A general design method for electric machines using magnetic circuit model considering the flux saturation problem

This paper proposes an analytical approach that is generalized for the design of various types of electric machines based on a physical magnetic circuit model. Conventional approaches have been used to predict the behavior of electric machines but have limitations in accurate flux saturation analysis and hence machine dimensioning at the initial design stage. In particular, magnetic saturation is generally ignored or compensated by correction factors in simplified models since it is difficult to determine the flux in each stator tooth for machines with any slot-pole combinations. In this paper, the flux produced by stator winding currents can be calculated accurately and rapidly for each stator tooth using the developed model, taking saturation into account. This aids machine dimensioning without the need for a computationally expensive finite element analysis (FEA). A 48-slot machine operated in induction and doubly-fed modes is used to demonstrate the proposed model. FEA is employed for verification.

Gain saturation effects of a flowing chemical oxygen-iodine laser

A new oxygen-iodine medium gain model is developed to include pumping and deactivation of the upper laser levels of the iodine atoms, hyperfine and translation relaxation, as well as the flowing effect. The rate equations for gain of a supersonic flowing cw oxygen-iodine laser (COIL) are described when the medium is stimulated by a single-mode field. The general solution of the self-consistency integral equation is obtained. The result shows that the saturation behaviour in low pressure of the COIL differs from both the inhomogeneous and homogeneous broadening, and exhibits an 'anomalous' saturation phenomenon.

Saturation impulses for dynamically loaded structures with finite-deflections

The concept of ''Saturation Impulse'' for rigid, perfectly plastic structures with finite-deflections subjected to dynamic loading was put forward by Zhao, Yu and Fang (1994a). This paper extends the concept of Saturation Impulse to the analysis of structures such as simply supported circular plates, simply supported and fully clamped square plates, and cylindrical shells subjected to rectangular pressure pulses in the medium load range. Both upper and lower bounds of nondimensional saturation impulses are presented.

Gain saturation in gas flow and chemical lasers

A theoretical model for gain saturation in gas flow and chemical lasers is presented. The theory is applicable to all possible numerical values of τ/τc, where τ is the characteristie flow time for the flowing gas to move across the laser action region and τc is the characteristic collision relaxation time. The saturation effects of the convection and the "source flow" of the inverted population are revealed. A general relation of gain coefficient and some new gain saturation laws are obtained. For the special case of τ/τc1, the present theoretical results agree with the experimental results on the "anomalous" saturation phenomena in the supersonic diffusion HF chemical laser determined recently by Gross and Coffer[8]. The theory also agrees with the measured results of saturation intensity varying with τ/τc in gas flow CO2 lasers[7]. For the special case of τ/τc1, the present theory is consistent with both the standard theory[1] for gas lasers where the gas has no macroscopic motion and the known gain saturation theory[2-5] for gas flow and chemical lasers.

Early Functional Deficit and Microglial Disturbances in a Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

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Understanding Tariff Deficit and its Challenges

Regulators and market participants have become increasingly concerned about the Spanish electricity tariff deficit due to its size and the difficulties to control its growth. The deficit can be traced to inefficiencies in market organization and solutions should be designed to mitigate those inefficiencies. Tariff deficits have allowed for the transfer of part of the present costs of electricity services to future consumers, but this situation has reached a limit and a deep revision of regulation in this market cannot be postponed. In general, solutions that interfere with market prices and signals are not appropriate.

Damping and saturation of a second order electron plasma wave echo

A description is given of experimental work on the damping of a second order electron plasma wave echo due to velocity space diffusion in a low temperature magnetoplasma. Sufficient precision was obtained to verify the theoretically predicted cubic rather than quadratic or quartic dependence of the damping on exciter separation. Compared to the damping predicted for Coulomb collisions in a thermal plasma in an infinite magnetic field, the magnitude of the damping was approximately as predicted, while the velocity dependence of the damping was weaker than predicted. The discrepancy is consistent with the actual non-Maxwellian electron distribution of the plasma.

In conjunction with the damping work, echo amplitude saturation was measured as a function of the velocity of the electrons contributing to the echo. Good agreement was obtained with the predicted J₁ Bessel function amplitude dependence, as well as a demonstration that saturation did not influence the damping results.