How do Researchers Find and Retrieve Scientific Publications – A Case study of the Impact of the Internet on the Construction IT and Construction Management Research Communities

The World Wide Web provides the opportunity for a radically changed and much more efficient communication process for scientific results. A survey in the closely related domains of construction information technology and construction management was conducted in February 2000, aimed at measuring to what extent these opportunities are already changing the scientific information exchange and how researchers feel about the changes. The paper presents the results based on 236 replies to an extensive Web based questionnaire. 65% of the respondents stated their primary research interest as IT in A/E/C and 20% as construction management and economics. The questions dealt with how researchers find, access and read different sources; how much and what publications they read; how often and to which conferences they travel; how much they publish, and what are the criteria for where they eventually decide to publish. Some of the questions confronted traditional and electronic publishing with one final section dedicated to opinions about electronic publishing. According to the survey researchers already download half of the material that they read digitally from the Web. The most popular method for retrieving an interesting publication is downloading it for free from the author’s or publisher’s website. Researchers are not particularly willing to pay for electronic scientific publications. There is much support for a scenario of electronic journals available totally freely on the Web, where the costs could be covered by for instance professional societies or the publishing university. The shift that the Web is causing seems to be towards the "just in time" reading of literature. Also, frequent users of the Web rely less on scientific publications and tend to read fewer articles. If available with little effort, papers published in traditional journals are preferred; if not, the papers should be on the Web. In these circumstances, the role of paper-based journals published by established publishers is shifting from the core "information exchange" to the building of authors' prestige. The respondents feel they should build up their reputations by publishing in journals and relevant conferences, but then make their work freely available on the Web.

Scientific rationale toward cupola design

Numerous improvements in cupola design and operation have been made in the past to increase productivity, spout temperature and fuel efficiency. However, these improvements have been based on practice and experience. The present work establishes a scientific rationale for cupola design and operation using a mathematical model. The improved performance of a divided-blast cupola over the conventional one has been successfully explained by the model. Performance of a cupola, as influenced by the important design parameter--the distance of separation between the two rows of tuyeres and operational parameters, such as size of coke and metallic charge, blast rate and charge level--was analyzed. For a divided-blast cupola, an optimum distance of 800-900 mm separation between the two rows of tuyeres was found to be ideal, irrespective of the size of cupola.

Scientific and technological aspects of fixed bed biomass gasification

In recent years new emphasis has been placed on problems of the environmental aspects of waste disposal, especially investigating alternatives to landfill, sea dumping and incineration. There is also a strong emphasis on clean, economic and efficient processes for electric power generation. These two topics may at first appear unrelated. Nevertheless, the technological advances are now such that a solution to both can be combined in a novel approach to power generation based on waste-derived fuels, including refuse-derived fuel (RDF) and sludge power (SP) by utilising a slagging gasifier and advance fuel technology (AFT). The most appropriate gasification technique for such waste utilisation is the British Gas/Lurgi (BGL) high pressure, fixed bed slagging gasifier where operation on a range of feedstocks has been well-documented. This gasifier is particularly amenable to briquette fuel feeding and, operating in an integrated gasification combined cycle mode (IGCC), is particularly advantageous. Here, the author details how this technology has been applied to Britain's first AFT-IGCC Power Station which is now under development at Fife Energy Ltd., in Scotland, the former British Gas Westfield Development Centre.

Moralidad, ética y ciencias

El panorama científico contemporáneo se nos manifiesta con una pronunciada asepsia con respecto a toda relación axiológica y una carencia notable de regulación ético-normativa, preocupando, en especial, el funcionamiento de las ciencias que tienen al hombre, directa o indirectamente, como sujeto de tratamiento. Una vez más, como en las épocas más puras de mecanicismo científico, el dato sensible, la reducción matemática (o lógico-matemática) y la expresión sólo teórica del pensamiento, se presentan como ingredientes necesarios y suficientes para alcanzar la verdad y la certeza. En este contexto, tanto a la Ética como a la Filosofía Moral le significa un gran esfuerzo obtener un lugar y ostentar alguna función propiamente científica en el cuadro de los saberes, hasta el extremo de sufrir el desprestigio o acusaciones de ilegitimidad, con la lógica consecuencia de no poder brindar bases sólidas a un ethos del científico, es decir, al proceder moralmente digno en la vida del científico.

Miles Christi : la construcción del Ethos en el “Fortalitium Fidei” de Alonso de Espina (Castilla, siglo XV)

Resumen: El fraile castellano Alonso de Espina redacta c. 1460 una voluminosa obra titulada Fortalitium Fidei, conocida por sus duras invectivas contra los “enemigos de la fe”: judíos, herejes judaizantes, sarracenos y demonios. Con todo, el presente trabajo no se ocupa de estudiar el modo en que el discurso de Espina discurre acerca de los distintos enemigos de la ecclesia Dei sino de analizar el lugar concedido por el fraile castellano al defensor de la fe por antonomasia: a saber, el predicador de la palabra divina. Haciendo uso de la teoría polifónica de la enunciación y de contribuciones recientes en torno a la noción de ethos, se examina, en particular, el modo en que Alonso de Espina asume discursivamente la investidura de predicador evangélico, soldado de Cristo, para legitimar su propio decir y, también, el modo en que dicha identificación permite delinear, por contraste, la figura del hereje, uno de los principales adversarios que combate el fraile castellano.

The scientific project of the small satellite of china

The efforts involved in developing a small satellite for scientific purposes in China in recent years are introduced in the present paper. The project is arranged on a case to case principle depending upon requirements and financial support. The space technology of a satellite and rockets, which have been developed over a relatively longer period in China, have been transferred to the scientific research of small satellites for improvement of the quality requirements. The surplus payloads of the rocket and satellite are used as the payloads of the small satellite and scientific experiments at a low cost. As an example, the project of balloon satellites for atmospheric research was successfully completed in 1991. The experience of the project management is of great benefit for further organization and arrangement of other projects. Opportunities exist for surplus payloads to be used in the future, and a small satellite for magnetospheric research will be launched in 1993.