Método Mehlich 3 como substituinte ao HCl para extração de Cobre e Zinco em solos com alto teor de matéria orgânica do sul do Brasil

No presente trabalho, foram comparados dois métodos de extração de cobre (Cu) e zinco (Zn) em solos com teor de matéria orgânica (MO) maior que 50g kg-1. Os métodos de extração comparados foram: Extração com HCl 0,1mol L-1 (método padrão para os estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina) e Mehlich 3. Este trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Química e Fertilidade do Solo da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), no ano de 2009. As duas metodologias de extração foram aplicadas em 286 amostras de solo provenientes do Laboratório de Análise do Solo da UDESC, todas com mais de 50g kg-1 de MO. Os teores de cobre e zinco nos extratos foram determinados por espectrometria de absorção atômica com chama. Os resultados mostraram que houve correlação significativa entre os métodos, Cu (r=0,80) e Zn (r=0,93). A solução de Mehlich 3 extraiu mais cobre e menos zinco, quando comparada à solução de HCl 0,1mol L-1. O Mehlich 3 demonstrou ser eficiente na extração de cobre e zinco em solos com alto teor de MO, podendo substituir o método atual.

Bodenuntersuchungen in Trockenmaaren der Eifel – Deckschichten in einer Vulkanreliefform und deren anthropogene Überprägung

Die im Rahmen des ELSA-Projekts des Geowissenschaftlichen Instituts der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz erbohrten Kerne im Oberwinkler Maar (OW1) und im Jungferweiher Maar (JW3) wurden auf das Vorkommen des periglazialen Deckschichtensystems und dessen anthropogenen Überprägung untersucht. Es gab bis dato noch keine Unternehmungen diese Formen der Bodenbildung und -entwicklung in einem Trockenmaar zu suchen, geschweige denn zu untersuchen. rnDie Ergebnisse zeigen auf, dass sich Deckschichten auch in der Vulkanreliefform eines Trockenmaars ausbilden können und dass die Überprägung je nach Kraterform und anthropogener Flächennutzung unterschiedlich im Bodenprofil in Erscheinung tritt (Mächtigkeit von kolluvialen/alluvialen Lagen oder Anzahl der Holzkohlefunde).rnZur Untersuchung der Deckschichten und deren anthropogenen Überprägung wurden sowohl bodenkundliche Analysen als auch Literatur- und Kartenauswertungen unternommen. Als eine neue Methode zur Identifizierung von den verschiedenen Bodenhorizonten wurde die mikroskopische Analyse eingeführt. Dabei kam es hauptsächlich darauf an, die Minerale der Laacher-See-Tephra (LST) ausfindig zu machen und so die Bodenbildung und -entwicklung nicht nur zeitlich einordnen zu können, sondern auch die verschiedenen Materialeinträge (u.a. Deckschichtenmaterial) an den Profilstandort unterscheiden zu können.rnAls grundlegendes Ergebnis liefert die vorliegende Arbeit den Beweis, dass sich die periglazialen Deckschichten und deren anthropogenen Überprägung nicht nur in den typischen Zonen der deutschen Mittelgebirge ausbilden, sondern auch in der vulkanischen Reliefform eines Trockenmaars. Hinzukommt die Tatsache, dass statt den typischen vielen Geländeaufschlüssen für einen Standort – Catena – jeweils ein einzelner Bohrkern ausgereicht hat, um zu dieser genauen Erkenntnisgewinnung – maßgeblich bedingt durch die mikroskopische Analyse – zu kommen.

Calibration of WAVE in irrigated maize: fallow vs. cover crops.

Nitrate leaching decreases crop available N and increases water contamination. Replacing fallow by cover crops (CC) is an alternative to reduce nitrate contamination, because it reduces overall drainage and soil mineral N accumulation. A study of the soil N and nitrate leaching was conducted during 5 years in a semi-arid irrigated agricultural area of Central Spain. Three treatments were studied during the intercropping period of maize (Zea mays L.): barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), vetch (Vicia villosa L.), and fallow. Cover crops, sown in October, were killed by glyphosate application in March, allowing direct seeding of maize in April. All treatments were irrigated and fertilised following the same procedure. Soil water content was measured using capacity probes. Soil Nmin accumulation was determined along the soil profile before sowing and after harvesting maize. Soil analysis was conducted at six depths every 0.20m in each plot in samples from 0 to 1.2-m depth. The mechanistic water balance model WAVE was applied in order to calculate drainage and plant growth of the different treatments, and apply them to the N balance. We evaluated the water balance of this model using the daily soil water content measurements of this field trial. A new Matlab version of the model was evaluated as well. In this new version improvements were made in the solute transport module and crop module. In addition, this new version is more compatible with external modules for data processing, inverse calibration and uncertainty analysis than the previous Fortran version. The model showed that drainage during the irrigated period was minimized in all treatments, because irrigation water was adjusted to crop needs, leading to nitrate accumulation on the upper layers after maize harvest. Then, during the intercrop period, most of the nitrate leaching occurred. Cover crops usually led to a shorter drainage period, lower drainage water amount and lower nitrate leaching than the treatment with fallow. These effects resulted in larger nitrate accumulation in the upper layers of the soil after CC treatments.

Gestión de la fertilidad de suelos y la nutrición de plantaciones de teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) en América Central

La teca (Tectona grandis L.f.) ha sido tradicionalmente considerada como una madera preciosa en los países del SE Asiático, de donde es originaria, pero durante las últimas décadas ha alcanzado especial relevancia en el sector internacional de las maderas tropicales duras de buena calidad. La especie ha sido ampliamente establecida en América Central, donde tiene una gran importancia socioeconómica, tanto por el impacto de las grandes empresas multinacionales que gestionan grandes plantaciones en la región, como por el gran número de pequeños y medianos propietarios que han elegido esta especie para reforestar sus tierras. Pese a la gran importancia de esta especie, se ha desarrollado relativamente poca investigación acerca de su nutrición y de la gestión del suelo necesaria para su establecimiento y mantenimiento en condiciones sostenibles y productivas. En la presente Tesis Doctoral, tras realizar una amplia revisión bibliográfica, se caracterizan los suelos y la nutrición de las plantaciones de teca en América Central y se proponen varias herramientas para la mejora de su gestión. Las plantaciones de teca de América Central presentan habitualmente deficiencias de K y P, además de algunos problemas de acidez ocasionales. Estos se originan, principalmente, por la mala selección de sitio que se realizó en las últimas dos décadas del siglo XX y por el establecimiento de plantaciones de teca por pequeños propietarios en terrenos que no tienen características propicias para la especie. Además, estos problemas comunes relativos a la baja disponibilidad de P y de K en el suelo son causantes de las relativamente bajas concentraciones foliares de estos elementos (0,88±0,07% K y 0,16±0,04% P) encontradas en plantaciones de teca características de la región. Se presentan varios modelos estadísticos que permiten a los gestores: (a) usarlos como referencia para la interpretación de análisis foliares, ya que ofrecen valores que se consideran característicos de plantaciones de teca con un buen estado nutricional; (b) estimar la cantidad de nutrientes acumulados en la biomasa aérea de sus plantaciones y, sobre todo, su extracción a través de la madera en un aprovechamiento forestal, bien sea una clara o la corta final. La gran acumulación de N, P y K en plantaciones de teca ha de ser considerada como un factor fundamental en su gestión. Además, P y K adquieren mayor relevancia aún ya que su extracción del sistema a través de la madera y su escasa disponibilidad en los suelos hacen que se presente un importante desequilibrio que pone en riesgo la sostenibilidad del sistema. En ese sentido, cambiar la época de cosecha, de la actual (en Enero-Mayo) a Septiembre o Diciembre, puede reducir entre un 24 y un 28% la salida de N asociada a la extracción de madera, un 29% la de P y entre un 14 y un 43% la de K. Se estima que la concentración foliar de P es un factor limitante de la productividad de plantaciones de teca en América Central, proponiéndose un nivel crítico de 0,125%. Además, la teca presenta una tolerancia muy baja a suelos salinos, tendencia que no había sido señalada hasta el momento, siendo muy alta la probabilidad de que la plantación tenga un crecimiento lento o muy lento cuando la Saturación de Na es mayor de 1,1%. Por otro lado, se confirma que K es uno de los elementos clave en la nutrición de las plantaciones de teca en la región centroamericana, proponiéndose un nivel crítico provisional de 3,09% para la Saturación de K, por encima del cual es muy probable que la plantación tenga un crecimiento muy alto. Se ha comprobado que las técnicas estadísticas de análisis multivariante pueden ser usadas como herramientas para agrupar los rodales en base a sus similitudes en cuanto a la fertilidad del suelo y mejorar así el diseño de planes de fertilización en plantaciones con una superficie relativamente grande. De esta manera, se pueden ajustar planes de fertilización más eficientes a escala de grupos de rodales, como un primer paso hacia la selvicultura de precisión, intensificando y diversificando la gestión en función de las diferencias edáficas. Finalmente, aunque los análisis foliares y de suelos indiquen la existencia de deficiencias nutricionales, la fertilización de las plantaciones no siempre va a producir efectos positivos sobre su crecimiento si no se diseña adecuadamente teniendo en cuenta varios factores que pueden estar influyendo negativamente en dicha respuesta, como la densidad de las plantaciones (sinergias con la programación de los clareos y claras) y la elección de la dosis y del producto a aplicar (habitualmente dosis bajas de N-P-K en lugar de incluir otros nutrientes como Mg, B y Zn o usar otros productos como micorrizas, biofertilizantes etc…). ABSTRACT Teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) has been traditionally considered as a precious wood in SE Asia, where it is indigenous. However, during recent decades the species has reached worldwide relevance in the tropical high quality hardwood sector. Teak has been widely established in Central America, where it has become a key species in the forest sector due to its socioeconomic impact, either because of the big-scale plantations of transnational companies and the abundant small-scale plantations established by many farmers. Despite the relevance of the species, little research has been carried out regarding its soil fertility and nutrition management, a key issue both for sustainability and productivity. The present Thesis performs a literature review to this respect, characterize the soil fertility and the nutrition of teak plantations of Central America and propose several management tools. Soil deficiencies of K and P are usually found in teak plantations in Central America, in addition to occasional acidity problems. These problems are mainly derived of (a) a poor site selection performed during 80s and 90s; and (b) small-scale plantations by farmers in sites which are not adequate for the species. These common soil fertility problems related with P and K soil availability are probably the cause of the relatively low P and K foliar concentration (0,88±0,07% K y 0,16±0,04% P) found in representative teak plantations of the region. Several statistical models are proposed, which allow forest managers to: (a) use them as a reference for foliar analysis interpretation, as they show values considered as representative for teak plantations with an adequate nutritional status in the region; (b) estimate the amount of nutrients accumulated in the aerial biomass of the plantations and, especially, the amount of them which are extracted from the systems as wood is harvested in thinning or final clearcuts. The accumulation of N, P and K result in a key factor for teak management in the region. This turns out to be especially relevant for the P and K because their high output rate by timber extraction and the low soil availability result in an important unbalance which constitutes a risk regarding the sustainability of the system. To this respect, modifying the harvesting time from the usual right now (January-May, business as usual scenario) to September or December (proposed alternatives) can reduce between 24 and 28% the N output associated to timber extraction, 29% the P output and between 14 and 43% the K. Foliar P concentration is a main limiting factor for teak plantations productivity in Central America and a 0.125% critical level is proposed. In addition, the results show a very low tolerance for soil salinity, tendency which was not previously reported. Hence, the probability of teak plantations to have low or very low Site Index is high when Na Saturation is higher than 1.1%. On the other hand, K is confirmed as one of the key nutrients regarding teak nutrition in Central America and a 3.09% provisional critical level is proposed for K Saturation; when values are above this level the probability of having very high Site Index is high. Multivariate statistical analyses have been successfully tested to be used as tools to group forest stands according to their soil fertility similarities. Hence, more efficient fertilization plans can be designed for each group of stands, intensifying and diversifying nutritional management according to soil fertility differences. This methodology, which is considered as a first step towards precision forestry, is regarded as helpful tool to design fertilization plans in big scale plantations. Finally, even though foliar and soil analysis would point out some nutritional deficiencies in a forest stand, the results show how the fertilization is not always going to have a positive effect over forest growth if it is not adequately designed. Some factors have been identified as determinants of tree response to fertilization: density (synergisms between fertilization and thinning scheduling) and the appropriate selection of dosages and product (usually low dosages are applied and N-P-K is preferred instead of applying other nutrients such as Mg, B or Zn or using other alternatives such as mycorrhizas or biofertilizers).

Efecto de la fertilización orgánica y mineral en las propiedades del suelo, la emisión de los principales gases de efecto invernadero y en las diferentes fases fenológicas del cultivo de café (Coffea arabica L.)

El cultivo de café es de gran importancia a nivel mundial (ICO, 2011), y en el Ecuador ha sido uno de los cultivos más importantes en la generación de divisas (COFENAC, 2011). Sin embargo en los sistemas productivos de este país se puede apreciar el uso inapropiado de fertilizantes, lo que conlleva a una pérdida de nutrientes, por lo que es importante estudiar las dosis adecuadas para la fertilización tanto mineral como orgánica. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de la fertilización mineral y orgánica en diferentes dosis en un monocultivo de café en la provincia de Loja, sobre las propiedades del suelo, la emisión de los principales gases que provocan el efecto invernadero y la fenología y productividad del cultivo. En la provincia de Loja (Ecuador) se seleccionó un área de 2.520 m2 en la que se establecieron 21 parcelas de café arábigo (Coffea arabica L.) var. caturra y se aplicó tres tratamientos con tres repeticiones de fertilización mineral y tres orgánicos con dosis: bajas minerales (MIN 1= 157 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el primer año y 425 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el segundo año), medias minerales (MIN 2= 325 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el primer año y 650 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 en el segundo año) y altas minerales (MIN 3= 487 y 875 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el primer y segundo año respectivamente), bajas orgánicas (ORG 1= 147 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 en el primer año y 388 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 en el año dos), medias orgánicas (ORG 2= 265 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el primer año y 541 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 en el segundo año), altas orgánicas (ORG 3= 368 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 para el primer año y 727 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 en el segundo año) y fertilización cero (TES = sin fertilización). Se usó urea, roca fosfórica y muriato de potasio en la fertilización mineral y humus (Bioabor) en la orgánica, más un tratamiento testigo, cada tratamiento tuvo tres repeticiones. El tiempo de evaluación de los fertilizantes aplicados fue de dos años consecutivos, la fertilización se la realizó dos veces por año y en base a análisis del suelo y demandas nutricionales del cultivo. para determinar las características del suelo se realizó muestreos de suelos en cada parcela a una profundidad de 20 cm de estas muestras los parámetro iniciales determinados fueron: color (Munsell), textura (método del hidrómetro), pH (relación 1:2,5 suelo-agua), Materia orgánica (Walkey y Black), Nitrógeno (Micro Kjendahl), Fósforo (Bray y Kurtz), Potasio (Olsen), estos procesos se repitieron cada seis meses para poder evaluar los cambios de que se producen debido a la fertilización mineral y orgánica en el cultivo. Las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero desde el suelo al ambiente se determinaron por el método de cámara cerrada (Rondón, 2000) y la concentración por cromatografía de gases. Las mediciones fisiológicas (altura de planta, ancho de copa, grosor de tallo y producción) se las evaluó cada dos meses, a excepción de la producción que fue anual al término de cada cosecha. Además se realizó el análisis económico de la productividad del cultivo. El análisis estadístico de datos se lo realizó con el programa SPSS v. 17.0. Las medias fueron comprobadas mediante ANOVAS de un factor con test de Tukey (P < 0,05). El beneficio económico se estimó en términos de ingresos y gastos totales que se presentaron en el ensayo. Los resultados obtenidos al término del ensayo indican que los tratamientos MIN 2 y MIN 3 produjeron cambios más significativos en comparación con los otros tratamientos establecidos en la mejora de fertilidad del suelo, el pH ha sido menos afectado en la acidificación en comparación con los tratamientos orgánicos que se han acidificado mayormente; la materia orgánica (MO) tuvo incrementos considerablemente bueno en estos dos tratamientos, sin embargo fueron superados por los tratamientos de fertilización orgánica; el nitrógeno total (Nt )y el potasio (K) también presentaron mejores valores al termino del ensayo y el fósforo (P) mostro incrementos buenos aunque un poco menores que los de los tratamientos ORG 2 y ORG 3. En lo que respecta a las emisiones de gases efecto invernadero, los flujos acumulados de óxido nitroso (N2O) en los dos años han aumentado en todos los tratamientos en comparación con el tratamiento Testigo, pero de manera considerable y con mayores flujos en el tratamiento MIN 3 y MIN 2 que se podrían considerarse los de mayor contaminación por N2O al ambiente lo que se le atribuye a las dosis de fertilización mineral aplicadas en el periodo de investigación, los tratamiento MIN 1 y todos los tratamientos orgánicos muestran menores emisiones al ambiente. Las emisiones de metano (CH4) no muestran mayores diferencias de emisiones entre tratamientos, siendo los mayores emisores los tratamientos ORG 3 y ORG 2 posiblemente debido al abono orgánico y añadido al suelo; para las emisiones de dióxido de carbono (CO2) de manera similar al CH4 el tratamiento ORG 3 fue el que presento mayores emisiones, los flujos de CO2 al ambiente de los otros tratamientos fueron menores y no presentaron diferencias significativas entre ellos. La variables fisiológicas en todos los casos apoyaron al desarrollo de las plantas de café, esto al ser comparadas con el tratamiento Testigo, sin embargo las que alcanzaron las mayores altitudes, anchos de copas y diámetro de tallo fueron las plantas del tratamiento MIN 3, seguido del MIN 3, no mostrando significancia entre ellos, y para los tratamientos orgánicos el que presento muy buenos resultados en estas variables ha sido el ORG 3, el cual no presento diferencias significativas con el MIN 2, lo cual comprueba que la fertilización mineral es más efectiva en este caso frente a la orgánica. Para el primer año de producción el tratamiento mineral con fertilización MIN 3 es el que obtuvo mayor producción no presentando diferencia estadística con el tratamiento con el MIN 2, no obstante fueron significativamente mayores que los otros tratamientos. Vale indicar que también el tratamiento MIN 1 y el tratamiento ORG 3 han presentado una producción considerable de café no mostrando diferencias estadísticas entre ellos. Para el segundo año la producción el cultivo mostró mayores rendimientos que el primer año de evaluación en todos los tratamientos, esto debido a la fisiología propia del cultivo y por otra parte se atribuye a la adición de fertilizantes que se ha realizado durante todo el ensayo; de manera similar al anterior los tratamientos MIN 3 y MIN 2 obtuvieron mejores rendimientos, no enseñando diferencias estadísticas significativas entre ellos, no obstante el tratamiento mineral dosis MEDIA no presentó significancia estadística con el ORG 3. El benéfico económico ha resultado mayor en el tratamiento MIN 3 y MIN 2, aunque el tratamiento MIN 2, es el que obtiene la mejor relación costo-beneficio; los tratamientos ORG 2 y ORG 3 y Testigo has producido beneficios negativos para el productor. En cuanto a la parte ambiental se considera que los mejores tratamientos en cuanto ha cuidado ambiental serían los tratamientos MIN 1 y ORG 1, sin embargo a nivel de producción y rentabilidad para el productor baja. ABSTRACT Coffee growing has great importance worldwide (ICO, 2011), and in Ecuador, it has been one of the most important crops to generate income (COFENAC, 2011). However, in the productive systems of this country, the inappropriate use of fertilizers has been observed which produces loss of nutrients, thus it is important to study suitable doses for mineral and organic fertilizing. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of mineral and organic fertilizing at different doses in a coffee monoculture in the province of Loja on soil characteristics, emission of the main gasses that produce the greenhouse effect and the phenology and productivity of crops. In the province of Loja (Ecuador) an area of 2.520 m2 was chosen, where 21 plots of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.), the caturra variety were cultivated and three treatments with three repetitions each one for mineral and organic fertilization were used with doses that ranged from: mineral low (MIN 1= 157 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the first year y 425 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the second year), mineral medium (MIN 2= 325 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the first year y 650 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 I the second year) y mineral high (MIN 3= 487 y 875 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the first and second year respectively), organic low (ORG 1= 147 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 in the first year y 388 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 in the second year), organics medium (ORG 2= 265 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the first year y 541 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 in the second year), organics high (ORG 3= 368 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 for the first year and 727 Kg NPK ha-1 año-1 in the second year) y fertilization zero (TES = no fertilization).; urea, phosphoric rock and muriate of potash were used in the mineral fertilization and humus (Bioabor) in the organic, plus a blank treatment. Time to evaluate the applied fertilizers was for two consecutive years, fertilization was done twice per year based on soil analysis and nutritional requirements of the crops. In order to determine the characteristics of the soil, samples of soil in each plot with a depth of 20 cm were done; from these samples, the determined initial parameters were: color (Munsell), texture (hydrometer method), pH (soil-water 1:2,5 relation), organic matter (Walkey y Black), nitrogen (Micro Kjendahl), phosphorus (Bray y Kurtz), potassium (Olsen); these processes were repeated each six months in order to evaluate the changes that are produced due to mineral and organic fertilization in the crops. The emissions of greenhouse gasses from the soil to the atmosphere were determined by using enclosure method (Rondón, 2000) and the concentration, by using gas chromatography during the whole testing. The physiological measures (plant height, width of the top of the tree, thickness of the stem and production) were evaluated each two months, except for production which was annual at the end of each harvest. Moreover, the economic analysis of the productivity of the crops was done. The statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS v. 17.0. The means were proved by ANOVAS with a factor of a Tukey test (P < 0,05). The economic benefit was estimated in terms of incomes and total expenses which were presented in the essay. The results obtained at the end of the essay show that the MIN 2 and MIN 3 treatments produced more meaningful changes in comparison with the other treatments used to improve soil fertility; pH was less affected in the acidification compared with the organic treatments which were greatly acidified; organic matter (MO) had increased considerably in these two treatments; however, they were surpassed by the organic treatments of fertilization; total nitrogen (Nt) and potassium (K) also presented better results at the end of the essay and phosphorus (P) showed good increasing figures although a little lower compared with ORG 2 and ORG 3 treatments. Regarding the emission of the greenhouse gasses, the fluxes accumulated from nitrous oxide (N2O) in two years increased in all the treatments in comparison with the blank treatment, but in a greater form and with higher fluxes in the MIN 3 and MIN 2 treatments which can be considered as the ones with greater contamination of N2O in the atmosphere, this can be due to the applied mineral doses to fertilize during the process; MIN 1 treatments and all the organic ones showed lower emission to the atmosphere. Methane emissions (CH4) did not show major differences in emissions in the treatments, being the greater emissions the ORG 3 and ORG 2 treatments; this is possibly due to the organic compost added to the soil; regarding carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, in a similar way to CH4, the ORG 3 treatment was the one that presented greater emissions, the CO2 emissions to the atmosphere in the other treatments were lower and did not present meaningful differences among them. The physiological variables in all the cases helped coffee crops grow, this was observed when compared with the blank treatment; however, plants that reached the greatest height, width of top and diameter of stem were the plants of the MIN 3 treatment, followed by MIN 3, which did not show much significance among them, and for the organic treatments, the one that presented great results in these variables was ORG 3, which did not show meaningful differences compared with MIN 2, which proves that mineral fertilization is more effective in this case compared with the organic. In the first year of production, the mineral treatment with MIN 3 fertilization obtained greater production and thus did not show statistical difference with MIN 2 treatment, although the other treatments were greater. It is worth mentioning that MIN 1 treatment and ORG 3 treatment presented a meaningful production of coffee, not showing statistical differences among them. For the second year, the production of the crops showed greater profits than in the first year of evaluation in all the treatments, this was due to the physiological properties of the crops and on the other hand, it might be due to the addition of fertilizers during the whole essay; in a similar way, MIN 3 and MIN 2 performed better, not showing greater statistical differences among them, although the mineral treatment MEDIUM doses did not show statistical difference compared with ORG 3. The economic benefit was greater in the MIN 3 and MIN 2 treatments, although MIN 2 treatment is the one that shows the best cost-benefit ratios; ORG 2 and ORG 3 treatments and the blank produced negative benefits for the producer. Regarding the environment, the best treatments to care for the atmosphere are considered to be MIN 1 and ORG 1 treatments; however, regarding production volume and profitability they were low for the producer.

Eficiência de fontes, dinâmica do magnésio no solo sob a cultura do café no Brasil e comparação da análise de K, Ca e Mg em solos do Arkansas-EUA seco em estufa e úmido de campo

A cultura do café no Brasil tem apresentado frequente deficiência de magnésio (Mg) limitando sua produtividade, portanto faz-se necessário o estudo de fontes que contenham Mg para essa cultura. Por outro lado, o estudo das metodologias de análise de K, Ca e Mg no solo é um outro ponto que precisa ser estudado para melhor manejo da fertilidade do solo e recomendação de adubações. Objetivou-se com o primeiro experimento avaliar a eficiência de fontes de magnésio para a cultura do café e a dinâmica deste nutriente no perfil do solo. E com o experimento desenvolvido em Arkansas-EUA, avaliar as correlações entre as concentrações de nutrientes do solo seco em estufa e úmido de campo extraídos com Mehlich-3 e 1 mol L-1 NH4OAc. Observou-se que o óxido e oxissulfato de Mg elevaram os valores de pH e CTC e diminuíram a concentração de H + Al do solo. As fontes diminuíram a disponibilidade de K e Ca, e aumentaram o Mg no solo. Na planta, óxido e sulfato de Mg proporcionaram maior concentração de Mg foliar. Apenas no segundo ano de avaliação houve aumento de produtividade do café. Os fertilizantes óxido e oxissulfato de Mg obtiveram o maior índice de eficiência agronômica em relação ao carbonato de Mg. No segundo experimento, K, Ca e Mg extraíveis com Mehlich-3 e NH4OAc foram altamente correlacionados (r2> 0,95) tanto para solo úmido de campo quanto para o seco em estufa. A relação entre as concentrações de K no solo seco em estufa e úmido de campo para Mehlich-3 e NH4OAc foram muito semelhantes e altamente correlacionados (r2 = 0,92). A secagem do solo em estufa teve efeito mínimo sobre as concentrações de Ca e reduziu a concentração de Mg tanto para Mehlich-3 quanto para NH4OAc. Entre os nutrientes estudados, a concentração de K foi a mais afetada pela secagem em estufa, necessitando de pesquisas de campo para correlacionar e calibrar novas recomendações agronômicas.

Balanço de nutrientes em explorações agrícolas da Ilha Terceira

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Agronómica, 20 de Julho de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Atributos de qualidade de solos sob dois diferentes tipos de manejo no município de Ibiúna/SP, Brazil

Agricultural activity has direct consequences on the soil and water quality. Thus, assessing environmental impacts of this vital economic activity, through soil attribute analysis, is essential to the proposal of alternatives. The aim of this study was to analyze soil quality under different land management practices, conventional and organic. The study was carried out in a watershed of the Ibiuna municipality, SP, Brazil, an important supplier of agricultural products for the São Paulo metropolitan area. A hundred samples were collected, 20 in each type of land use: reforested areas, native vegetation, pasture, conventional cultivation and organic cultivation. The soil resistance to penetration, its pH (in water and KO), electrical conductivity, bulk density, particle density, porosity, soil color, soil texture and the percentages of carbon and nitrogen were analyzed. The data were statistically analyzed, searching for significant differences. The results of soil analysis showed great similarity between the organic and conventional culture, with no statistical differences. However, organic cultivation showed greater similarity to the soil of native vegetation in the percentage of carbon and nitrogen in soils compared to conventional culture. Thus, the discussion begins on a topic very little explored so far, and the results obtained should be further studied.

ESTUDIO DE LAS RELACIONES ENTRE EL CLIMA, LOS SUELOS Y LA VEGETACION ASOCIADA EN EL EDIFICIO VOLCANICO DEL BARVA.

Esta investigación tuvo como fin primordial hacer algunas consideraciones sobre los suelos y la vegetación del edificio volcánico del Barva. Para alcanzar este objeto fue imprescindible caracterizar el area a través de una serie de tipo climatico, botánico y edafico. En vista de la ausencia de material bibliográfico sobre el area de estudio, el trabajo presenta como particularidad la inclusión de un mapa de isotermas y un grafico de isoyetas diseñados y construidos exclusivamente para esta investigación , asi como exhaustivas comprobaciones en el Laboratorio de Suelos de la Facultad Ciencias de la Tierra y Mar y en el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia. A los resultados obtenidos mediante el análisis, les fue aplicado el diseño estadístico-matematico de Bloques al Azar. Las conclusiones a que se llegó, destacaron la relevancia de preservar el area como Reserva  Biologica Nacional.ABSTRACTThe primary objetive of this investigation is to present considerations about the soil and the soil and the vegetation of the Barva volcanic edifice. To realize this objective, it was essential to characterize the area by mans of a series of climatic, botanic and edaphic studies.In view absence of bibliographic material about the study area, this study presents a peculiarity in the inclusion of an isotermic map and a graph of isoyeths designed and constructed exclusively for this type of investigations, as well as exhaustive comparisons in the soil laboratories of the Faculty of Earth and Sea Sciences and the Ministry of Agriculture. The statistc-mathematic diagram of random blocks was applied to the results obtained by means of the soil analysis. The developed conclusions emphasized the importance of preserving the zone as a national biologic reserve.

Application of chemometrics to analysis of soil pollutants

This overview focuses on the application of chemometrics techniques for the investigation of soils contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals because these two important and very diverse groups of pollutants are ubiquitous in soils. The salient features of various studies carried out in the micro- and recreational environments of humans, are highlighted in the context of the various multivariate statistical techniques available across discipline boundaries that have been effectively used in soil studies. Particular attention is paid to techniques employed in the geosciences that may be effectively utilized for environmental soil studies; classical multivariate approaches that may be used in isolation or as complementary methods to these are also discussed. Chemometrics techniques widely applied in atmospheric studies for identifying sources of pollutants or for determining the importance of contaminant source contributions to a particular site, have seen little use in soil studies, but may be effectively employed in such investigations. Suitable programs are also available for suggesting mitigating measures in cases of soil contamination, and these are also considered. Specific techniques reviewed include pattern recognition techniques such as Principal Components Analysis (PCA), Fuzzy Clustering (FC) and Cluster Analysis (CA); geostatistical tools include variograms, Geographical Information Systems (GIS), contour mapping and kriging; source identification and contribution estimation methods reviewed include Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF), and Principal Component Analysis on Absolute Principal Component Scores (PCA/APCS). Mitigating measures to limit or eliminate pollutant sources may be suggested through the use of ranking analysis and multi criteria decision making methods (MCDM). These methods are mainly represented in this review by studies employing the Preference Ranking Organisation Method for Enrichment Evaluation (PROMETHEE) and its associated graphic output, Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Aid (GAIA).

Soil carbon sequestration and associated economic costs for farming systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plain : a meta-analysis

Soil organic carbon sequestration rates over 20 years based on the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) methodology were combined with local economic data to determine the potential for soil C sequestration in wheat-based production systems on the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). The C sequestration potential of rice–wheat systems of India on conversion to no-tillage is estimated to be 44.1 Mt C over 20 years. Implementing no-tillage practices in maize–wheat and cotton–wheat production systems would yield an additional 6.6 Mt C. This offset is equivalent to 9.6% of India's annual greenhouse gas emissions (519 Mt C) from all sectors (excluding land use change and forestry), or less than one percent per annum. The economic analysis was summarized as carbon supply curves expressing the total additional C accumulated over 20 year for a price per tonne of carbon sequestered ranging from zero to USD 200. At a carbon price of USD 25 Mg C−1, 3 Mt C (7% of the soil C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years through the implementation of no-till cropping practices in rice–wheat systems of the Indian States of the IGP, increasing to 7.3 Mt C (17% of the soil C sequestration potential) at USD 50 Mg C−1. Maximum levels of sequestration could be attained with carbon prices approaching USD 200 Mg C−1 for the States of Bihar and Punjab. At this carbon price, a total of 34.7 Mt C (79% of the estimated C sequestration potential) could be sequestered over 20 years across the rice–wheat region of India, with Uttar Pradesh contributing 13.9 Mt C.

Statistical analysis of reduction in tensile strength of cotton strips as a measure of soil microbial activity

The cotton strip assay (CSA) is an established technique for measuring soil microbial activity. The technique involves burying cotton strips and measuring their tensile strength after a certain time. This gives a measure of the rotting rate, R, of the cotton strips. R is then a measure of soil microbial activity. This paper examines properties of the technique and indicates how the assay can be optimised. Humidity conditioning of the cotton strips before measuring their tensile strength reduced the within and between day variance and enabled the distribution of the tensile strength measurements to approximate normality. The test data came from a three-way factorial experiment (two soils, two temperatures, three moisture levels). The cotton strips were buried in the soil for intervals of time ranging up to 6 weeks. This enabled the rate of loss of cotton tensile strength with time to be studied under a range of conditions. An inverse cubic model accounted for greater than 90% of the total variation within each treatment combination. This offers support for summarising the decomposition process by a single parameter R. The approximate variance of the decomposition rate was estimated from a function incorporating the variance of tensile strength and the differential of the function for the rate of decomposition, R, with respect to tensile strength. This variance function has a minimum when the measured strength is approximately 2/3 that of the original strength. The estimates of R are almost unbiased and relatively robust against the cotton strips being left in the soil for more or less than the optimal time. We conclude that the rotting rate X should be measured using the inverse cubic equation, and that the cotton strips should be left in the soil until their strength has been reduced to about 2/3.

Semi-analytical finite element analysis of a strip footing on an elastic reinforced soil

A plane strain elastic interaction analysis of a strip footing resting on a reinforced soil bed has been made by using a combined analytical and finite element method (FEM). In this approach the stiffness matrix for the footing has been obtained using the FEM, For the reinforced soil bed (halfplane) the stiffness matrix has been obtained using an analytical solution. For the latter, the reinforced zone has been idealised as (i) an equivalent orthotropic infinite strip (composite approach) and (ii) a multilayered system (discrete approach). In the analysis, the interface between the strip footing and reinforced halfplane has been assumed as (i) frictionless and (ii) fully bonded. The contact pressure distribution and the settlement reduction have been given for different depths of footing and scheme of reinforcement in soil. The load-deformation behaviour of the reinforced soil obtained using the above modelling has been compared with some available analytical and model test results. The equivalent orthotropic approach proposed in this paper is easy to program and is shown to predict the reinforcing effects reasonably well.