Natural organic matter fractionation along the treatment of water for human consumption

The main objective of this study was to characterize the organic matter present in raw water and along the treatment process, as well as its seasonal variation. A natural organic matter fractionation approach has been applied to Lever water treatment plant located in Douro River, in Oporto (Portugal). The process used was based on the sorption of dissolved organic matter in different types of ion exchange resins, DAX-8, DAX-4 and IRA-958, allowing its separation into four fractions: very hydrophobic acids (VHA), slightly hydrophobic acids (SHA), charged hydrophilic (CHA) and hydrophilic neutral (NEU). The dissolved organic carbon (DOC) determination was used to quantify dissolved organic matter. Samples were collected monthly, during approximately one year, from raw water captured at the surface and under the bed of the river, and after each step of the treatment: pre-filtration in sand/anthracite filters, ozonation, coagulation/flocculation, counter current dissolved air flotation and filtration (CoCoDAFF) and chlorination. The NEU fraction showed a seasonal variation, with maximum values in autumn for the sampling points corresponding to raw water captured at the surface and under the bed of the river. It was usually the predominating fraction and did not show a significant decrease throughout the treatment. Nevertheless their low concentration, the same occurred for the CHA and VHA fractions. There was an overall decrease in the SHA fraction throughout the water treatment (especially after CoCoDAFF and ozonation) as well as in the DOC. The TSUVA254 values obtained for raw water generally varied between 2.0 and 4.0 L mgC-1 m-1 and between 0.75 and 1.78 L mgC-1 m-1 for treated water. It was observed a decrease of TSUVA values along the treatment, especially after ozonation. These results may contribute to a further optimization in the process of treating water for human consumption.

Caracterização de águas do processo e optimização dos consumos de água nos vários circuitos da Petibol, S.A. – Embalagens de Plástico

A empresa Petibol, S.A. – Embalagens de plástico centra-se na produção de embalagens de plástico a partir da matéria-prima Poliestireno Expandido (EPS) e Polipropileno Expandido (EPP). A empresa possui uma preocupação ao nível da qualidade da água e do aproveitamento energético, tendo desta forma surgido a realização do estudo na unidade industrial, com o objectivo de anular e/ou diminuir as possíveis lacunas existentes na unidade industrial. Numa primeira etapa foi realizada uma caracterização global à qualidade da água e à empresa, actualizando-se os esquemas já existentes, contabilizando-se os custos actuais relativamente aos processos no circuito da água (arrefecimento, aquecimento e pressurização), e por fim, efectuou-se um levantamento in loco do circuito de água, relativamente à pressão, temperatura e caudal. Numa fase posterior, foram propostos equipamentos e processos, tendo em vista a colmatação dos problemas identificados, realizando-se um subsequente estudo relativamente aos custos inerentes a esses novos processos. A caracterização à água foi avaliada em diferentes pontos do circuito industrial, tendo-se determinado na Sala de Bombagem que o filtro de areia não possuía as dimensões mais apropriadas, existindo também um problema a nível mecânico associado ao processo de contra-lavagem. Tais factos podem ser a causa da ocorrência de um aumento do teor de sólidos após a passagem na camada filtrante. Relativamente ao amaciador, este deveria amaciar de forma completa a água para alimentação à caldeira, embora se tenha registado à saída do amaciador uma dureza de 21,3 mg/L, denunciando problemas na troca iónica. No que toca à água de alimentação à caldeira, verifica-se a existência de parâmetros que não se encontram de acordo com os critérios enunciados para uma óptima qualidade, sendo eles o pH (10,14), condutividade (363 μS/cm), teor de ferro (1,21 mg/L) e a dureza (16 mg/L). De salientar que somente o teor de cobre, que se encontra em quantidades vestigiais, apresenta-se de acordo com os valores impostos. No que respeita à água da caldeira, esta apresenta parâmetros incompatíveis com os recomendados, sendo eles a condutividade (7350 μS/cm), teor de sólidos dissolvidos (5248 mg/L) e alcalinidade total (780 mg/L). De referir que o valor de pH (11,8) não se encontra de acordo com a aplicação do tratamento “fosfato-pH coordenado”. Em relação aos parâmetros com valores que se encontram dentro dos limites, estes correspondem à dureza (0 mg/L), ao teor de fosfatos (45 mg/L) e teor de sílica (0 mg/L). A água do circuito de arrefecimento foi sujeita a uma análise microbiológica, que corroborou a presença de um biofilme. Um dos problemas enunciados pela empresa, prendia-se com a impossibilidade de descarga, no colector municipal, dos condensados dos compressores, visto apresentarem uma quantidade de óleo de cerca de 43,3 mg/L, equivalente a quatro vezes o valor limite de emissão, de acordo com a legislação municipal. Por fim, o efluente de descarga industrial apresenta um valor de pH (10,3) acima do intervalo permitido por lei (6,0 – 9,0), sendo que a corrente que mais contribui para este acréscimo de pH corresponde à corrente proveniente da água de purga, visto esta apresentar um valor de pH de 12,22. De maneira a contornar os parâmetros enunciados, é proposto a substituição do filtro de areia da Sala de Bombagem, assim como a inserção de um conjunto de medidas de remoção de ferro e desinfecção, sendo a conjugação de arejamento, coagulação, filtração e desinfecção, por parte do hipoclorito, a proposta apresentada. Aos condensados dos compressores é apresentado um sistema de separação, que possibilita a remoção do óleo da água, e uma consequente descarga da mesma. Actualmente, não existe qualquer filtro de areia no circuito de arrefecimento da água, sendo proposto assim esse equipamento, de forma a minorar o desenvolvimento da população microbiana, bem como a permitir uma maior eficiência na transferência de calor na torre de arrefecimento. Relativamente à descarga industrial, é recomendável a colocação de um sistema de regularização automática de pH. A inserção de uma válvula de três vias permite um aproveitamento energético e de água, a partir da confluência da água oriunda dos furos com a água do tanque de água fria, sendo posteriormente alimentada à central de vácuo. No estudo da recuperação energética, um outro equipamento avaliado correspondeu à serpentina, no entanto, verificou-se que a poupança no consumo de gás natural era de apenas 0,005%, o que não se mostrou uma proposta viável. O orçamento de todos os equipamentos é de 11.720,76 €, possibilitando não só um melhor funcionamento industrial, como um menor impacto a nível ambiental. Os custos futuros de funcionamento aumentam em 3,36%, tendo a pressurização um aumento do seu custo em 3,4% em relação ao custo actual, verificando-se um custo anual de 10.781,21€, em relação aos processos de arejamento, coagulação e desinfecção.

Acompanhamento da reabilitação estrutural da ETA de Morgavel

Relatório de Estágio para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Edificações

Slow down or race to halt: towards managing complexity of real-time energy management decisions

Existing work in the context of energy management for real-time systems often ignores the substantial cost of making DVFS and sleep state decisions in terms of time and energy and/or assume very simple models. Within this paper we attempt to explore the parameter space for such decisions and possible constraints faced.

Children and sand play: screening of potential harmful microorganisms in sandboxes, parks, and beaches

Sand serves as a reservoir for potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Children, a high-risk group, can acquire infections from sand in sandboxes, recreational areas, and beaches. This paper reviews the microbes in sands, with an emphasis on fungi. Recreational areas and beach sands have been found to harbor many types of fungi and microbes. A newly emerging group of fungi of concern include the black yeast-like fungi. After establishing that sand is a reservoir for fungi, clinical manifestations of fungal infections are described with an emphasis on ocular and ear infections. Overall, we recommend environmental studies to develop monitoring strategies for sand and studies to evaluate the link between fungi exposure in sand and human health impacts.

Beach sand and the potential for infectious disease transmission: observations and recommendations

Recent studies suggest that sand can serve as a vehicle for exposure of humans to pathogens at beach sites, resulting in increased health risks. Sampling for microorganisms in sand should therefore be considered for inclusion in regulatory programmes aimed at protecting recreational beach users from infectious disease. Here, we review the literature on pathogen levels in beach sand, and their potential for affecting human health. In an effort to provide specific recommendations for sand sampling programmes, we outline published guidelines for beach monitoring programmes, which are currently focused exclusively on measuring microbial levels in water. We also provide background on spatial distribution and temporal characteristics of microbes in sand, as these factors influence sampling programmes. First steps toward establishing a sand sampling programme include identifying appropriate beach sites and use of initial sanitary assessments to refine site selection. A tiered approach is recommended for monitoring. This approach would include the analysis of samples from many sites for faecal indicator organisms and other conventional analytes, while testing for specific pathogens and unconventional indicators is reserved for high-risk sites. Given the diversity of microbes found in sand, studies are urgently needed to identify the most significant aetiological agent of disease and to relate microbial measurements in sand to human health risk.

A narrative review on the reduction of effective dose to a paediatric patient by using different combinations of kVp, mAs and additional filtration whilst maintaining image quality

This paper reviews the literature for lowering of dose to paediatric patients through use of exposure factors and additional filtration. Dose reference levels set by The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) will be considered. Guidance was put in place in 1996 requires updating to come into line with modern imaging equipment. There is a wide range of literature that specifies that grids should not be used on paediatric patients. Although much of the literature advocates additional filtration, contrasting views on the relative benefits of using aluminium or copper filtration, and their effects on dose reduction and image quality can vary. Changing kVp and mAs has an effect on the dose to the patient and image quality. Collimation protects adjacent structures whilst reducing scattered radiation.

Reducing effective dose to a paediatric phantom by using different combinations of kVp, mAs and additional filtration whilst maintaining image quality

Purpose: To determine whether using different combinations of kVp and mAs with additional filtration can reduce the effective dose to a paediatric phantom whilst maintaining diagnostic image quality. Methods: 27 images of a paediatric AP pelvis phantom were acquired with different kVp, mAs and additional copper filtration. Images were displayed on quality controlled monitors with dimmed lighting. Ten diagnostic radiographers (5 students and 5 experienced radiographers) had eye tests to assess visual acuity before rating the images. Each image was rated for visual image quality against a reference image using 2 alternative forced choice software using a 5-point Likert scale. Physical measures (SNR and CNR) were also taken to assess image quality. Results: Of the 27 images rated, 13 of them were of acceptable image quality and had a dose lower than the image with standard acquisition parameters. Two were produced without filtration, 6 with 0.1mm and 5 with 0.2mm copper filtration. Statistical analysis found that the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability was high. Discussion: It is possible to obtain an image of acceptable image quality with a dose that is lower than published guidelines. There are some areas of the study that could be improved. These include using a wider range of kVp and mAs to give an exact set of parameters to use. Conclusion: Additional filtration has been identified as amajor tool for reducing effective dose whilst maintaining acceptable image quality in a 5 year old phantom.

MBR activated sludge filterability characterization in cross flow filtration

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil Sanitária

Longshore Transport Estimation on Ofir Beach in Northwest Portugal: Sand-Tracer Experiment

This work aims to shed some light on longshore sediment transport (LST) in the highly energetic northwest coast of Portugal. Data achieved through a sand-tracer experiment are compared with data obtained from the original and the new re-evaluated longshore sediment transport formulas (USACE Waterways Experiment Station’s Coastal Engineering and Research Center, Kamphuis, and Bayram bulk formulas) to assess their performance. The field experiment with dyed sand was held at Ofir Beach during one tidal cycle under medium wave-energy conditions. Local hydrodynamic conditions and beach topography were recorded. The tracer was driven southward in response to the local swell and wind- and wave-induced currents (Hsb=0.75mHsb=0.75m, Tp=11.5sTp=11.5s, θb=8−12°θb=8−12°). The LST was estimated by using a linear sediment transport flux approach. The obtained value (2.3×10−3m3⋅s−12.3×10−3m3⋅s−1) approached the estimation provided by the original Bayram formula (2.5×10−3m3⋅s−12.5×10−3m3⋅s−1). The other formulas overestimated the transport, but the estimations resulting from the new re-evaluated formulas also yield approximate results. Therefore, the results of this work indicated that the Bayram formula may give satisfactory results for predicting the longshore sediment transport on Ofir Beach.

Simultaneous quantitation of serum HBV DNA and HBeAg can distinguish between slow and fast viral responses to antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B

BACKGROUND: The quantitation of serum HBeAg is not commonly used to monitor viral response to therapy in chronic hepatitis B. METHODS: In this study, 21 patients receiving varying therapies were followed and their viral response monitored by concomitant viral load and HBeAg quantitation in order to study the meaning and the kinetics of both parameters. RESULTS: It was possible to distinguish between three different patterns of viral response. The first was characterized by a simultaneous decrease in serum HBV DNA and HBeAg. The second pattern was characterized by a decrease in serum HBeAg but persistent detection of HBV DNA. The third pattern was characterized by undetectable HBV DNA with persistent HBeAg positivity, which points to a non-response (Pattern III-B) except when HBeAg levels showed a slow but steady drop, characterizing a "slow responder" patient (Pattern III-A). CONCLUSIONS: The first pattern is compatible with a viral response. A long-term HBeAg seropositivity with a slow and persistent decrease (Pattern III-A) is also compatible with a viral response and calls for a prolongation of anti-viral treatment.

Stochastic simulation of the morphology of fluvial sand channels reservoirs

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Geológica (Georrecursos)

MOLECULAR DETECTION OF Leishmania IN PHLEBOTOMINE SAND FLIES IN A CUTANEOUS AND VISCERAL LEISHMANIASIS ENDEMIC AREA IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

Several phlebotomine sand fly species have been regarded as putative or proven vectors of parasites of the genus Leishmania in Brazil, but data for the northeastern region remains incipient. In this study, a total of 600 phlebotomine sand flies were grouped in pools of 10 specimens each and tested by a Leishmania genus-specific PCR and by a PCR targeting Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum. Fourteen out of 60 pools were positive by the genus-specific PCR, being five pools of L. migonei, seven of L. complexa, one of L. sordellii and one of L. naftalekatzi, which correspond to a minimal infection rate of 2.3% (14/600). Our results, associated with their known anthropophily and their abundance, suggest the participation of L. migonei and L. complexa as vectors of Leishmania in northeastern Brazil. Remarkably, this is the first time in this country that the detection of Leishmania DNA in L. sordellii and L. naftalekatzi has been reported, but future studies are necessary to better understand the significance of these findings.