Seleção de progênies de nabo-forrageiro para germinação sob altas temperaturas

Due to the expansion of the wild crop to regions with higher temperatures is important to develop cultivars adapted to high heat. The aim was to select tests for evaluating seed physiological quality of wild radish to estimating genetic characters in order to select cultivars adapted to high temperature conditions. Hundred of half-brothers of wild radish were subjected to germination test and vigor (first count of germination, classification of seedling vigor, accelerated aging test, germination and testing of the first count at high temperature as well as seedling emergence in field. The germination test, first count test, accelerated aging and high germination test (20-35°C) can be used for the selection of wild radish crop populations adapted to germination and field emergence under high temperatures.

Qualidade fisiológica de sementes de milho doce classificadas pela espessura e largura

Sweet maize seeds present lower physiologic quality, when compared to regular maize seeds, due to the influence of several features, such as the seed size and shape. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the seed physiologic quality of two sweet maize cultivars (BR-401 and BR-402), separately classified according to thickness, by using slotted screen sieves (8/64 x 3/4, 9/64 x 3/4, 10/64 x 3/4, 11/64 x 3/4, 12/64 x 3/4 and 13/64 x 3/4), and width, with round screen sieves (17/64, 18/64, 19/64, 20/64, 21/64 and 22/64). For each cultivar, sorted lots were compared with the unrated batch, following a completely randomized design, in a 2x7 factorial scheme, with four replications. The biometric parameters evaluated were sieve retention, 100 seeds weight and water content. The physiologic quality was determined according to the first counting, germination, cold test, accelerated aging, electric conductivity and seedling emergence in the field. The classification with sieves improved the physiologic quality of sweet maize seeds. Seeds with intermediate thickness, for both cultivars, generally presented greater vigor. Concerning width, larger seeds, for the BR-401 cultivar, and intermediate seeds, for the BR-402 cultivar, showed better physiologic quality.

Qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de amendoim durante o processo de produção

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Qualidade higiênico-sanitária de sorvetes e sobremesas, na cidade de Botucatu, SP, Brasil, e verificação da produção de enterotoxinas por Staphylococcus aureus

Food poisoning can cause infection on its consumers by the presence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, it is important to check its quality, which can be affected by many factors. The sanitary quality of foods can be assessed by thermotolerant coliform. Since food safety is a matter of great concern, this study aimed to evaluate the hygienic sanitary conditions of samples of ice cream and desserts marketed in the city of Botucatu, by determining the most probable number (MPN) of thermotolerant coliform, identification and enumeration of coagulase positive staphylococci and verification of classical enterotoxin production by strains of S. aureus and also for detecting the presence of Salmonella sp. Among the ice cream analyzed, 56.3% were unfit for consumption and between the creamy desserts, the percentage of unfit samples was 33.3%. Coagulase positive Staphylococcus and Salmonella were not found in the samples. It is then an inadequacy in handling and / or storage conditions in a considerable number of samples, indicating need for improvement in the conditions of preparation

Análise higiênico-sanitária de produtos cárneos comercializados na cidade de Botucatu

Brazil is one of the largest producers of animal protein. In 2010, the production of meat (beef, pork and poultry) was estimated at 24.5 million tons and 75% was consumed in the country. The meat is a primary source of water and fat and contains between 20% and 35% protein, providing all essential amino acids and several micronutrients and vitamins. Due to the large consumption of this food, its quality is extremely important and the research of some indicators microorganism become essential in order to ensure the hygienic and sanitary quality, indicating contamination of fecal origin, with the possible presence of pathogens or to identify food spoilage. Thus, the aim of study was to determine the microbiological quality of 90 samples handled meat products and pre- prepared marketed in Botucatu city, according to the parameters required by ANVISA (RDC  12, 2001). Among the samples analyzed, all of them were negative for Staphylococcus coagulase positive and were within the limit allowed by ANVISA for the Clostridium sulfite reducer (up to 3 x 103 CFU/ g). The presence of Salmonella was confirmed in only one sample (1.1%), against to the legal parameters. About thermotolerant coliforms, 54.4% of the samples were outside the acceptable limit by law (up to 5 x 103 MPN/g). Therefore, the presence of these microorganisms indicates inadequate hygiene conditions of foodhandlers and equipment used in the, which are considered inadequate for consumption

Retenção de clorofila em sementes de soja (Glycine max (L.) Merr.): estudos fisiológicos, bioquímicos e moleculares

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Agricultura) - FCA

Vibração de plantas de pimenta Malagueta para produção de frutos e sementes em ambiente protegido

This study aimed to verify the effect of vibration of plants in the production of fruits and seeds and in the physiological quality of the seeds of the “Malagueta” pepper in a protected cultivated area with open and closed sides. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Farm of the School of Agronomic Sciences of Universidade Estadual Paulista (FCA/UNESP), located in the city of São Manuel (SP). Two treatments were carried out, which consisted of plants that did and did not undergo vibration. Plants were vibrated manually by swinging the wire attached to the supporting bamboo for about 5 seconds, twice a day for 11 weeks. The design was a randomized block with six repetitions. The same experiment was conducted in two protected environments, with and without anti-aphids screens on the sides, cultivated in the same season. For the comparison of environments, a combined analysis was performed considering each environment as a separate experiment. The characteristics evaluated were: weight and number of fruits per plant; weight, diameter and length of fruit; weight and amount of seeds per fruit; and plant height. For the analysis of seed quality, the characteristics evaluated were: germination percentage; first count of germination; dry matter of seedlings; seedling emergence in substrate; and seedling emergence speed index. Regardless of the environment, vibration affects the physiological quality of seeds. The presence of pollinator insects benefited the production and quality of “Malagueta” pepper seeds and increases the fruit weight.

Plantas de cobertura, adubação nitrogenada e produção de sementes de feijoeiro

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Sistemas hídricos do Jardim Botânico do Estado de São Paulo: uma experiência em educação para o meio ambiente

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido para compor um modelo de educação ambiental no Jardim Botânico do Estado de São Paulo, localizado no Parque Estadual Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI). Devido ao seu propósito educacional, o projeto educativo foi desenvolvido com o apoio de dois professores do ensino básico e de pesquisadores do Núcleo de Educação Ambiental do Jardim Botânico do Estado de São Paulo e das Seções de Ecologia e Ficologia do Instituto de Botânica. O modelo considerou quatro sistemas hídricos do PEFI, a Nascente do Riacho do Ipiranga e os Lagos do Jardim Botânico \"Nascentes, Ninféias e Bugios\", como base para a construção de instrumentos ordenadores de visitas monitoradas de professores do ensino básico e seus alunos ao Jardim Botânico. Como base do projeto, abordou-se o tema meio ambiente como transversal às disciplinas clássicas do sistema educacional brasileiro e empreenderam-se as ações do projeto através do conhecimento de diferentes profissionais sobre o meio ambiente que compuseram o grupo de trabalho e, ao mesmo, buscou-se integrar as ações às reais necessidades dos docentes do Ensino Básico. Nesse sentido, foi essencial a participação dos dois professores de escolas do entorno do Jardim Botânico nas etapas organizacionais do projeto. A caracterização da área de estudo baseou-se em seus aspectos históricos e físicos, bem como na qualidade sanitária dos corpos aquáticos considerados. As determinações físicas-químicas e microbiológicas revelaram uma condição sanitária satisfatória das águas, contudo os valores de coliformes fecais e totais encontrados nos lagos sugerem contaminação de origem animal, comum à região. A produtividade primária também foi determinada para cada corpo aquático, encontrando-se baixos valores de clorofila a nos três lagos e na nascente. Os tipos de algas microscópicas observadas foram os gêneros Chrysochromulina, Ankistrodesmus, Scenedesmus, Cosmarium, Navicula, Eunotia, Cryptomonas, Closterium, Gomphonema, Pinnularia, Pleurotaenium, Arthrospira, Oedogonium, Euastrum, Monoraphidium, Staurastrum, Pleurotaenium, Mallomonas e Chlamydomonas. De acordo com a tabela Carlson (Índice de Estado Trófico) a Nascente e o Lago das Nascentes são considerados oligotróficos, enquanto que o Lago dos Bugios e o das Ninféias, mesotróficos. A primeira ação do projeto, um curso teórico-prático, buscou-se integrar os professores do ensino básico em temas relacionados ao meio ambiente, particularmente naqueles de maior relevância aos profissionais atuantes no Jardim Botânico. Posteriormente, os professores participaram de ações para formatação de instrumentos educativos para visitação monitorada ao jardim, que resultaram na elaboração de um manual de visitação do professor, contendo um mapa da área de visitação e explicações de placas sinalizadoras. Para o núcleo de educação ambiental do Jardim Botânico foi disponibilizada a estrutura básica de um curso de capacitação de professores do ensino básico em temas sobre o meio ambiente, bem como a documentação fotográfica da área estudada, os critérios para a admissão de visita monitorada e os procedimentos para adequação do local da Nascente do Riacho do Ipiranga à visitação pública. Finalmente, deve-se ressaltar que o tema escolhido para a realização dessa dissertação de mestrado foi originado da percepção dos pesquisadores do Instituto de Botânica em destacar a importância do Jardim Botânico através de seus sistemas hídricos, e como poderiam ser utilizados como instrumento educativo nas escolas de São Paulo. Nesse sentido, optou-se por enriquecer o clássico foco dado aos jardins botânicos em todo o mundo, no qual a maioria dos visitantes apenas observa a vegetação local e exótica. Assim, pode-se afirmar que o trabalho empreendido se constituirá em uma contribuição ao professor com a missão de inserir a dimensão ambiental nas mais variadas disciplinas do ensino básico.

Avaliação da contaminação microbiológica de drogas vegetais e potencial descontaminação por plasma

A qualidade, eficácia e segurança no emprego de drogas vegetais dependem, entre outras questões, de sua qualidade sanitária. Sua origem e manuseio, em condições no geral inadequadas, propiciam biocarga elevada e abrangente, o que implica riscos para saúde. O presente trabalho objetivou conhecimento da microbiota das plantas estudadas e o desenvolvimento de estudos de sua descontaminação por plasma, tendo-se analisado os parâmetros físicos que influenciaram este processo. O projeto possibilitou a descontaminação de drogas vegetais com alta carga microbiana. Estudou-se a alcachofra (Cynara scolymus L.), camomila (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert.), ginco (Ginkgo biloba L.) e guaraná (Paullinia cupana Kunth), adotando parâmetros de processo que alegadamente permitem a integridade dos princípios ativos termossensíveis. Para isso, foi empregado reator disponível no Laboratório de Sistemas Integráveis, pertecente à Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo, em sistema com acoplamento capacitivo modo RIE (Reactive Ion Etching). Neste sistema, trabalhou-se com oxigênio adicionado de peróxido de hidrogênio. Todos os processos de descontaminação foram desenvolvidos a temperatura ambiente, sob diferentes parâmetros físicos complementares. A eficácia do processo foi investigada, empregando-se contagem de microrganismos heterotróficos, assim como pesquisa de indicadores de patogênicos (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli). As avaliações microbiológicas, quantitativas e qualitativas, assim como os estudos decorrentes dos dados obtidos, foram desenvolvidos no Laboratório de Controle Biológico da Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas - USP. Os resultados obtidos após a descontaminação por plasma de oxigênio (100%), a potência de 150 W, evidenciaram redução de até 4 ciclos de aeróbicos totais. No processo por plasma peróxido de hidrogênio (20%) e oxigênio (80%), a uma potência de 150 W, observou-se a redução de até 4 ciclos log de aeróbios totais para as drogas vegetais deste estudo. A presença de substâncias químicas complexas da camomila, que contêm óleo volátil, flavonóides, aminoácidos, ácidos graxos, sais minerais, cumarinas, mucilagens e ácidos orgânicos, interferem no processo por plasma provavelmente em decorrência de a mucilagem formar um filme protetor, impedindo a difusão gasosa em ambos os processos por plasma. Assim, não só a camomila mas também o guaraná, com biocargas iniciais respectivamente de 6,6x106 UFC/g e 2,7x106 UFC/g, mantiveram-se com níveis de contaminação da mesma ordem de grandeza, após os desafios com plasma. A contagem bacteriana da alcachofra (fornecedor B), que foi submetida ao processo de descontaminação através do plasma O2 (100%), (potência de 150 W, pressão de 100 mTorr e vazão de 200 sccm), sofreu redução de dez vezes, independentemente do tempo do processo. Possivelmente este resultado, que aparenta inconsistência, decorre da ação apenas superficial do plasma. A descontaminação por processo de plasma de oxigênio e de peróxido de hidrogênio para a alcachofra (fornecedor B) não foi eficaz, devido à predominância de elementos lignificados. As amostras de alcachofra (fornecedor C), com baixa percentagem de vasos de xilema lignificados e fibras lignificadas evidenciaram a maior eficácia do processo por plasma, pois possibilitou grande difusão gasosa sobre as amostras. O estudo permitiu ainda concluir que à aplicabilidade do plasma na descontaminação de drogas vegetais depende da resistência dos microrganismos, mas igualmente das características da planta, sejam aquelas de natureza morfoanatômica, enzimática ou química. Estudos específicos devem ser desenvolvidos para cada situação.

Desempenho de fosfitos de potássio no manejo de mofo branco em soja

Soybean plays an important role in the Brazilian agriculture being one of the products most exported by the country. Its yield may be affected by diseases such as white mold, caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Lib. de Bary, which, under favorable field conditions prevents the crop of expressing all its productive potential. The fungus is cosmopolitan and infects more than 400 species of plants. This disease is difficult to control, and the use of chemicals has not been sufficient to avoid significant losses, thus, this products are expensive and may cause environmental damage. Alternative methods, such as foliar fertilizers based on potassium phosphite, can also be used in the management of this disease. In this context, this work aimed to study different sources of potassium phosphite and its effects in the control of white mold in soybeans, as well as the time of application in culture, its action in inducing plants defense responses and/or its influence over the seeds quality. The effect of phosphites, over the pathogen, was evaluated in vitro, on mycelial inhibition, the mass of dry mycelium and germination of sclerotia. In all tests, the following phosphites were utilized: Phosphite A (P2O5-40%; K2O-20% - 1 L/ha); Phosphite B (P2O5-40%; K2O-28% - 1 L/ha); Phosphite C (P2O5-40%; K2O-20% - 1 L/ha) e Phosphite D (P2O5-30%; K2O-20% - 2,4 L/ha). At the induction of resistance tests were evaluated the synthesis of phytoalexin in soybean cotyledons and the enzymes FAL and POX evaluated in seedlings in growing chamber, sprayed with phosphites and the fungicide fluazinam. Field experiment was carried out at Coronel Domingos Soares-PR, in the 2012/2013 season, in an area with natural infestation of the pathogen. Soybean cultivar BMX Active was no-till seeded with 0,5m between rows. The experimental was laid out as a factorial 5 x 4 scheme (treatment x application time). Phosphites sources were used, as described above, and water was sprayed in the control treatment. Treatments were applied at four different growth stages: V4, V4 + R1, R1 and R2 at the rates recommended by the manufacturer. Soybean yield components and seeds and health and physiological quality were evaluated after harvesting. None of the tested phosphites affected mycelial growth and sclerotia germination or influenced phytoalexin synthesis. Phosphites C and D stood out due to an increasing in the phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity 48 hours after its inoculation. These same products also induced the synthesis and peroxidases and phosphite C kept the levels of this enzyme elevated up to 72 hours after inoculation. At the field trials, phosphites C and D stood out in the control of white mold. There was no significant interaction of potassium phosphite on physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds.

Effects of severity of threshing damage on seed quality of Gatton panic Panicum maximum)

Different degrees of severity of threshing were imposed during combine-harvesting of seed of Gatton panic, a cultivar of Panicum maximum , to determine effects of degree of threshing damage on subsequent properties of seed. Threshing cylinder peripheral speeds and concave clearances covering the normal range employed commercially were varied experimentally in the harvest of 2 crops grown in north Queensland. Harvested seed was dried and cleaned, then stored under ambient conditions. The extent of physical damage was measured, and samples were tested at intervals for viability, germination, dormancy and seedling emergence from soil in a glasshouse and in the field over the 2 seasons following harvest. Physical damage increased as peripheral rotor speed rose and (though less markedly) as concave clearance was reduced. As the level of damage increased, viability was progressively reduced, life expectancy was shortened, and dormancy was broken. When the consequences were measured as seedling emergence from soil, the adverse effects on viability tended to cancel out the benefits of dormancy-breaking, leaving few net differences attributable to the degree of threshing severity. We concluded that there would be no value in trying to manipulate the quality of seed produced for normal commercial use through choice of cylinder settings, but that deliberate light or heavy threshing could benefit special-purpose seed, destined, respectively, for long-term storage or immediate use.

Chickpeas! Varietal performance, wet feet and root rot, virus and salinity effects in 2012, Ascochyta management, seed quality, issues in central Queensland and effects of desiccating too early with glyphosate on seed germination

Take home messages: Plant only high quality seed that has been germ and vigour tested and treated with a registered seed dressing Avoid poorly drained paddocks and those with a history of lucerne, medics or chickpea Phytophthora root rot, PRR; do not grow Boundary if you even suspect a PRR risk Select best variety suited to soil type, farming system and disease risk Beware Ascochyta: follow recommendations for your variety and district Minimise risk of virus by retaining stubble, planting on time and at optimal rate, controlling weeds and ensuring adequate plant nutrition Test soil to determine risk of salinity and sodicity – do not plant chickpeas if ECe > 1.0-1.3 dS/m. Beware early desiccation of seed crops – know how to tell when 90-95% seeds are mature

Management of broodstock and quality control of fish seed in Hungary

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) breeding has a long tradition in Hungary. However, recent economic changes in Eastern Europe and new developments in aquaculture necessitated the need for ensuring quality of the brood stock used in hatcheries and the legal and institutional frameworks needed to implement the program. In addition to good research and development programs and gene banking, it became essential to establish an appropriate legal framework, organize, coordinate and control breeding activities, and provide financial support. It was a major breakthrough for carp breeding when C.carpio was recognized as one of the cultivated animals in the Animal Breeding Act in 1993. The Carp Breeding Section of the Hungarian Fish Producers Association plays an important role in carp breeding programs. Thirteen breeding farms of the Carp Breeding Section have 24 certified C.carpio varieties. In Hungary, about 80 % of the seed used as stocking for commercial production are from high quality certified breeders.