Supine to standing cobb angle change in idiopathic scoliosis: The effect of endplate preselection

INTRODUCTION Standing radiographs are the ‘gold standard’ for clinical assessment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), with the Cobb Angle used to measure the severity and progression of the scoliotic curve. Supine imaging modalities can provide valuable 3D information on scoliotic anatomy, however, due to changes in gravitational loading direction, the geometry of the spine alters between the supine and standing position which in turn affects the Cobb Angle measurement. Previous studies have consistently reported a 7-10° [1-3] Cobb Angle increase from supine to standing, however, none have reported the effect of endplate pre-selection and which (if any) curve parameters affect the supine to standing Cobb Angle difference. CONCLUSION There is a statistically significant relationship between supine to standing Cobb Angle change and fulcrum flexibility. Therefore, this difference can be considered a measure of spinal flexibility. Pre-selecting vertebral endplates causes only minor changes.

Free-standing alumina nanobottles and nanotubes pre-integrated into nanoporous alumina membranes

A novel interfacial structure consisting of long (up to 5 μm), thin (about 300 nm), highly-ordered, free-standing, highly-reproducible aluminum oxide nanobottles and long tubular nanocapsules attached to a rigid, thin (less than 1 μm) nanoporous anodic alumina membrane is fabricated by simple, fast, catalyst-free, environmentally friendly voltage-pulse anodization. A growth mechanism is proposed based on the formation of straight channels in alumina membrane by anodization, followed by neck formation due to a sophisticated voltage control during the process. This process can be used for the fabrication of alumina nanocontainers with highly controllable geometrical size and volume, vitally important for various applications such as material and energy storage, targeted drug and diagnostic agent delivery, controlled drug and active agent release, gene and biomolecule reservoirs, micro-biologically protected platforms, nano-bioreactors, tissue engineering and hydrogen storage.

Formation of Standing Waves on Lecher Wires

With a short review of the work on the Lecher wire method of wavelength measurement, this paper describes in detail the wave form of current distribution along wires under a variety of terminal conditions of length and impedances.

Unidentified woman standing outdoors Portraits Women

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Aenny Catzenstein nee Gottschalk standing on a balcony; Ascona, Switzerland.

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Aenny Catzenstein nee Gottschalk with Maren Matthiesen (?) standing on a balcony; Ascona, Switzerland.

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Friedrich Bergammer (Fritz Glueckselig) standing in the doorway of the gallery store M. Glueckselig & Son; 108 East 57th Street, New York Portraits Men

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Portrait of Heinrich Stahl standing at his desk; Berlin Portraits; Men

Signed lower right by photographer Casparius

Portrait of unidentified man wearing medals and holding rifle, standing in front of shooting target Portraits Men

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Alfred Lichtenstein standing in front of a billboard advertising him and others; Berlin.

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Henry H. Goldschmidt Gould standing outdoors Portraits Children

Born July 15, 1914, died August 6, 1978

Erich Gustav Baum (on right) with undientified man (maybe his father-in-law David Dublon?) standing next to a narrow cobblestone street full of horse-drawn carriages Portraits Men

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Lilly Baum, her mother Lina Baum, and Grete Baum nee Dublon (l-r) standing in a forest Portraits Women

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