Water table waves in an unconfined aquifer: Experiments and modeling

[1] Comprehensive measurements are presented of the piezometric head in an unconfined aquifer during steady, simple harmonic oscillations driven by a hydrostatic clear water reservoir through a vertical interface. The results are analyzed and used to test existing hydrostatic and nonhydrostatic, small-amplitude theories along with capillary fringe effects. As expected, the amplitude of the water table wave decays exponentially. However, the decay rates and phase lags indicate the influence of both vertical flow and capillary effects. The capillary effects are reconciled with observations of water table oscillations in a sand column with the same sand. The effects of vertical flows and the corresponding nonhydrostatic pressure are reasonably well described by small-amplitude theory for water table waves in finite depth aquifers. That includes the oscillation amplitudes being greater at the bottom than at the top and the phase lead of the bottom compared with the top. The main problems with respect to interpreting the measurements through existing theory relate to the complicated boundary condition at the interface between the driving head reservoir and the aquifer. That is, the small-amplitude, finite depth expansion solution, which matches a hydrostatic boundary condition between the bottom and the mean driving head level, is unrealistic with respect to the pressure variation above this level. Hence it cannot describe the finer details of the multiple mode behavior close to the driving head boundary. The mean water table height initially increases with distance from the forcing boundary but then decreases again, and its asymptotic value is considerably smaller than that previously predicted for finite depth aquifers without capillary effects. Just as the mean water table over-height is smaller than predicted by capillarity-free shallow aquifer models, so is the amplitude of the second harmonic. In fact, there is no indication of extra second harmonics ( in addition to that contained in the driving head) being generated at the interface or in the interior.

Eu só quero chocolate : um estudo sobre a importância de aspectos pessoais e contextuais no consumo de chocolate

Muitos alimentos são conhecidos apenas em alguns grupos humanos, por diversas razões. Outros, entretanto, tornaram-se praticamente universais, sendo conhecidos e apreciados em quase todas as sociedades humanas com condições econômicas que permitam sua inclusão no âmbito do comércio internacional. Um deles, em especial, está no foco de interesse da presente investigação. Não se trata de alimento relevante para a composição dos hábitos alimentares cotidianos em qualquer grupo humano, mas que ocupa posição privilegiada em termos de preferência em diferentes lugares do mundo: o chocolate. O presente trabalho buscou conhecer e analisar fatores que influenciam o consumo de chocolate de um conjunto de pessoas e as modalidades de explicação ou justificação que apresentam para o seu padrão de consumo e para o tipo de interesse que têm pelo chocolate. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário com 62 questões fechadas e 1 questão aberta - que utilizou a técnica da evocação. Participaram 313 homens e mulheres, a maioria na faixa etária entre 16 e 25 anos. Foram exploradas variáveis como situação sócio-econômica, peso corporal, estado de saúde, frequência e quantidade de chocolate consumido, preferência em relação ao consumo de alimentos em geral, além de terem sido verificadas quais situações os participantes admitem estarem associadas a variações no padrão de consumo de chocolate, tendo sido incluídas tanto situações estressantes quanto relaxantes. Foram abordados também alguns pontos considerados controversos a respeito do consumo de chocolate, que são objeto de interesse científico e merecem grande atenção dos meios de comunicação. Houve interesse especial na discussão das diferenças encontradas quando os padrões de consumo de homens e mulheres são comparados. Ficou evidente, no grupo de participantes, que a influência de muitos dos aspectos considerados sobre o consumo do chocolate não se processam de forma idêntica sobre homens e mulheres. Confirma-se a grande difusão cultural da ideia de que mulheres comem mais chocolate que homens e que a seleção de alimentos feminina é mais sensível a fatores associados a variações de estados afetivos, o que pode ter papel na discussão de dependências e transtornos alimentares. Em consonância com a literatura sobre comportamento alimentar, os dados apoiam a proposição de que é insuficiente considerar apenas fatores culturais ou biológicos, de maneira isolada, para explicar os motivos que levam ao consumo de determinados alimentos.

Os Media Participativos e a importância do Cidadão e da Instituição enquanto Marcas mobilizadoras na área da Oncologia

Present paper aims at surveying the relevance that brands and identities may have in participatory platforms in the context of oncology. Despite the fact that these platforms provide the same tools to citizens and institutions alike, their capacity for mobilization is distinct. In general, institutions seem to be more successful, although this is not always the case. Discussing the concept of brand and identity, as well as understanding how the differences between citizens and institutions may blur within the context of new media, may contribute to answering the above question. We anchor our analysis on the study of social network Facebook, oncological institutions and citizen support groups, and various health studies. The ultimate goal will be the clarification of the importance of brands and identity as a contributive factor towards new solutions in participatory media

Responsabilidade Criminal por Dinheiros Públicos, Branqueamento de Capitais/Lavagem de Dinheiro e Direitos Sociais

Em termos de dinheiros públicos, devemos ter em consideração a necessidade de ter que existir uma boa governança. É importante a participação. Também a transparência. E se os direitos e deveres sociais fundamentais estão interligados, não é menos verdade que é preciso a apresentação de boas contas à população. E aqui temos que falar também em plena responsabilidade pública. Num sentido lato, podemos falar num princípio geral de anticorrupção. O mau uso dos dinheiros públicos pode conduzir à responsabilidade de índole criminal. O crime de branqueamento/lavagem, um crime secundário, pode ter por origem ilícitos e/ou crimes que se relacionam com a utilização indevida de dinheiros públicos. A responsabilidade financeira e criminal pode aliás constituir um incremento na boa gestão dos dinheiros públicos. Deste modo – não tendo o direito penal finalidades de promoção ou de “combate”, mas ainda assim retributivos, preventivos gerais e especiais positivos e restaurativos -, podemos estar a caminhar para uma melhor concretização dos direitos, e dos deveres, que são garantidos do ponto de vista constitucional-constitucional. Afinal, todas as áreas do direito, são peças do mesmo jogo de xadrez. O Tribunal Constitucional em Portugal, o Supremo Tribunal Federal no Brasil, o Supremo Tribunal de Justiça em Portugal, o Superior Tribunal de Justiça no Brasil, os Tribunais de Contas em ambos os países. § In terms of public money, we should take into account the need to have to be good governance. It is important to participate. Also transparency. And if fundamental rights and social duties are interrelated, it is also true that we need to present good accounts to the population. And here we must also speak in full public accountability. In a broad sense, we can speak of a general principle of anti-corruption. The misuse of public funds can lead to criminal nature of responsibility. The crime of money laundering, a secondary crime, may have as illicit origin and / or crimes that relate to the misuse of public funds. The financial and criminal liability may in fact be an increase in the sound management of public funds. Thus - not having the criminal law purposes of promotion or "combat", but still remunerative, general and special preventive and restorative positive - we may be heading for a better realization of the rights, and duties, which are guaranteed the constitutional-constitutional point of view. After all, all areas of the law are parts of the same game of chess. The Constitutional Court in Portugal, the Supreme Court in Brazil, the Supreme Court in Portugal, the Superior Court of Justice in Brazil, the Audit Courts in both countries.

Possible consequences of increasing life expectancy in Brazil: the perspective of a European historical demographer

Those over sixty years of age accounted for 6.6% of the total population of Brazil in 1985, in the Federal Republic of Germany this proportion was 20.3% in 1984. As early as 1950 it had been 14.5%. This proportion will not even be reached in Brazil in the year 2000 when persons aged sixty years and older are only projected to make up 8.8% of the total population. Similarly, in 1982/84 life expectancy at birth in the Federal Republic was 70.8 years for men and 77.5 for women; in Brazil the figures for 1980/85 were, by contrast, "only" 61.0 and 66.0. Against this background it is easy to understand why the discussion concerning an ageing society with its many related medical, economic, individual and social problems has been so slow in coming into its own in Brazil. As important as a more intensive consideration of these aspects may be in Brazil at present, they are, nevertheless, only one side of the story. For a European historical demographer with a long-term perspective of three of four hundred years, the other side of the story is just as important. The life expectancy which is almost ten years lower in Brazil is not a result of the fact that no one in Brazil lives to old age. In 1981 people sixty-five years and older accounted for 34.4% of all deaths! At the same time infants accounted for only 22.1% of total mortality. They are responsible, along with the "premature" deaths among youths and adults, for the low, "average" life expectancy figure. In Europe, by contrast, these "premature" deaths no longer play much of a role. In 1982/84 more than half of the women (52.8%) in the Federal Republic of Germany lived to see their eightieth birthdays and almost half of the men (47.3%) lived to see their seventy-fifth. Our biological existence is guaranteed to an extent today that would have been unthinkable a few generations ago. Then, the classic troika of "plague, hunger and war" threatened our forefathers all the time and everywhere. The radical transition from the formerly uncertain to a present-day certain lifetime, which is the result of the repression of "plague, hunger and war", led to unexpected consequences for our living together. Our forefathers were forced to live in closely knit Gemeinschaften in the interest of physical survival and to subordinate their egoistic goals to a common value, but now these pressures have, for the most part, fallen away. Correspondingly, this much more certain EGO has taken center stage. An ever greater number of us chooses to live life as single beings: the number of marriages is lower every year; the number of divorces is on the increase; in Berlin (West) more than half (sic! 52.3%) of all households are already composed on only one person. For the last dozen years the annual number of births in the Federal Republic has been insufficient to ensure population replacement. Not a population explosion but rather the opposite, a population implosion, is our problem. Human beings do not appear to be "social animals", as was axiomatically assumed for so long. They were only forced to behave as such for as long as "plague, hunger and war" forced them to do so. When these life endangering conditions no longer exist and life becomes certain even without their being integrated into a Gemeinschaft then humans suddenly show themselves more and more to be independent single beings. It is not the percentage of the population that is over sixty or sixty-five that is decisive in this context but rather how certain adults perceive their biological lives to be, since they are the ones who organize their lives, who build communities or who are ever more often willing only to enter into means-to-an-end personal unions without lasting or close ties and mutual responsibilities. There are many signs which seem to point to a development in this direction in Brazil as well. More and more adults in Brazil are caught up in the deep-seated transition from an uncertain to a certain lifetime. A third of them die after having reached their sixty-fifth birthday. It therefore seems to me to be high time that one began to give more consideration to the other side of the story in Brazil as well. And who is more suited intensively to consider the long-term perspectives than those engaged in the public health sector in whose competence, after all, such aspects, as "life certainty", "life expectancy" and "age at death" belong?

Beyond time and oblivion : Sir Robert Sidney’s autograph manuscript

Dealing with ancient manuscript or old printed texts often constitutes a difficult task, especially to philologists and editors, for two main reasons: the precarious state of preservation of the documents and the uncertainty regarding their origin, authenticity and authorship. These problems are aggravated by spurious versions, due to the publication of truncated works, poorly supervised miscellanies and non-authorised editions. Sir Robert Sidney’s literary text constitutes an exception amidst such vicissitudes, once the original corpus is wholly contained in a notebook exhibiting the organisation and unity conceived by the author himself. Today, there is no evidence that any loose poems, either autograph or copied by amanuenses, were in circulation among members of the Elizabethan court society. The notebook was kept in private collections for four centuries, which probably explains why it was so well preserved. In fact, only in 1984 would P.J. Croft’s fine edition bring the youngest Sidney’s Poems into light. In this work, I approach Croft’s perceptive, accurate philological study that eventually rescued from oblivion a remarkable piece both of the Elizabethan lyric poetry and of the English Renaissance, and, at the same time, look into Robert Sidney’s peculiar, careful and original formatting of his own autograph manuscript.

On righteousness and dignity : two challenging issues since early modern times

Concepts such as righteousness, equality, tolerance and freedom are nowadays considered fundamental issues that should prevail in any society. Balance and righteousness thrive however on a very thin layer. We are, in fact, living in an era of duality and antithetical paradigms. This essay approaches two Renaissance authors who dealt with the same matters in their works, at a very different time and through different ways of reflection: Thomas More and Sir Walter Raleigh.

SIAT:sistema de informações e alertas de trânsito

A evolução tecnológica e das sociedades permitiu que, hoje em dia, uma boa parte da população tenha acesso a dispositivos móveis com funcionalidades avançadas. Com este tipo de dispositivos, temos acesso a inúmeras fontes de informação em tempo-real, mas esta característica ainda não é, hoje em dia, aproveitada na sua totalidade. Este projecto tenta tirar partido desta realidade para, utilizando os diversos dispositivos móveis, criar uma rede de troca de informações de trânsito. O utilizador apenas necessita de servir-se do seu dispositivo móvel para, automaticamente, obter as mais recentes informações de trânsito enquanto, paralelamente, partilha com os outros utilizadores a sua informação. Apesar de existirem outras alternativas no mercado, com soluções que permitem usufruir do mesmo tipo de funcionalidades, nenhuma utiliza este tipo de dispositivos (GPS’s convencionais, por exemplo). Um dos requisitos necessário na implementação deste projecto é uma solução de geocoding. Após terem sido testadas várias soluções, nenhuma cumpria, na totalidade, os requisitos deste projecto, o que originou o desenvolvimento de uma nova solução que cumpre esses requisitos. A solução é, toda ela, muito modular, formada por vários componentes, cada um com responsabilidades bem identificadas. A arquitectura desta solução baseia-se nos padrões de desenvolvimento de uma Service Oriented Architecture. Todos os componentes disponibilizam as suas operações através de web services, e a sua descoberta recorre ao protocolo WS-Discovery. Estes vários componentes podem ser divididos em duas categorias: os do núcleo, responsáveis por criar e oferecer as funcionalidades requisitadas neste projecto e os módulos externos, nos quais se incluem as aplicações que apresentam as funcionalidades ao utilizador. Foram criadas duas formas de consumir a informação oferecida pelo serviço SIAT: a aplicação móvel e um website. No âmbito dos dispositivos móveis, foi desenvolvida uma aplicação para o sistema operativo Windows Phone 7.

A energia das ondas e o seu aproveitamento

As crises energéticas surgidas no decorrer do último século, incluindo a crise do petróleo, obrigaram o Homem a procurar cada vez mais fontes de energia alternativas e preferencialmente inesgotáveis. Desta situação, resultou uma forte aposta na exploração das fontes de energias renováveis, que são uma das principais alternativas para responder a um aumento de procura, e também, face às exigências de consumos actuais, beneficiando de ao se apostar numa energia limpa e renovável existir uma forte redução nos impactes ambientais que outras fontes de energia não apresentam. O aproveitamento dos recursos provenientes de fontes de energia renováveis para a produção de energia já existe há vários anos, e, em alguns casos, atingiram já um estado de maturidade considerável, como é caso da energia eólica. Em comparação, o mesmo já não acontece com a energia das ondas. Embora o oceano apresente um recurso com enorme potencial para ser explorado, incluindo as ondas e correntes oceânicas, os dispositivos tecnológicos necessários para a exploração deste recurso encontram-se maioritariamente ainda em fase experimental, havendo casos pontuais que atingiram a fase pré-comercial. Assim, não existe até à data um dispositivo padrão para a exploração da energia das ondas em grande escala, contrariamente ao que acontece com a energia eólica. Para esta situação, contribuiu o elevado número de dispositivos patenteados para a exploração da energia das ondas, nenhum deles com vantagens significativas relativamente a outros, e também, devido ao facto de a exploração deste tipo de energia não poder ser feito de igual modo na costa ou a muitos quilómetros dela. Na presente dissertação são apresentados alguns dos principais dispositivos existentes para a extracção de energia proveniente das ondas oceânicas, com especial atenção para os dispositivos de coluna de água oscilante.

Análise dos métodos de medição dos parâmetros geométricos de via e correlação entre os dados obtidos

A razão atribuída à escolha do tema do T.F.M. em Caminhos-de-ferro, tem a ver com o facto de ser uma via de comunicação específica. Contrariamente ao que acontece na execução de auto-estradas, no caminho-de-ferro, a gestora da infra-estrutura responsabiliza-se pela execução, exploração (sinalização e controlo de circulação), abastecimento de energia fornecida às vias que dispõem de catenária (tracção eléctrica), manutenção e conservação da via. O processo de análise e inspecção de geometria de via, é usado quando e necessário preservar a infra-estrutura. Este processo iniciou-se nos caminhos-de-ferro portugueses, há muitos anos, depois da inauguração do primeiro troco de linha férrea. A primeira viagem ocorre em Outubro de 1856, sendo o início do processo em 1968, com a dresina “Matisa PV-6”. Em 1991 a C.P. adquiriu outro veículo de inspecção de via, tendo sido escolhido o VIV02 EM 120 da marca Plasser & Theurer, para substituir “Matisa PV-6”. O tema Análise dos Métodos de Medição dos Parâmetros Geométricos de Via e Correlação entre os Dados Obtidos está directamente relacionado com a manutenção e conservação de via. Na Unidade Operacional Sul (hoje ROS – Região Operacional Sul), local onde desenvolvi o T.F.M., não existem obras de construção de caminhos-de-ferro que pudesse acompanhar e constituir tema para o meu trabalho. Na realidade, com a falta de investimento que se perspectiva no futuro próximo, a manutenção da infra-estrutura passa a ser a actividade principal desenvolvida pela REFER, de modo a assegurar a comodidade, segurança e rapidez na deslocação de cargas e pessoas. A Analise Geométrica de Via e actualmente uma das principais actividades no âmbito da manutenção, que é feita por diagnóstico, contrariamente ao que acontecia no passado em que a conservação metódica era realizada num determinado ano num troço seleccionado independentemente da necessidade ou não da mesma. Uma ajuda preciosa, no que se refere à decisão de se realizar um determinado trabalho de conservação, e a do veículo VIV02 EM 120 que faz inspeções ao longo de toda a rede ferroviária e permite recolher dados e classificar através do desvio padrão, troços com extensão de 200 metros, obtendo os dados relevantes sobre a necessidade de intervenção. Para além do referido veículo existem também equipamentos ligeiros de inspecção dos parâmetros geométricos de via. Um desses equipamentos designa-se por Trólei, não sendo motorizado, pois o mesmo é movido manualmente por um operador. Obviamente que este equipamento não faz a inspecção a toda a rede pois a operação de medição é morosa, sendo contudo utilizado para análise de defeitos geométricos em pequenos trocos, tornando-se assim uma mais-valia, evitando o deslocar de um equipamento “pesado” como o VIV 02 EM 120. Para atingir os objectivos deste trabalho realizaram-se testes de medição com ambos (veiculo e equipamento ligeiro), no mesmo espaço temporal e com as mesmas características físicas, como a temperatura, humidade etc. Os resultados, de acordo com os objectivos, são a comparação entre as medições de ambos, com vista a comprovar a sua utilidade e necessidade, de acordo com os vários tipos de superstruturas constituintes da rede ferroviária nacional.

On the moroccan tsunami catalogue

A primary tool for regional tsunami hazard assessment is a reliable historical and instrumental catalogue of events. Morocco by its geographical situation, with two marine sides, stretching along the Atlantic coast to the west and along the Mediterranean coast to the north, is the country of Western Africa most exposed to the risk of tsunamis. Previous information on tsunami events affecting Morocco are included in the Iberian and/or the Mediterranean lists of tsunami events, as it is the case of the European GITEC Tsunami Catalogue, but there is a need to organize this information in a dataset and to assess the likelihood of claimed historical tsunamis in Morocco. Due to the fact that Moroccan sources are scarce, this compilation rely on historical documentation from neighbouring countries (Portugal and Spain) and so the compatibility between the new tsunami catalogue presented here and those that correspond to the same source areas is also discussed.

Eastwards / westwards: which direction for gender studies in the 21st century?

Eastwards / Westwards: Which Direction for Gender Studies in the XXIst Century? is a collection of essays which focus on themes and methods that characterize current research into gender in Asian countries in general. In this collection, ideas derived from Gender Studies elsewhere in the world have been subjected to scrutiny for their utility in helping to describe and understand regional phenomena. But the concepts of Local and Global – with their discoursive productions – have not functioned as a binary opposition: localism and globalism are mutually constitutive and researchers have interrogated those spaces of interaction between the ‘self’ and the ‘other’, bearing in mind their own embeddedness in social and cultural structures and their own historical memory. Contributors to this collection provided a critical transnational perspective on some of the complex effects of the dynamics of cultural globalization, by exploring the relation between gender and development, language, historiography, education and culture. We have also given attention to the ideological and rhetorical processes through which gender identity is constructed, by comparing textual grids and patterns of expectation. Likewise, we have discussed the role of ethnography, anthropology, historiography, sociology, fiction, popular culture and colonial and post-colonial sources in (re)inventing old/new male/female identities, their conversion into concepts and circulation through time and space. This multicultural and trans-disciplinary selection of essays is totally written in English, fully edited and revised, therefore, it has a good potential for an immediate international circulation. This project may trace new paths and issues for discussion on what concerns the life, practices and narratives by and about women in Asia, as well as elsewhere in the present day global experience. Academic readership: Researchers, scholars, educators, graduate and post-graduate students, doctoral students and general non-fiction readers, with a special interest in Gender Studies, Asia, Colonial and Post-Colonial Literature, Anthropology, Cultural Studies, History, Historiography, Politics, Race, Feminism, Language, Linguistics, Power, Political and Feminist Agendas, Popular Culture, Education, Women’s Writing, Religion, Multiculturalism, Globalisation, Migration. Chapter summary: 1. “Social Gender Stereotypes and their Implication in Hindi”, Anjali Pande, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. This essay looks at the subtle ways in which gender identities are constructed and reinforced in India through social norms of language use. Language itself becomes a medium for perpetuating gender stereotypes, forcing its speakers to confirm to socially defined gender roles. Using examples from a classroom discussion about a film, this essay will highlight the underlying rigid male-female stereotypes in Indian society with their more obvious expressions in language. For the urban woman in India globalisation meant increased economic equality and exposure to changed lifestyles. On an individual level it also meant redefining gender relations and changing the hierarchy in man-­woman relationships. With the economic independence there is a heightened sense of liberation in all spheres of social life, a confidence to fuzz the rigid boundaries of gender roles. With the new films and media celebrating this liberated woman, who is ready to assert her sexual needs, who is ready to explode those long held notions of morality, one would expect that the changes are not just superficial. But as it soon became obvious in the course of a classroom discussion about relationships and stereotypes related to age, the surface changes can not become part of the common vocabulary, for the obvious reason that there is still a vast gap between the screen image of this new woman and the ground reality. Social considerations define the limits of this assertiveness of women, whereas men are happy to be liberal within the larger frame of social sanctions. The educated urban woman in India speaks in favour of change and the educated urban male supports her, but one just needs to scratch the surface to see the time tested formulae of gender roles firmly in place. The way the urban woman happily balances this emerging promise of independence with her gendered social identity, makes it necessary to rethink some aspects of looking at gender in a gradually changing, traditional society like India. 2. “The Linguistic Dimension of Gender Equality”, Alissa Tolstokorova, Kiev Centre for Gender Information and Education, Ukraine. The subject-matter of this essay is gender justice in language which, as I argue, may be achieved through the development of a gender-related approach to linguistic human rights. The last decades of the 20th century, globally marked by a “gender shift” in attitudes to language policy, gave impetus to the social movement for promoting linguistic gender equality. It was initiated in Western Europe and nowadays is moving eastwards, as ideas of gender democracy progress into developing countries. But, while in western societies gender discrimination through language, or linguistic sexism, was an issue of concern for over three decades, in developing countries efforts to promote gender justice in language are only in their infancy. My argument is that to promote gender justice in language internationally it is necessary to acknowledge the rights of women and men to equal representation of their gender in language and speech and, therefore, raise a question of linguistic rights of the sexes. My understanding is that the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights in 1996 provided this opportunity to address the problem of gender justice in language as a human rights issue, specifically as a gender dimension of linguistic human rights. 3. “The Rebirth of an Old Language: Issues of Gender Equality in Kazakhstan”, Maria Helena Guimarães, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. The existing language situation in Kazakhstan, while peaceful, is not without some tension. We propose to analyze here some questions we consider relevant in the frame of cultural globalization and gender equality, such as: free from Russian imperialism, could Kazakhstan become an easy prey of Turkey’s “imperialist dream”? Could these traditionally Muslim people be soon facing the end of religious tolerance and gender equality, becoming this new old language an easy instrument for the infiltration in the country of fundamentalism (it has already crossed the boarders of Uzbekistan), leading to a gradual deterioration of its rich multicultural relations? The present structure of the language is still very fragile: there are three main dialects and many academics defend the re-introduction of the Latin alphabet, thus enlarging the possibility of cultural “contamination” by making the transmission of fundamentalist ideas still easier through neighbour countries like Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan (their languages belong to the same sub-group of Common Turkic), where the Latin alphabet is already in use, and where the ground for such ideas shown itself very fruitful. 4. “Construction of Womanhood in the Bengali Language of Bangladesh”, Raasheed Mahmood; University of New South Wales, Sydney. The present essay attempts to explore the role of gender-based language differences and of certain markers that reveal the status accorded to women in Bangladesh. Discrimination against women, in its various forms, is endemic in communities and countries around the world, cutting across class, race, age, and religious and national boundaries. One cannot understand the problems of gender discrimination solely by referring to the relationship of power or authority between men and women. Rather one needs to consider the problem by relating it to the specific social formation in which the image of masculinity and femininity is constructed and reconstructed. Following such line of reasoning this essay will examine the nature of gender bias in the Bengali language of Bangladesh, holding the conviction that as a product of social reality language reflects the socio-cultural behaviour of the community who speaks it. This essay will also attempt to shed some light on the processes through which gender based language differences produce actual consequences for women, who become exposed to low self-esteem, depression and systematic exclusion from public discourse. 5. “Marriage in China as an expression of a changing society”, Elisabetta Rosado David, University of Porto, Portugal, and Università Ca’Foscari, Venezia, Italy. In 29 April 2001, the new Marriage Law was promulgated in China. The first law on marriage was proclaimed in 1950 with the objective of freeing women from the feudal matrimonial system. With the second law, in 1981, values and conditions that had been distorted by the Cultural Revolution were recovered. Twenty years later, a new reform was started, intending to update marriage in the view of the social and cultural changes that occurred with Deng Xiaoping’s “open policy”. But the legal reform is only the starting point for this case-study. The rituals that are followed in the wedding ceremony are often hard to understand and very difficult to standardize, especially because China is a vast country, densely populated and characterized by several ethnic minorities. Two key words emerge from this issue: syncretism and continuity. On this basis, we can understand tradition in a better way, and analyse whether or not marriage, as every social manifestation, has evolved in harmony with Chinese culture. 6. “The Other Woman in the Portuguese Colonial Empire: The Case of Portuguese India”, Maria de Deus Manso, University of Évora, Portugal. This essay researches the social, cultural and symbolic history of local women in the Portuguese Indian colonial enclaves. The normative Portuguese overseas history has not paid any attention to the “indigenous” female populations in colonial Portuguese territories, albeit the large social importance of these social segments largely used in matrimonial and even catholic missionary strategies. The first attempt to open fresh windows in the history of this new field was the publication of Charles Boxer’s referential study about Women in lberian Overseas Expansion, edited in Portugal only after the Revolution of 1975. After this research we can only quote some other fragmentary efforts. In fact, research about the social, cultural, religious, political and symbolic situation of women in the Portuguese colonial territories, from the XVI to the XX century, is still a minor historiographic field. In this essay we discuss this problem and we study colonial representations of women in the Portuguese Indian enclaves, mainly in the territory of Goa, using case studies methodologies. 7. “Heading East this Time: Critical Readings on Gender in Southeast Asia”, Clara Sarmento, Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal. This essay intends to discuss some critical readings of fictional and theoretical texts on gender condition in Southeast Asian countries. Nowadays, many texts about women in Southeast Asia apply concepts of power in unusual areas. Traditional forms of gender hegemony have been replaced by other powerful, if somewhat more covert, forms. We will discuss some universal values concerning conventional female roles as well as the strategies used to recognize women in political fields traditionally characterized by male dominance. Female empowerment will mean different things at different times in history, as a result of culture, local geography and individual circumstances. Empowerment needs to be perceived as an individual attitude, but it also has to be facilitated at the macro­level by society and the State. Gender is very much at the heart of all these dynamics, strongly related to specificities of historical, cultural, ethnic and class situatedness, requiring an interdisciplinary transnational approach.