Évaluation de l’effet antidiabétique de plantes médicinales de la forêt boréale et identification des principes actifs de deux espèces prometteuses

Le diabète de type 2 est une maladie chronique dont l’incidence est en augmentation continuelle. Le risque de développer le diabète de type 2 chez les populations autochtones du Canada est de trois à cinq fois plus élevé que le reste de la population canadienne. La forêt boréale comporte plusieurs plantes médicinales ayant un potentiel pour le traitement ou la prévention du diabète. Certaines de ces plantes font partie de la médecine traditionnelle et alternative Crie. Des enquêtes ethnobotaniques ont amené notre équipe de recherche à identifier 17 extraits de plantes médicinales utilisées par les Cris d’Eeyou Istchee (Baie James, Québec) pour traiter les symptômes du diabète. Parmi ces extraits, certains ont montré des activités anti-diabétiques au niveau des cellules musculaires, des adipocytes et dans des études in vivo réalisées chez des animaux. Le but de cette thèse est d’élucider l’effet de ces 17 plantes sur l’homéostasie hépatique de glucose, d’identifier l’espèce la plus prometteuse et isoler ces constituants actifs. De même, le bleuet nain du genre Vaccinium angustifolium fait partie de la forêt boréale canadienne et est connu pour ses activités anti-diabétiques. Une biotransformation du jus de bleuet lui confère une activité antioxydante accrue et un profil biologique différent. Le deuxième but de cette thèse est d’élucider les mécanismes d’action par lesquels le jus de bleuet biotransformé (BJ) exerce son effet anti-diabétique et d’identifier ses principes actifs. Les résultats ont montré que trois extraits de plantes Cris se sont démarqués par leur effet sur l’homéostasie hépatique de glucose. Picea glauca exerce son effet en diminuant la production de glucose alors que Larix laricina agit en augmentant le stockage de glucose. Abies balsamea a montré le profil le plus prometteur, elle agit simultanément en diminuant l’activité de la Glucose-6-phosphatase (G6Pase) via la stimulation des voies insulino-dépendante et - indépendante et en augmentant l’activité de la Glycogène synthétase (GS) suite à la phosphorylation de la Glycogène synthase kinase-3. Le fractionnement de l’extrait d’Abies balsamea guidé par les deux bioessais a mené à l’isolation de trois composés actifs; l’acide abiétique (AA), l’acide déhydroabiétique (DAA) et le squalène (SQ). Les principes actifs ont montré le même mécanisme d’action que l’extrait brut en diminuant l’activité de la G6Pase et augmentant celle de la GS ainsi qu’en activant les voies de signalisation impliquées. Le DAA ii s’est démarqué par son effet le plus puissant et très comparable à celui de l’extrait d’Abies balsamea dans toutes les expériences. De son côté le BJ a montré un effet sur la diminution de la production hépatique de glucose, l’augmentation de son stockage ainsi que l’augmentation de son transport dans le muscle. Son fractionnement guidé par les bioessais a permis d’isoler sept fractions dont trois étaient les plus actives. L’identification des constituants de ces fractions actives a mené à isoler quatres composés phénoliques; l’acide chlorogénique, l’acide gallique, l’acide protocatéchique et le catéchol. Le catéchol s’est démarqué avec ses effets les plus puissants en diminuant l’activité de la G6Pase, augmentant celle de la GS et en stimulant le transport de glucose dans le muscle. Les résultats de cette thèse indiquent que la diminution de la production hépatique de glucose peut s’ajouter au profil anti-diabétique de certaines plantes médicinales Cries et surtout à celui d’A.balsamea dont les composés actifs peuvent aider dans le développement de nouvelles molécules anti-diabétiques. De plus, les résultats de cette thèse ont montré que l’activité antidiabétique du BJ implique le contrôle de l’homéostasie de glucose au niveau du foie et du muscle. L’identification du catéchol comme principe actif avec potentiel anti-diabétique prometteur pourra servir pour des fins thérapeutiques ultérieures.

Increased Insulin Secretion by Muscarinic M1 and M3 Receptor Function from Rat Pancreatic Islets in vitro

Parasympathetic system plays an important role in insulin secretion from the pancreas. Cholinergic effect on pancreatic beta cells exerts primarily through muscarinic receptors. In the present study we investigated the specific role of muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors in glucose induced insulin secretion from rat pancreatic islets in vitro. The involvement of muscarinic receptors was studied using the antagonist atropine. The role of muscarinic MI and M3 receptor subtypes was studied using subtype specific antagonists. Acetylcholine agonist, carbachol, stimulated glucose induced insulin secretion at low concentrations (10-8-10-5 M) with a maximum stimulation at 10-7 M concentration. Carbachol-stimulated insulin secretion was inhibited by atropine confirming the role of muscarinic receptors in cholinergic induced insulin secretion. Both M1 and M3 receptor antagonists blocked insulin secretion induced by carbachol. The results show that M3 receptors are functionally more prominent at 20 mM glucose concentration when compared to MI receptors. Our studies suggest that muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors function differentially regulate glucose induced insulin secretion, which has clinical significance in glucose homeostasis.

MUSCARINIC M1 AND M3 RECEPTOR GENE EXPRESSION DURING PANCREATIC REGENERATION AND INSULIN SECRETION IN RATS

The present work is an attempt to understand the role of acetylcholine muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors during pancreatic regeneration and insulin secretion. The work focuses on the changes in the muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors in brain and pancreas during pancreatic regeneration. The effect of these receptor subtypes on insulin secretion and pancreatic P-cell proliferation were studied in vitro using rat primary pancreatic islet culture. Muscarinic Ml and M3 receptor kinetics and gene expression studies during pancreatic regeneration and insulin secretion will help to elucidate the role of acetylcholine functional regulation of pancreatic u-cell proliferation and insulin secretion.The cholinergic system through muscarinic M1 and M3 receptors play an important role in the regulation of pancreatic (3-cell proliferation and insulin secretion . Cholinergic activity as indicated by acetylcholine esterase, a marker for cholinergic system, decreased in the brain regions - hypothalamus, brain stem, corpus striatum, cerebral cortex and cerebellum during pancreatic regeneration. Pancreatic muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor activity increased during proliferation indicating that both receptors are stimulatory to (3-cell division. Acetylcholine dose dependently increase EGF induced DNA synthesis in pancreatic islets in vitro, which is inhibited by muscarinic antagonist atropine confirming the role of muscarinic receptors. Muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor antagonists also block acetycholine induced DNA synthesis suggesting the importance of these receptors in regeneration. Acetylcholine also stimulated glucose induced insulin secretion in vitro which is inhibited by muscarinic M1 and M3 receptor antagonists. The muscarinic receptors activity and their functional balance in the brain and pancreas exert a profound influence in the insulin secretion and also regeneration of pancreas

Effects of dietary fatty acid composition on basal and hormonestimulated hepatic lipogenesis and on circulating lipids in the rat

Thirty male rats were randomly assigned to one of three dietary groups in which the source of dietary fat was either a mixed oil, maize oil or fish oil. Effects of dietary fatty acid composition on in virro rates of [U-'4C]glucose incorporation into hepatic total lipids and into hepatic triacylglycerol were measured under basal, insulin (4 nM)-, gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP; 6 mi)- and insulin + GIP (4 nM + 6 n ~ ) - stimulated conditions. Effects of the three diets on postprandial plasma triacylglycerol, cholesterol, insulin and GIP concentrations were also measured. The fish-oil diet decreased rates of basal glucose incorporation into hepatic total lipids (P < 0.05) and hepatic triacylglycerol (P < 0.01) compared with the mixed-oil diet. The presence of insulin + GIP in the incubation medium stimulated glucose incorporation into hepatic total lipids in the maize-oil (P < 0.01) and fish-oil groups (P < OW), as well as into hepatic triacylglycerol in the maize-oil group (P < 0.005). In addition, the fish-oil diet decreased postprandial plasma triacylglycerol levels compared with both other dietary groups (P < 0-05 both cases), and the mixed-oil diet markedly increased postprandial plasma insulin levels compared with the other dietary groups (P c 0.001).

Prolonged exposure to palmitate impairs fatty acid oxidation despite activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle cells

The aim of this study was to investigate the chronic effects of palmitate on fatty acid (FA) oxidation, AMPK/ACC phosphorylation/activation, intracellular lipid accumulation, and the molecular Mechanisms involved in these processes in skeletal muscle cells. Exposure of L6 myotubes for 8 h to 200, 400, 600, and 800 mu M of palmitate did rot affect cel viability but significantly reduced FA oxidation by similar to 26.5%, similar to 43.5%, similar to 50%, and similar to 47%, respectively. Interestingly, this occurred despite significant increases in AMPK (similar to 2.5-fold) and ACC (similar to 3-fold) phosphorylation and in malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity (similar to 38-60%). Low concentrations of palmitate (50-100 mu M) caused an increase (similar to 30%) in CPT-I activity. However, as the concentration of palmitate increased, CPT-I activity decreased by similar to 32% after exposure for 8 h to 800 mu M of palmitate. Although FA uptake was reduced (similar to 35%) in cells exposed to increasing, palmitate concentrations, intracellular lipid accumulation increased in a dose-dependent manner, reaching values similar to 2.3-, similar to 3-, and 4-fold higher than control in muscle cells exposed to 400, 600, and 800 mu M palmitate, respectively. Interestingly, myotubes exposed to 400 mu M of palmitate for 1h increased basal glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis by similar to 40%. However, as time of incubation in the presence of palmitate progressed from 1 to 8h, these increases were abolished and a time-dependent inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake (similar to 65%) and glycogen synthesis (30%) was observed in myotubes. These findings may help explain the dysfunctional adaptations that occur in glucose and FA Metabolism in skeletal muscle under conditions of chronically elevated circulating levels of non-esterified FAs. Such as in obesity and Type 2 Diabetes.

Glimepiride as insulin sensitizer: increased liver and muscle responses to insulin

Aim: Glimepiride, a low-potency insulin secretagogue, is as efficient on glycaemic control as other sulphonylureas, suggesting an additional insulin-sensitizer role. The aim of the present study was to confirm the insulin-sensitizer role of glimepiride and to show extra-pancreatic effects of the drug. Methods: Three-month-old monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced obese insulin-resistant rats were treated (OG) or not treated (O) with glimepiride for 4 weeks and compared with age-matched non-obese rats (C). Insulin sensitivity in whole body, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein content, glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in oxidative skeletal muscle and phospho-glycogen synthase kinase (p-GSK3) and glycogen content in liver were analysed. Results: Insulin sensitivity, analysed by the insulin tolerance test, was 30% lower in O than in C rats (p < 0.05), and OG rats recovered this parameter (p < 0.05). In oxidative muscle, glimepiride increased the GLUT4 protein content (50%, p < 0.001) and recovered the obesity-induced reduction (similar to 20%) of the in vitro insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and incorporation into glycogen. In liver, glimepiride increased p-GSK3 (p < 0.01) and glycogen (p < 0.05) contents. Conclusion: The increased GLUT4 protein expression and glucose utilization in oxidative muscle and the increased insulin sensitivity and glycogen storage in liver evidence the insulin-sensitizer effect of glimepiride, which must be important to enable the glimepiride drug to promote an efficient glycaemic control.

Akt Expression is Diminished by Physical Inactivity in Early Stages of Development in Soleus Muscle of Rats

Metabolic Syndrome is a group of conditions related to obesity and physical inactivity. Little is known about the role of physical inactivity, in early stages of development, in the susceptibility to insulin resistant phenotype induced by high fat diet. Akt plays a key role in protein synthesis and glucose transport in skeletal muscle and has been regulated by muscle activity. The objective of present study was to determine the effect of early physical inactivity on muscle growth and susceptibility to acquire a diabetic phenotype and to assess its relationship with Akt expression. Forty Wistar male rats were distributed in two groups (standard group, Std) and movement restriction (RM). Between days 23 and 70 after birth, RM group was kept in small cages that did not allow them to perform relevant motor activity. From day 71 to 102 after birth, 10 rats of each group were fed with hyperlipidic diet (groups Std-DAG and RM-DAG). No differences were observed in total body weight although DAG increased epididymal fat pad weight. RM decreased significantly the soleus weight. Insulin-mediated glucose uptake was lower in RM-DAG group. Akt protein levels were lower in RM groups. Real time RT-PCR analysis showed that movement restriction decreased mRNA levels of AKT1 in soleus muscle, regardless of supplied diet. These findings suggest that early physical inactivity limits muscle`s growth and contributes to instauration of insulin resistant phenotype, which can be partly explained by dysregulation of Akt expression.

Saturated Fatty Acid-Induced Insulin Resistance Is Associated With Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Skeletal Muscle Cells

Increased plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA) occur in states of insulin resistance such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. These high levels of plasma FFA are proposed to play an important role for the development of insulin resistance but the mechanisms involved are still unclear. This study investigated the effects of saturated and unsaturated FFA on insulin sensitivity in parallel with mitochondrial function. C2C12 myotubes were treated for 24 h with 0.1 mM of saturated (palmitic and stearic) and unsaturated (oleic, linoleic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic) FFA. After this period, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function were evaluated. Saturated palmitic and stearic acids decreased insulin-induced glycogen synthesis, glucose oxidation, and lactate production. Basal glucose oxidation was also reduced. Palmitic and stearic acids impaired mitochondrial function as demonstrated by decrease of both mitochondrial hyperpolarization and ATP generation. These FFA also decreased Akt activation by insulin. As opposed to saturated FFA, unsaturated FFA did not impair glucose metabolism and mitochondrial function. Primary cultures of rat skeletal muscle cells exhibited similar responses to saturated FFA as compared to C2C12 cells. These results show that in muscle cells saturated FFA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction associated with impaired insulin-induced glucose metabolism. J. Cell. Physiol. 222: 187-194, 2010. (C) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Metabolismo da glicose cerebral no trauma crânio-encefálico: uma avaliação

Os autores apresentam revisão geral da distribuição e metabolização da glicose, com ênfase para os distúrbios que ocorrem no trauma crânio-encefálico, como a hiperglicemia que ocorre na fase aguda. Finalizando, são feitos comentários sobre as possíveis conseqüências desses conhecimentos sobre os procedimentos atuais, que aconselham a restrição na oferta de glicose a pacientes com catabolismo acentuado e que necessitam poupar o contingente de proteína corporal.

Metabolismo glicídico em ratos submetidos a desnervação do músculo esquelético e ao exercício de natação

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cinética do transporte jejunal de glicose em ratos com deficiência de niacina.

The kinetic of jejunal glucose transport was studied using perfused rat jejunum in vivo. Ninety rats were fed a diet deficient in niacin and 90 a control diet. The jejunal loops of 7 groups of animal were infused each group with one of following solutions of glucose: 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 160 and 300 mM/l. The Vmax and Km values were determined. The results showed that the vitamin-deficient rats absorbed less glucose independently of the amount infused and these animals had lower Vmax (133.7 microM/15 min/15 cm) and Km (192.1 mM/l) than control groups (294.1 microM/15 min/15 cm and 171.8 mM/l, respectively). In conclusion one can assume that niacin deficiency leads to a decreased glucose absorption in the jejunal loops, when tested as in our experimental model.

Transporte jejunal eletrogênico da glicose em ratos com deficiência de niacina.

The active electrogenic absorption of glucose was studied in 12 niacin deficient rats using a method for measuring changes in transmural potential difference across jejunal mucosa. The glucose was infused in 6 different concentrations (2.5; 5.0; 10.0; 20.0; 50.0 and 100.0 mM/L) at a constant rate of 1.7 ml per minute. The apparent kinetic parameters (Km and Pdmax) of active electrogenic transport were obtained graphically from curves of glucose transfer potentials. The results were compared with that obtained in a control group. The curve of glucose transfer potential in niacin deficient group was significantly lower than that of the control group. The apparent Km of niacin deficient group was greater than in the control group (16.1 x 12.7 mM/L). Furthermore, the Pdmax of the deficient group was lower than that of the control group (12.5 x 19.4 mV). The results showed that in niacin deficiency occurs a decreasing of the active electrogenic glucose absorption. One of the possible interpretation of the differences in the kinetic characteristics of electrogenic glucose transport would be a depleted energy supplement for the active transport in the enterocyte of the niacin deficient rats.

Exercise at anaerobic threshold intensity and insulin secretion by isolated pancreatic islets of rats

To evaluate the effect of acute exercise and exercise training at the anaerobic threshold (AT) intensity on aerobic conditioning and insulin secretion by pancreatic islets, adult male Wistar rats were submitted to the lactate minimum test (LMT) for AT determination. Half of the animals were submitted to swimming exercise training (trained), 1 h/day, 5 days/week during 8 weeks, with an overload equivalent to the AT. The other half was kept sedentary. At the end of the experimental period, the rats were submitted to an oral glucose tolerance test and to another LMT. Then, the animals were sacrificed at rest or immediately after 20 minutes of swimming exercise at the AT intensity for pancreatic islets isolation. At the end of the experiment mean workload (% bw) at AT was higher and blood lactate concentration (mmol/L) was lower in the trained than in the control group. Rats trained at the AT intensity showed no alteration in the areas under blood glucose and insulin during OGTT test. Islet insulin content of trained rats was higher than in the sedentary rats while islet glucose uptake did not differ among the groups. The static insulin secretion in response to the high glucose concentration (16.7 mM) of the sedentary group at rest was lower than the sedentary group submitted to the acute exercise and the inverse was observed in relation to the trained groups. physical training at the AT intensity improved the aerobic condition and altered insulin secretory pattern by pancreatic islets. © 2010 Landes Bioscience.

Energy Metabolism in Cardiac Remodeling and Heart Failure

Fatty acids are the main substrates used by mitochondria to provide myocardial energy under normal conditions. During heart remodeling, however, the fuel preference switches to glucose. In the earlier stages of cardiac remodeling, changes in energy metabolism are considered crucial to protect the heart from irreversible damage. Furthermore, low fatty acid oxidation and the stimulus for glycolytic pathway lead to lipotoxicity, acidosis, and low adenosine triphosphate production. While myocardial function is directly associated with energy metabolism, the metabolic pathways could be potential targets for therapy in heart failure. © 2013 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Efeito do tabagismo passivo e do exercício físico associado sobre a expressão de transportador de glicose GLUT4 em músculos de ratos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)