Caractérisation du rôle de l’amyline (IAPP) dans le diabète de type 2 : études de dérivés peptidiques et de composés inhibiteurs de la formation d’amyloïde

L’amyloïdose, une maladie progressive et incurable, implique une vaste panoplie de pathologies et de pathogénèses, qui est expliquée par la grande variabilité biologique et structurale des protéines responsables de la formation des dépôts d’amyloïde. L’amyline (polypeptide amyloïde des îlots pancréatiques, IAPP) est une protéine très susceptible de subir des changements de conformation impliquant les feuillets bêta et conférant aussi des propriétés physicochimiques distinctes. Cette protéine prend alors une forme fibrillaire et se dépose dans les îlots de Langerhans chez les humains atteints de diabète de type 2 ou d’insulinome. Ces dépôts d’amyloïde pancréatique (AIAPP) ont été décrits chez certaines espèces animales telles que les félins domestiques, les grands félins, le raton laveur et les primates non humains. La formation de dépôts d’amyloïde contribue à la pathogénèse du diabète de type 2, mais les mécanismes qui induisent la conversion de l’amyline (IAPP) en amyloïde (AIAPP) ne sont pas complètement compris. Les hypothèses du projet sont que certaines variations présentes dans les séquences peptidiques de l’IAPP provenant de différentes espèces animales jouent un rôle critique pour la formation de fibrilles et que plusieurs composés chimiques aromatiques/phénoliques sont capables d’abroger la formation de dépôts d’amyloïde. Le projet de recherche consiste donc à caractériser la propension des différentes isoformes animales d’IAPP à former de l’amyloïde in vitro afin d’identifier les acides aminés jouant un rôle clé dans cette transformation structurale et ultimement d’inhiber la formation d’amyloïde pancréatique. Le projet se divise en deux volets principaux. Le premier consiste à identifier les différentes séquences peptidiques de l’IAPP retrouvées chez les espèces animales. L’objectif est d’identifier les acides aminés jouant un rôle clé dans la formation d’amyloïde. Le gène de l’IAPP a été séquencé chez plus d’une quarantaine d’espèces. Le potentiel d’agrégation des séquences obtenues a été simulé à l’aide d’outils bioinformatique. Une librairie de 23 peptides a été commandée afin de procéder à des analyses physicochimiques in vitro permettant d’évaluer le potentiel amyloïdogénique (test fluorimétrique à la thioflavine T, essai de liaison au rouge Congo, dichroïsme circulaire, microscopie électronique à transmission) et cytotoxique (sur une lignée cellulaire provenant d’insulinome : INS-1). Les analyses effectuées à partir de la librairie constituée de 23 peptides ont permis d’identifier trois séquences ne formant pas d’amyloïde et qui proviennent des espèces animales suivantes : le tamarin lion doré (Leontopithecus rosalia), le grand dauphin (Tursiops truncatus) et l’alpaga (Vicugna pacos). Un site potentiellement critique est le segment 8-20 présentant le motif NFLVH qui ne forme plus d’amyloïde lorsqu’il est remplacé par le motif DFLGR ou KFLIR. Les acides aminés 29P, 14K et 18R sont également impliqués dans l’inhibition de la transformation structurale en fibrille. La dernière partie du projet consiste à inhiber la formation de l’amyloïde en utilisant des composés chimiques commercialisés (hypoglycémiants, anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens) ou nouvellement synthétisés dans notre laboratoire (les aryles éthyles urées). Un criblage d’une soixantaine de composés chimiques a été conduit dans cette étude. Leur efficacité a été testée sur l’IAPP humaine, qui possède un fort potentiel amyloïdogénique. Les techniques utilisées sont les mêmes que celles exploitées précédemment. L’essai de liaison croisée photo-induite ("photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins", PICUP) a été réalisé afin d’étudier les formes intermédiaires (monomères, oligomères). Un total de 11 composés chimiques a démontré un potentiel à inhiber l’agrégation des fibrilles. Pour la classe des hypoglycémiants, le glyburide, le répaglinide et la troglitazone ont montré l’activité thérapeutique la plus élevée pour retarder et réduire la formation de fibrilles. Les anti-inflammatoires antiamyloïdogènes actifs incluaient le diclofenac, le méloxicam, le phénylbutazone, le sulindac et le ténoxicam. Les aryles étyles urées les plus intéressantes étaient la EU-362 et la EU-418. Tous ces composés ont conféré une protection cellulaire contre l’activité cytotoxique des fibrilles. Les molécules actives possèdent des éléments structuraux communs tels des substituants donneurs d’électrons (alcool, amine, halogène) sur un noyau benzène. En conclusion, ce projet de recherche a permis de caractériser l’IAPP chez diverses espèces animales, dont plusieurs chez lesquelles elle n’avait pas encore été décrite, de déterminer les sites jouant un rôle clé dans sa transformation en amyloïde et, ultimement, de tester le potentiel thérapeutique de nouveaux agents antiamyloïdogènes dans le diabète de type 2. Nous espérons que ce projet ouvrira ainsi la porte à de nouvelles stratégies de traitement.

Social organization of marine Tucuxi dolphins, Sotalia guianensis, in the Cananeia Estuary of southeastern Brazil

Social organization is an important component of the population biology of a species that influences gene flow, the spatial pattern and scale of movements, and the effects of predation or exploitation by humans. An important element of social structure in mammals is group fidelity, which can be quantified through association indices. To describe the social organization of marine tucuxi dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) found in the Cananeia estuary, southeastern Brazil, association indices were applied to photo-identification data to characterize the temporal stability of relationships among members of this population. Eighty-seven days of fieldwork were conducted from May 2000 to July 2003, resulting in direct observations of 374 distinct groups. A total of 138 dolphins were identified on 1-38 distinct field days. Lone dolphins were rarely seen, whereas groups were composed of up to 60 individuals (mean +/- 1 SD = 12.4 +/- 11.4 individuals per group). A total of 29,327 photographs were analyzed, of which 6,312 (21.5%) were considered useful for identifying individuals. Half-weight and simple ratio indices were used to investigate associations among S. guianensis as revealed by the entire data set, data from the core study site, and data from groups composed of <= 10 individuals. Monte Carlo methods indicated that only 3 (9.3%) of 32 association matrices differed significantly from expectations based on random association. Thus, our study suggests that stable associations are not characteristic of S. guianensis in the Cananeia estuary.

Genetic isolation and morphological divergence of Black Sea bottlenose dolphins

The Black Sea is a semi-enclosed body of water that differs from the adjacent Mediterranean Sea in terms of its biodiversity, oceanographical and ecological characteristics. There is growing international concern about pollution in the Black Sea and other anthropogenic threats to its fauna. The bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) is one of three species of cetaceans living in the Azov-Black Sea basin. Despite considerable research on bottlenose dolphins elsewhere, the extent of human impacts on the Black Sea populations is unknown. Previous attempts to award special conservation status to Black Sea cetaceans have failed specifically because policy makers have viewed their ecological and evolutionary uniqueness as equivocal. This study assessed divergence between Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean bottlenose dolphins for 26 cranial measurements (n = 75 adult bottlenose dolphin skulls) and mitochondrial DNA (n = 99 individuals). Black Sea bottlenose dolphins are smaller than those in the Mediterranean, and possess a uniquely shaped skull. As in a previous study, we found the Black Sea population to be genetically distinct, with relatively low levels of mtDNA diversity. Population genetic models suggest that Black Sea bottlenose dolphins have so little gene flow with the Mediterranean due to historical isolation that they should be managed separately.

Presumed normal ultrasonographic findings of the testis and epididymis of Botos (Inia Geoffrensis)

Fifteen live adult male botos, or Amazon river dolphins (Inia geoffrensis), were examined using ultrasonography during the yearly capture expedition, between October and November 2005, at the Mamiraua Sustainable Development Reserve, within the Brazilian Amazon (3 degrees S, 65 degrees W). All examinations were performed with a Sonosite 180 plus ultrasound unit in conjunction with a 2- to 5-MHz multifrequency transducer convex array 180 Plus/Elite-C60. Age and maturity estimates were determined considering the body length, weight, and external characteristics. In all examinations, the testes were discerned by the presence of a hyperechoic central line, called the mediastinum testis, a landmark for their identification during ultrasonography. No significant differences in echogenicity were detected on the ultrasonographic appearance of the testes among the studied animals. On adult male botos, apparent parenchymal nodulation of the testis was observed on scanning in most of the animals and probably constituted evidence of reproductive maturity. Using the color Doppler technique, blood flow was detected along the mediastinum testis that progressively decreased toward the periphery of this organ. Little blood flow could be identified by color Doppler. Power Doppler allowed better accuracy to identify testicular vessels, their topography, and their differentiation from adjacent structures. Ultrasonographic examination provides useful data for morphologic characterization of the boto's testes. Examination using Doppler techniques was considered a valuable tool to evidence blood flow through the testicular parenchyma.

Politiche e strategie manutentive in una raffineria: il caso Saras S.p.A.

La seguente tesi di Laurea è stata scritta durante uno stage della durata di sei mesi (dal 15 Giugno al 1 Dicembre 2011) presso la raffineria del gruppo Saras S.p.A. situata nel golfo di Cagliari. L’elaborato si prefigge di rappresentare un’ulteriore testimonianza dell’accresciuto interesse e della maggiore sensibilità e attenzione sviluppatesi negli ultimi anni nei confronti della Manutenzione dei sistemi di produzione. Lo scopo principale dello stage è stato quello di riuscire a scattare una dettagliata fotografia dei tempi e dei metodi dell’intero processo manutentivo riguardante le macchine rotanti di una delle più grandi e complesse raffinerie del Mediterraneo. Il lettore potrà rintracciare nel testo un’accurata analisi della politica manutentiva Saras seguita da alcune riflessioni e proposte di miglioramento organizzativo che abbiano un positivo impatto sull’ottimizzazione dell’intero sistema Manutenzione. L’esperienza in raffineria ha avuto come principale punto d’interesse la funzione manutentiva dell’azienda ed in particolare la sua sfera operativa. Tuttavia si è cercato di fornire una veduta d’insieme del sistema aziendale rintracciando fondamentali tematiche da sempre oggetto di studi di un corso di laurea in Ingegneria Gestionale, con l’obiettivo di suscitare nel lettore il maggior interesse possibile. Nella dissertazione si parlerà di processi di Manutenzione senza prescindere dall’analisi della sicurezza sul lavoro, delle politiche di approvvigionamento di beni e servizi, della gestione del magazzino ricambi e, ultima ma forse più importante, della gestione delle risorse umane. Si ringrazia la Saras, in particolare nella persona di Renato Virdis, responsabile dell’Unità Operativa Meccanica, per l’opportunità concessa e la collaborazione mostrata durante tutto il periodo, sperando di aver lasciato in azienda un utile documento che offra uno spunto di riflessione per tutti gli attori coinvolti.

Biodiversità malacologica degli ecosistemi a coralli bianchi del Mediterraneo, dall'ultimo glaciale ad oggi

Nello studio di questa tesi è stata descritta una ricerca condotta allo scopo di fornire un contributo alla conoscenza della biodiversità analizzando la componente macrofaunistica subfossile e recente del Phylum Mollusca del Canale di Sicilia e del Golfo di Cadice. Tali organismi sono già da tempo noti in questi ambienti poiché associati a biocostruzioni a coralli bianchi presenti lungo i margini continentali atlantici e mediterranei i cui costituenti principali sono gli sclerattiniari coloniali Lophelia pertusa e Madrepora oculata. Tuttavia ben poco si conosce sull’ecologia di queste specie che si ritrovano spesso influenzate da scambi idrologici e biologici attraverso lo Stretto di Gibilterra. Nel corso di questo studio sono state analizzate 7 carote sedimentarie marine campionate durante diverse campagne oceanografiche: 6 carotaggi atlantici prelevati durante la campagna oceanografica Meteor nel Golfo di Cadice e 1 carota campionata nel Canale di Sicilia durante la campagna oceanografica MARCOS guidata dall’ISMAR-CNR di Bologna, sulla quale si concentra l’attenzione di questo lavoro. I dati raccolti sono stati analizzati in maniere quantitativa, per questo è stato utilizzato il software per analisi statistiche “Past3” e sono stati combinati con l’analisi qualitativa dei campioni in modo da ottenere il maggior numero di informazioni. Tra le analisi statistiche sono state effettuate il calcolo di tutti gli indici di dominanza, diversità, di equiripartizione e ricchezza specifica (Simpson, Shannon, Evenness e Margalef) e l’analisi multivariata NMDS (Non-metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling). Infine è stata effettuata l’analisi delle associazioni trofiche distribuite in una carota. Il risultato ha evidenziato un’elevata biodiversità per campioni prelevati in profondità e il ritrovamento di organismi appartenenti all’ultimo glaciale.

Una nuova politica per il Meridione: la nascita del quarto centro siderurgico (1955-1960)

La ricerca punta a ricostruire il complesso e travagliato processo decisionale che porta alla realizzazione del quarto centro siderurgico di Taranto. Il grande stabilimento viene progettato nel 1955, approda sui tavoli del comitato di Presidenza della Finsider nel settembre del 1956 e dopo quasi quattro anni di dibattiti e dietrofront ottiene il via libera dal consiglio dei Ministri il 9 giugno del 1959. La prima pietra del centro verrà posta il 10 luglio del 1960, il primo settore (un tubificio) inaugurato nel 1961, mentre il resto del complesso entrerà in funzione nel 1964. Ispiratore del centro è Pasquale Saraceno e gli uomini dell'associazione Svimez, convinti sostenitori dell'industrializzazione dell'Italia Meridionale. Il progetto sostenuto apertamente dalla Democrazia Cristiana a partire dal 1956 e in seguito da tutte le forze politiche, viene convintamente osteggiato dall'Impresa Pubblica, Finsider in testa, che vede messa a repentaglio l'autonomia imprenditoriale del gruppo e i propri equilibri economici. Il centro meridionale è considerato strategicamente penalizzante ed economicamente sconveniente, dato che i maggiori centri industriali italiani del tempo si trovano nell'Italia Settentrionale (quindi una localizzazione meridionale comporterebbe un aggravio di costi per le operazioni di trasporto dell'acciaio). L'Impresa pubblica opterebbe su una politica imprenditoriale più prudente, incentrata sul potenziamento graduale dei centri già esistenti. Non così la Politica decisa ad attuare una svolta in grado di realizzare evidenti progressi nell'economia meridionale. La nostra ricerca ha cercato di ricostruire l'impegno e le manovre dei principali partiti politici e parallelamente le strategie e le ragioni dell'Impresa pubblica tenendo anche conto del grande dibattito sorto sulla stampa nazionale tra favorevoli e contrari al progetto e al coinvolgimento dell'opinione pubblica meridionale in particolare pugliese. La ricerca si divide in tre parti (dedicate alle origini del progetto (1954-1955), gli sviluppi della vicenda (1957-1958), il via libera al centro (1959-1960) e si articola in sei capitoli (Meridione e industrializzazione: verso il quarto centro siderurgico; La siderurgia italiana verso il boom: il progetto del IV centro a ciclo integrale; La polemica Iri – Dc: uno scontro istituzionale; Il Pci e il centro siderurgico di Taranto; La vicenda Vado Ligure e la posizione dell'impresa privata; L'approvazione del progetto). La tesi cerca di mettere a fuoco la posizione della Politica (Dc e Pci su tutti), della Tecnica (Iri e Finsider ma anche progetti e impegno dei privati, quali la Fiat e la Falck) e della società civile (soprattutto quella tarantina dedicando una certa attenzione al mondo cattolico). La ricerca si è svolta su più livelli. Nel primo anno si è compiuta un'approfondito studio presso l'archivio dell'Iri (conservato presso l'Archivio Centrale dello Stato a Roma), della Dc (Istituto Sturzo, Roma), del Pci (Istituto Gramsci Roma). Il secondo ha permesso di soffermarsi sulle vicende di Taranto (Archivio dell'Arcidiocesi, Archivio del Comune, Biblioteca Comunale). Il terzo è stato focalizzato ancora su vicende politiche e finanziarie (Archivio Storico Banca d'Italia, Archivio Giulio Andreotti, Archivio storico del Senato, tutti con sede a Roma). L'esame dei verbali dei Comitati esecutivi della Finsider per gli anni 1954 -1959 rivela una chiara direzione: la Finsider studia con grande rigore la situazione del mercato italiano, delle varie aziende e dei centri produttivi del Gruppo. Un rigore finalizzato alla chiusura dei centri ritenuti antiquati e poco funzionali e al potenziamento di quelli più moderni e dalle dimensioni imponenti. Un'azione tesa ad incrementare la produzione, essere competitivi sul mercato internazionale e salvaguardare il vero faro dell'azienda in quegli anni: l'economicità. Cioè ottenere il più possibile tutelando gli equilibri finanziari del Gruppo. E' per questo che per ben due anni, i funzionari dell'azienda avanzano progetti complementari, come quello del piccolo centro di Apuania, ma il Comitato esecutivo pur considerando l'investimento indispensabile e conveniente, decide di rinviarne la realizzazione. Gli elementi più rilevanti sono emersi per l'anno 1957. E' noto come il centro siderurgico meridionale fosse messo a rischio da un altro progetto avanzato dalla Fiat, decisa a realizzare un proprio stabilimento nell'Italia settentrionale, a Vado Ligure. Il centro avrebbe dovuto rifornire di acciaio gli stabilimenti della casa automobilistica rendendola indipendente dall'Industria di Stato. Nel caso si fosse realizzato il centro di Vado (al quale la Fiat rinuncerà nel 1957) sarebbe risultato impossibile realizzarne un altro nel Meridione (a quel punto la produzione avrebbe superato i consumi). Dai dati esaminati emerge una trattativa finora inedita che vede il coinvolgimento della Finsider e di privati stranieri.

Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel : und der angrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte /

Description based on: 3. Monographie (1881).

Resource partitioning in sympatric delphinids: Space use and habitat preferences of Australian snubfin and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins

1. Many species of delphinids co-occur in space and time. However, little is known of their ecological interactions and the underlying mechanisms that mediate their coexistence. 2. Snubfin Orcaella heinsohni, and Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins Sousa chinensis, live in sympatry throughout most of their range in Australian waters. I conducted boat-based surveys in Cleveland Bay, north-east Queensland, to collect data on the space and habitat use of both species. Using Geographic Information Systems, kernel methods and Euclidean distances I investigated interspecific differences in their space use patterns, behaviour and habitat preferences. 3. Core areas of use (50% kernel range) for both species were located close to river mouths and modified habitat such as dredged channels and breakwaters close to the Port of Townsville. Foraging and travelling activities were the dominant behavioural activities of snubfin and humpback dolphins within and outside their core areas. 4. Their representative ranges (95% kernel range) overlapped considerably, with shared areas showing strong concordance in the space use by both species. Nevertheless, snubfin dolphins preferred slightly shallower (1-2 m) waters than humpback dolphins (2-5 m). Additionally, shallow areas with seagrass ranked high in the habitat preferences of snubfin dolphins, whereas humpback dolphins favoured dredged channels. 5. Slight differences in habitat preferences appear to be one of the principal factors maintaining the coexistence of snubfin and humpback dolphins. I suggest diet partitioning and interspecific aggression as the major forces determining habitat selection in these sympatric species.

Investigation of Group Leadership in a Fission-Fusion Species, the Bottlenose Dolphin

Consistent leadership of group travel by specific individuals has been documented in many animals. Most species exhibiting this type of leadership have relatively stable group membership. Animals using fission-fusion grouping are not expected to use specific leaders because associations would not be frequent. Certain conditions, however, may allow this type of control over group travel to occur. First, a population would need to be small enough to allow regular associations between individuals. Second, leadership may be useful if the environment where the population in question lives is complex and requires learning to access the resources efficiently. To determine whether fission-fusion species existing under these conditions utilize specific individual leadership, I examined a small residential population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the Lower Florida Keys (LFK) where the benthic habitat is highly complex. My goals were to (1) determine whether specific individuals in this population led group travel more often than expected; (2) determine whether certain factors predicted which animals would lead most often and (3) investigate the benefits of leading to leaders and to followers in a fission-fusion society. Multiple types of data were collected to answer questions posed including dolphin behavior (for leadership analyses), fish sampling (to examine dolphin habitat use under leadership), and dolphin biopsy sampling (for genetic analyses). Results of analyses provided strong evidence for consistent leadership in this population. Leaders were female, most were mothers and on average they had larger measures of centrality within the LFK population. Leaders benefited by leading individuals who were more closely related than expected. Followers benefited from efficient access to profitable habitat. Results build on previous leadership research by expanding our knowledge about the type of species in which specific individuals lead and predictors for what types of individuals may lead. Additionally, results provide the first detailed information about benefits group members obtain by both leading and following.^

Could Relatedness Help Explain Why Individuals Lead in Bottlenose Dolphin Groups?

In many species, particular individuals consistently lead group travel. While benefits to followers often are relatively obvious, including access to resources, benefits to leaders are often less obvious. This is especially true for species that feed on patchy mobile resources where all group members may locate prey simultaneously and food intake likely decreases with increasing group size. Leaders in highly complex habitats, however, could provide access to foraging resources for less informed relatives, thereby gaining indirect benefits by helping kin. Recently, leadership has been documented in a population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) where direct benefits to leaders appear unlikely. To test whether leaders could benefit indirectly we examined relatedness between leader-follower pairs and compared these levels to pairs who associated but did not have leader-follower relationship (neither ever led the other). We found the average relatedness value for leader-follower pairs was greater than expected based on chance. The same was not found when examining non leader-follower pairs. Additionally, relatedness for leader-follower pairs was positively correlated with association index values, but no correlation was found for this measure in non leader-follower pairs. Interestingly, haplotypes were not frequently shared between leader-follower pairs (25%). Together, these results suggest that bottlenose dolphin leaders have the opportunity to gain indirect benefits by leading relatives. These findings provide a potential mechanism for the maintenance of leadership in a highly dynamic fission-fusion population with few obvious direct benefits to leaders.

Life history of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Scottish (UK) waters

Peer reviewed

Life history of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Scottish (UK) waters

Peer reviewed

Life history of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in Scottish (UK) waters

Peer reviewed

Passive Acoustics: A Multifaceted Tool for Marine Mammal Conservation

Marine mammals exploit the efficiency of sound propagation in the marine environment for essential activities like communication and navigation. For this reason, passive acoustics has particularly high potential for marine mammal studies, especially those aimed at population management and conservation. Despite the rapid realization of this potential through a growing number of studies, much crucial information remains unknown or poorly understood. This research attempts to address two key knowledge gaps, using the well-studied bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as a model species, and underwater acoustic recordings collected on four fixed autonomous sensors deployed at multiple locations in Sarasota Bay, Florida, between September 2012 and August 2013. Underwater noise can hinder dolphin communication. The ability of these animals to overcome this obstacle was examined using recorded noise and dolphin whistles. I found that bottlenose dolphins are able to compensate for increased noise in their environment using a wide range of strategies employed in a singular fashion or in various combinations, depending on the frequency content of the noise, noise source, and time of day. These strategies include modifying whistle frequency characteristics, increasing whistle duration, and increasing whistle redundancy. Recordings were also used to evaluate the performance of six recently developed passive acoustic abundance estimation methods, by comparing their results to the true abundance of animals, obtained via a census conducted within the same area and time period. The methods employed were broadly divided into two categories – those involving direct counts of animals, and those involving counts of cues (signature whistles). The animal-based methods were traditional capture-recapture, spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR), and an approach that blends the “snapshot” method and mark-recapture distance sampling, referred to here as (SMRDS). The cue-based methods were conventional distance sampling (CDS), an acoustic modeling approach involving the use of the passive sonar equation, and SECR. In the latter approach, detection probability was modelled as a function of sound transmission loss, rather than the Euclidean distance typically used. Of these methods, while SMRDS produced the most accurate estimate, SECR demonstrated the greatest potential for broad applicability to other species and locations, with minimal to no auxiliary data, such as distance from sound source to detector(s), which is often difficult to obtain. This was especially true when this method was compared to traditional capture-recapture results, which greatly underestimated abundance, despite attempts to account for major unmodelled heterogeneity. Furthermore, the incorporation of non-Euclidean distance significantly improved model accuracy. The acoustic modelling approach performed similarly to CDS, but both methods also strongly underestimated abundance. In particular, CDS proved to be inefficient. This approach requires at least 3 sensors for localization at a single point. It was also difficult to obtain accurate distances, and the sample size was greatly reduced by the failure to detect some whistles on all three recorders. As a result, this approach is not recommended for marine mammal abundance estimation when few recorders are available, or in high sound attenuation environments with relatively low sample sizes. It is hoped that these results lead to more informed management decisions, and therefore, more effective species conservation.