-158), inter-relationships in the plankton (pp. 159-160) and to water movements (pp. 160-162) is briefly discussed.

Ecological Investigations with the Continuous Plankton Recorder: The Copepoda of the Southern North Sea. 1932-37.

I. The monthly changes in the distribution and abundance of the Copepoda in the southern North Sea have been investigated from June 1932 to December 1937 by using the Continuous Plankton Recorder. This was towed at a standard depth of 10 metres by ships sailing on regular lines from Hull to Rotterdam, to Bremen and towards the Skagerrak, and later from London to Esbjerg. 2. The methods are described and those limitations which apply more particularly to the Copepoda are discussed (pp. 175 to 186 and 198 to 203). 3. The first part of the report deals with the Copepoda as a whole, i.e. the total population. The difference between the summer and winter distributions is stressed. The variations in numbers from year to year are found to be considerable and it is suggested that they are sufficiently large to be reflected in the success or failure of the broods of those fish which are at some period of their development dependent upon the Copepoda for food. 4. The second part deals with the data concerning the constituent species or groups of allied species ; a list of these is given on p. 197. 5. The group Paracalanus + Pseudocalanus was by far the most abundant and together with the genera Temora and Acartia was found to be responsible for most of the fluctuations in the population (pp. 205 to 208). 6. The distributions, seasonal and spatial, of the other common forms are described, with the exception of that of Oalantts finmarchicus which is to be the subject of a later report. 7. The recorder results are compared with the findings of the International Council survey from 1902 to 1908; some marked disagreements are discussed (pp. 227 to 232). 8. The appearance of the northern forms Oandacia armata and Metridia lucens during the winters of 1932-33, 1933-34 and 1937 are recorded (pp. 222 to 223) 9. A summarised account of the main seasonal changes in the area is given (pp. 232 to 234) and followed by a brief comparison of the 5½ years investigated.

Ecological Investigations with the Continuous Plankton Recorder: The Zooplankton (other than Copepoda and Young Fish) in the Southern North Sea, 1932-37.

I. The report describes the main monthly changes in the distribution and abundance of the zooplankton, other than Copepoda and young fish (dealt with in separate reports), over the southern part of the North Sea from 1932 to 1937. The work is part of the survey carried out by Continuous Plankton Recorders towed at a depth of 10 metres on regular steamship lines between England and the Continent. 2. The limitations to the sampling method are discussed, and it is shown to be unsuitable for recording Mysidacea and Euphausiacea on account of their marked diurnal variation due presumably to vertical migration; they are omitted from the report. 3. The changing distribution of Sagitta, Limacina, Clione, Lamellibranch larvae, Cladocera, Caprellid Amphipoda, Decapod larvae, Echinoderm larvae and Oikopleura are shown in a series of monthly charts while their seasonal fluctuations are compared in time-chart histograms. 4. The Alima larvae of Squilla are recorded on a few occasions in the regions where the Channel opens into the North Sea. 5. The distributional characteristics of the different forms, i.e. their tendencies to even or " patchy " production, are compared.

Bibliografía palinológica española (1932-1988)

Recogemos en esta publicación 872 citas bibliográficas sobre estudios palinológicos que hacen referencia a la España peninsular, Islas Baleares y Canarias, aparecidas en el periodo de 1932 a 1988.

Famine and land in Ireland and India 1845-1880: James Caird and the political economy of hunger

The perception of Ireland and India as ‘zones of famine’ led many nineteenth-century observers to draw analogies between these two troublesome parts of the British empire. This article investigates this parallel through the career of James Caird (1816–92), and specifically his interventions in the latter stages of both the Great Irish Famine of 1845–50, and the Indian famines of 1876–9. Caird is best remembered as the joint author of the controversial dissenting minute in the Indian famine commission report of 1880; this article locates the roots of his stance in his previous engagements with Irish policy. Caird's interventions are used to track the trajectory of an evolving ‘Peelite’ position on famine relief, agricultural reconstruction, and land reform between the 1840s and 1880s. Despite some divergences, strong continuities exist between the two interventions – not least concern for the promotion of agricultural entrepreneurship, for actively assisting economic development in ‘backward’ economies, and an acknowledgement of state responsibility for preserving life as an end in itself. Above all in both cases it involved a critique of a laissez-faire dogmatism – whether manifest in the ‘Trevelyanism’ of 1846–50 or the Lytton–Temple system of 1876–9.

Breaking New Ground: The First Generation of Women to Work as Professional Authors in English Canada (1880-1920)

In the later decades of the nineteenth century and the early decades of the twentieth, large numbers of Canadian women were stepping out of the shadows of private life and into the public world of work and political action. Among them, both a cause and an effect of these sweeping social changes, was the first generation of Canadian women to work as professional authors. Although these women were not unified by ideology, genre, or date of birth, they are studied here as a generation defined by their time and place in history, by their material circumstances, and by their collective accomplishment. Chapters which focus on E. Pauline Johnson (Tekahionwake), the Eaton sisters (Sui Sin Far and Onoto Watanna), Joanna E. Wood, and Sara Jeannette Duncan explore some of the many commonalities and interrelationships among the members of this generation as a whole. This project combines archival research with analytical bibliography in order to clarify and extend our knowledge of Johnson’s and Duncan’s professional lives and publishing histories, and to recover some of Wood’s “lost” stories. This research offers a preliminary sketch of the long tradition of the platform performance (both Native and non-Native) with which Johnson and others engaged. It explores the uniquely innovative ethnographic writings of Johnson, Duncan, and the Eaton sisters, among others, and it explores thematic concerns which relate directly to the experiences of working women. Whether or not I convince other scholars to treat these authors as a generation, with more in common than has previously been supposed, the strong parallels revealed in these pages will help to clarify and contextualize some of their most interesting work.

Credit and community: working class debt in the UK since 1880

This book examines credit in working class communities since 1880, focusing on forms of borrowing that were dependent on personal relationships and social networks. It provides an extended historical discussion of credit unions, legal and illegal moneylenders (loan sharks), and looks at the concept of ‘financial exclusion’. Initially, the book focuses on the history of tallymen, check traders, and their eventual movement into moneylending following the loss of their more affluent customers, due to increased spending power and an increasingly liberalized credit market. They also faced growing competition from mail order companies operating through networks of female agents, whose success owed much to the reciprocal cultural and economic conventions that lay at the heart of traditional working class credit relationships. Discussion of these forms of credit is related to theoretical debates about cultural aspects of credit exchange that ensured the continuing success of such forms of lending, despite persistent controversies about their use. The book contrasts commercial forms of credit with formal and informal co-operative alternatives, such as the mutuality clubs operated by co-operative retailers and credit unions. It charts the impact of post-war immigration upon credit patterns, particularly in relation to the migrant (Irish and Caribbean) origins of many credit unions and explains the relative lack of success of the credit union movement. The book contributes to anti-debt debates by exploring the historical difficulties of developing legislation in relation to the millions of borrowers who have patronized what has come to be termed the sub-prime sector.

Women artists of the international avant-garde: the case of "Abstraction-Création" (1931-1936)

Women’s contribution to abstract art in the interwar period is a subject that, to date, has received very little attention. In this article we deal with the untold story of the participation of women artists in Abstraction-Création, the foremost international group dedicated to abstract art in the 1930s. Founded in Paris in 1931, the group took on the work of two previous collectives to become a platform for the dissemination and promotion of abstract art and consisted of around a hundred members. Twelve of these were women, whose writings and works were published in the group’s annual magazine, abstraction creátion art non figuratif (1932-1936), and who participated in a number of the group’s exhibitions. Compared to what had occurred in previous groups, the participation of women, although reduced in number, was comparable to that of the male artists and being members of the group had a generally positive impact on the women’s careers. However, all this came at the expense of relinquishing any gender specificity in their work and the public presentation of it, and demonstrates that the normalization of women’s contributions to the avant-garde could only be brought about alongside a questioning of the more dogmatic views of modernity.

Irish social thought and the relief of poverty, 1847-1880

This paper investigates the way in which the ‘problem of poverty’ in Ireland was encountered, constructed and debated by members of the Irish intellectual and political elite in the decades between the Great Famine and the outbreak of the land war in the late 1870s. This period witnessed acute social upheavals in Ireland, from the catastrophic nadir of the Famine, through the much-vaunted economic recovery of the 1850s–1860s, to the near-famine panic of the late 1870s (itself prefigured by a lesser agricultural crisis in 1859–63). The paper focuses on how a particular elite group – the ‘Dublin School’ of political economists and their circle, and most prominently William Neilson Hancock and John Kells Ingram – sought to define and investigate the changing ‘problem’, shape public attitudes towards the legitimacy of welfare interventions and lobby state officials in the making of poor law policy in this period. It suggests that the crisis of 1859–63 played a disproportionate role in the reevaluation of Irish poor relief and in promoting a campaign for an ‘anglicisation’ of poor law measures and practice in Ireland.