A Ring Contraction Strategy toward a Diastereoselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Bakkenolide A

A diastereoselective route to (+)-bakkenolide A is presented from the readily available optically active Wieland-Miescher ketone. This novel synthesis of this sesquiterpene lactone features the following as key stereoselective transformations: (i) the ring contraction reaction of a octalone mediated by thallium(III) nitrate (TTN); (ii) a hydrogenation to create the cis-fused junction; and (iii) the formation of the C7 quaternary center through an enolate intermediate. Furthermore, during this work, the absolute configuration of a trinorsesquiterpene isolated from Senecio Humillimus was assigned.

Foamy macrophages in the liver of cattle fed Brachiaria brizantha hay

Liver and lymph nodes injuries characterized by clusters of foamy macrophages, some of them containing birefringent crystals, were observed in cattle fed on Brachiaria brizantha hay. The cattle were from an experimental group poisoned with Senecio brasiliensis known to cause hepatic fibrosis and hepatocyte megalocytosis. One of the animals developed photosensitivity but the exact cause wasn't determined since both plants were fed. The foamy macrophages were present from the 30th d of feeding. Early appearance of these lesions may be particular to the animal specie used or due to the presence of both toxic plants.

Genotype and maternal environment affect belowground interactions between Arabidopsis thaliana and its competitors

Ecological interactions between different species are not fixed, but they may depend, at least to some extent, on the particular genotypes involved as well as on the environmental conditions experienced by previous generations. We used a set of natural genotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana, that previously experienced contrasting nutrient and herbivory conditions, to test for the influences of genetic variation and maternal effects on competitive interactions between Arabidopsis and the weedy annuals Anagallis arvensis and Senecio vulgaris. We used activated carbon to discriminate between resource competition and allelopathy components of plant-plant interactions. There was a clear competitive hierarchy: Senecio > Arabidopsis > Anagallis. Although we found no evidence for allelopathic potential of Arabidopsis, our results indicate that both Anagallis and Senecio exerted negative (direct or indirect) allelopathic effects on Arabidopsis. There were significant differences among Arabidopsis genotypes in their competitive effects on both neighbor species, as well as in their response to competition. Maternal environments significantly influenced not only the growth and fitness of Arabidopsis itself, but also its competitive effect on Anagallis. We found, however, no evidence that maternal environments affected the competitive effect on Senecio or overall competitive response of Arabidopsis. Generally, resource competition played a greater role than allelopathy, and genotype effects were more important than maternal effects. Our study demonstrates that ecological interactions, such as plant competition, are complex and multi-layered, and that, in particular, the influence of genetic variation on interactions with other species should not be overlooked.

Activated carbon may have undesired side effects for testing allelopathy in invasive plants

Activated carbon has become a widely used tool to investigate root-mediated allelopathy of plants, especially in plant invasion biology, because it adsorbs and thereby neutralizes root exudates. Allelopathy has been a controversially debated phenomenon for years, which revived in plant invasion biology as one possible reason for the success of invasive plants. Noxious plant exudates may harm other plants and provide an advantage to the allelopathic plant. However, root exudates are not always toxic, but may stimulate the microbial community and change nutrient availability in the rhizosphere. In a greenhouse experiment, we investigated the interacting effects of activated carbon, arbuscular mycorrhiza and plant competition between the invasive Senecio inaequidens and the native Artemisia vulgaris. Furthermore, we tested whether activated carbon showed any undesired effects by directly affecting mycorrhiza or soil chemistry. Contrary to the expectation, S. inaequidens was a weak competitor and we could not support the idea that allelopathy was involved in the competition. Activated carbon led to a considerable increase in the aboveground biomass production and reduced the infection with arbuscular mycorrhiza of both plant species. We expected that arbuscular mycorrhiza promotes plant growth by increasing nutrient availability, but we found the contrary when activated carbon was added. Chemical analyses of the substrate showed, that adding activated carbon resulted in a strong increase in plant available phosphate and in a decrease of the C(organic)/N(total) ration both of which suggest stimulated microbial activity. Thus, activated carbon not only reduced potential allelopathic effects, but substantially changed the chemistry of the substrate. These results show that activated carbon should be handled with great care in ecological experiments on allelopathy because of possible confounding effects on the soil community.

Flora de un área de la Sierra La Barrosa (Balcarce) y fenología de especies con potencial ornamental

Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron inventariar la flora vascular en un área de la Sierra La Barrosa (Sistema de Tandilia, Buenos Aires), determinar la utilidad actual o potencial de las especies e iniciar un estudio fenológico preliminar in situ de 10 especies nativas de interés ornamental. El relevamiento florístico se realizó en un sector de la cima y laderas y se elaboró una base de datos con registros taxonómicos, origen, ciclo, forma biológica y utilidad de las especies. Se identificaron 204 especies, pertenecientes a 51 familias y 135 géneros; de ellas 70,6% son nativas no endémicas; 9,31% endémicas y 20,1% exóticas. El 76% de las especies son perennes y predominan las hemicriptófitas (41,2%). El 65% de las especies inventariadas tiene interés agronómico por su utilidad potencial como medicinal (21,5%), ornamental (25%), forrajera (13,7%), o por ser malezas o tóxicas (13,2 %). Por su potencial ornamental (hábito, atributos del follaje, flores e inflorescencias), se efectuó un estudio fenológico en Achyrocline satureioides, Eupatorium subhastatum, E. tanacetifolium, Hysterionica pinifolia, Senecio pulcher, Sommerfeltia spinulosa, Lathyrus pubescens, Mimosa rocae, Pavonia cymbalaria y Gomphrena perennis, que indicó diferencias en la época y duración de la floración.

Especies del género Frankliniella (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) registradas en la Argentina, una actualización

Este trabajo proporciona una clave ilustrada para 21 especies de Frankliniella registradas para la Argentina, incluyendo tres citas nuevas: Frankliniella graminis Cavalleri & Mound, colectado sobre Sorghum halepense; Frankliniella otites Berzosa & Maroto, sobre flores de Senecio spp. y Verbena seriphioides; y Frankliniella williamsi Hood sobre hojas de Zea maiz “maíz". También son proporcionados nuevos hospedadores para Frankliniella gracilis. Se incluyen notas sobre cada especie. Frankliniella cognata Hood es excluida de la fauna de tisanópteros de la Argentina.

Plants growing near the cargo packing station, and seed occurrence in cargo and luggage destined for Gough and Marion Island and the Antarctic

Globalization has resulted in unprecedented movements of people, goods, and alien species across the planet. Although the impacts of biological invasions are widely appreciated, a bias exists in research effort to post-dispersal processes because of the difficulties of measuring propagule pressure. The Antarctic provides an ideal model system in which to investigate propagule movements because of the region's isolation and small number of entry routes. Here we investigated the logistics operations of the South African National Antarctic Programme (SANAP) and quantified the initial dispersal of alien species into the region. we found that over 1400 seeds from 99 taxa are transported into the Antarctic each field season in association with SANAP passenger luggage and cargo. The first ever assessment of propagule drop-off indicated that 30-50% of these propagules will enter the recipient environment. Many of the taxa include cosmopolitan weeds and known aliens in the Antarctic, indicating that logistics operations form part of a globally self-perpetuating cycle moving alien species between areas of human disturbance. in addition, propagules of some taxa native to the Antarctic region were also found, suggesting that human movements may be facilitating intra-regional homogenization. Several relatively simple changes in biosecurity policy that could significantly reduce the threat of introduction of nonnative species are suggested.

Observaciones del efecto de la nieve sobre las plantas en el arroyo Nield y Valle del Atuel (Mendoza)

Como participantes de una expedición organizada por la Escuela de Montaña de la UNC, los autores recorrieron la Quebrada del arroyo Nield, en la ruta a la cumbre del cerro Sonseado, desde 2100 y 3100 m s. m. y el Alto del Valle del Atuel, entre 2100 y 2200 m s. m. llevando a su cargo la realización de estudios florísticos. Aparte de las colecciones botánicas reunidas una lista de las cuales se da al final del trabajo, documentan los efectos de la nieve sobre la vegetación de la zona, llegando a la conclusión de que, contrariamente a lo que podría suponerse en los años de precipitaciones nivales extraordinarias en esa zona de Los Andes mendocinos, la receptividad de los campos de montaña se desmejora. Estiman que la presencia de estructuras circulares en las gramíneas podrían ser utilizadas como indicadores del nivel hipsométrico en que se inician los efectos destructores de la nieve y consideran que Adesmia obovata y Senecio Gilliesii se pueden emplear como plantas quionófobas útiles para determinar un piso de vegetación en la zona del Alto Valle del Atuel. Describen lo que designan como "vegetación planchada" que consideran como un aspecto de valor fisiográfico para las quebradas de Los Andes mendocinos entre los 2000 y 3000 m s. m., ilustrando el trabajo con fotografías.

Palynology and radiocarbon dating on sediment profile PG1756 from Lake Billyakh, NE Siberia, Russia

In this study a radiocarbon-dated pollen record from Lake Billyakh (65°17'N, 126°47'E; 340 m a.s.l.) in the Verkhoyansk Mountains was used to reconstruct vegetation and climate change since about 15 kyr BP (1 kyr=1000 cal. yr). The pollen record and pollen-based biome reconstruction suggest that open cool steppe and grass and sedge tundra communities with Poaceae, Cyperaceae, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae, Caryophyllaceae and Selaginella rupestris dominated the area from 15 to 13.5 kyr BP. On the other hand, the constant presence of Larix pollen in quantities comparable to today's values points to the constant presence of boreal deciduous conifer trees in the regional vegetation during the last glaciation. A major spread of shrub tundra communities, including birch (Betula sect. Nanae), alder (Duschekia fruticosa) and willow (Salix) species, is dated to 13.5-12.7 kyr BP, indicating a noticeable increase in precipitation toward the end of the last glaciation, particularly during the Allerød Interstadial. Between 12.7 and 11.4 kyr BP pollen percentages of herbaceous taxa rapidly increased, whereas shrub taxa percentages decreased, suggesting strengthening of the steppe communities associated with the relatively cold and dry Younger Dryas Stadial. However, the pollen data in hand indicate that Younger Dryas climate was less severe than the climate during the earlier interval from 15 to 13.5 kyr BP. The onset of the Holocene is marked in the pollen record by the highest values of shrub and lowest values of herbaceous taxa, suggesting a return of warmer and wetter conditions after 11.4 kyr BP. Percentages of tree taxa increase gradually and reach maximum values after 7 kyr BP, reflecting the spread of boreal cold deciduous and taiga forests in the region. An interval between 7 and 2 kyr BP is noticeable for the highest percentages of Scots spine (Pinus subgen. Diploxylon), spruce (Picea) and fir (Abies) pollen, indicating mid-Holocene spread of boreal forest communities in response to climate amelioration and degradation of the permafrost layer.

List of plant species found on Victoria Island

While engaged in geoecological field work on Victoria Island, 277 new plants could be recorded for the vicinities of Holman, Cambridge Bay, Wellington Bay, Mt. Pelly, Richardson Islands, Hadley Bay, and Minto lnlet; 8 of them were new for Victoria Island, 6 for the western Canadian arctic archipelago.

Post-glacial pollen record from Yorkshire

The stratigraphy and pollen analysis of the deposits show that this is a lake basin which during the Late-glacial period was partially filled by lake clays and muds. One of the main interests of the pollen diagrams lies in the division of zone i into three suh-zones showing a minor climatic oscillation which seems to be comparable with the Boiling oscillation of northern Europe. During Post-glacial time the greater part of the deposits has been muds but on one side a fen developed which in early zone VI was sufficiently dry to support birch and pine wood. Later in zone VI the water table must have risen slightly because the fen peats were gradually covered by a rather oxidized mud suggesting that the fen became replaced by a shallow swamp with a widely fluctuating water table. In the Atlantic period the basin was reflooded and the more central deposits were covered by a layer of mud. Later in the central region, swamp and eventually Sphagnum bog communities developed. The whole area is now covered by a sihy soil and forms a flat meadowland.

Pollen profile and age determination of sediment core Schwanengrabenrinne, Brandenburg, Germany

In der Döberitzer Heide nördlich von Potsdam wurden vegetationsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen durchgeführt. Das Untersuchungsgebiet befindet sich im östlichen Teil der Nauener Platte, die bisher vegetationsgeschichtlich weitgehend unerforscht war. In sechs verschiedenen Mooren wurden acht Bohrungen niedergebracht. Die Bohrkerne wurden stratigraphisch und pollenanalytisch untersucht und für die Radiocarbondatierung beprobt. Die Pollendiagramme ermöglichen die Rekonstruktion der Vegetationsentwicklung der terrestrischen Standorte und der Moore in der Döberitzer Heide in den letzten 14.000 Jahren. Neben einer Revision der Gliederungsprinzipien der spätglazialen Vegetationsentwicklung Brandenburgs und einer vergleichenden Betrachtung der Moorentwicklung in der Döberitzer Heide wurde besonderes Augenmerk auf die Geschichte des Döberitzer Lindenwaldes gerichtet, der einen Sonderfall in der brandenburgischen Vegetation darstellt. Die Untersuchungen boten die Möglichkeit, die Ursachen seiner Entstehung zu klären, Aussagen zu den Perspektiven seiner Entwicklung zu treffen und mögliche Entwicklungspotentiale von Lindenwäldern im Land Brandenburg aufzuzeigen.

Palynological and geochemical data of sediment core GeoB3910-2 located offshore Northeast Brazil

High resolution palynological and geochemical data of sediment core GeoB 3910-2 (located offshore Northeast Brazil) spanning the period between 19 600 and 14 500 calibrated year bp (19.6-14.5 ka) show a land-cover change in the catchment area of local rivers in two steps related to changes in precipitation associated with Heinrich Event 1 (H1 stadial). At the end of the last glacial maximum, the landscape in semi-arid Northeast Brazil was dominated by a very dry type of caatinga vegetation, mainly composed of grasslands with some herbs and shrubs. After 18 ka, considerably more humid conditions are suggested by changes in the vegetation and by Corg and C/N data indicative of fluvial erosion. The caatinga became wetter and along lakes and rivers, sedges and gallery forest expanded. The most humid period was recorded between 16.5 and 15 ka, when humid gallery (and floodplain) forest and even small patches of mountainous Atlantic rain forest occurred together with dry forest, the latter being considered as a rather lush type of caatinga vegetation. During this humid phase erosion decreased as less lithogenic material and more organic terrestrial material were deposited on the continental slope of northern Brazil. After 15 ka arid conditions returned. During the humid second phase of the H1 stadial, a rich variety of landscapes existed in Northeast Brazil and during the drier periods small pockets of forest could probably survive in favorable spots, which would have increased the resilience of the forest to climate change.