The illness experience of persons with Parkinson's Disease

Background. Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive, age-related, neurodegenerative disorder with no known cause or promising cure. While substantial information is known about the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, little is known about the illness experience of persons living with the disease. The purpose of this study was to understand how persons with Parkinson's disease construct their illness experience and manage living with their illness on a daily basis. ^ Method. A qualitative study with an ethnographic approach employed the strategies of participant observations and fieldwork. Field data were generated from a two year exposure to two Parkinson's disease support groups in east Texas. Open-ended semi-structured interviews with seven men and seven women with Parkinson's disease were also conducted. These data were combined and analyzed using thematic analysis. ^ Findings. The illness experience is described through the metaphor "Sailing the Sea in The Eye of the Storm." This metaphor served as the overarching theme that covered the two interacting content themes of the voyage of Daily Negotiations in the Midst of Uncertainty and Reconstruction of the Self with Parkinson's Disease. Daily negotiations incorporated navigating daily activities with the uncertainty of both the progression and daily vicissitudes of the disease. Participants described their symptoms as progressive imprisonment that interfered with daily activities. The progressive nature of the disease required the participants to reconstruct their perceptions of themselves. Reconstructing the self involved the paradoxical balancing of preserving the self while simultaneously releasing aspects of the former self to reconstruct the self with Parkinson's disease. This process was reflected in four exemplars: I Know Me." "It's Still Me," "See Me." and "Remember Me." ^ Conclusions. This qualitative study illuminated the struggle of persons in dealing with the uncertainties and fluctuations of Parkinson's disease and the process of reconstructing their perceptions of themselves. The meaning and reconstruction of the illness experience expressed by participants will inform understanding beyond the disease itself to the illness experience that these participants must deal with on a daily basis. ^

Navegar en la tormenta : El anticomunismo en la historiografía de los Estados Unidos durante la Guerra Fría

Este artículo indaga la gravitación del anticomunismo en la historiografía norteamericana durante la guerra fría. Comienza con una reconstrucción histórica de tal actitud política en la sociedad americana; luego analiza la expansión, características y perdurabilidad del macartismo y, finalmente, describe sus consecuencias sobre la investigación, enseñanza y divulgación de la historia. Analiza como fuentes principales a las obras historiográficas y a los historiadores que sufrieron las ráfagas del anticomunismo; así como a las resoluciones e interpretaciones que desde el propio campo de la disciplina y de las agencias gubernamentales legitimaron la necesidad de prohibir y expurgar la influencia marxista sobre el campo de la cultura, de la educación y del saber histórico. El artículo explica la manera en que las prácticas persecutorias afectaron la carrera de historiadores izquierdistas o progresistas y cómo impactaron sobre las interpretaciones de procesos y acontecimientos significativos del pasado de la gran nación americana.

Navegar en la tormenta : El anticomunismo en la historiografía de los Estados Unidos durante la Guerra Fría

Este artículo indaga la gravitación del anticomunismo en la historiografía norteamericana durante la guerra fría. Comienza con una reconstrucción histórica de tal actitud política en la sociedad americana; luego analiza la expansión, características y perdurabilidad del macartismo y, finalmente, describe sus consecuencias sobre la investigación, enseñanza y divulgación de la historia. Analiza como fuentes principales a las obras historiográficas y a los historiadores que sufrieron las ráfagas del anticomunismo; así como a las resoluciones e interpretaciones que desde el propio campo de la disciplina y de las agencias gubernamentales legitimaron la necesidad de prohibir y expurgar la influencia marxista sobre el campo de la cultura, de la educación y del saber histórico. El artículo explica la manera en que las prácticas persecutorias afectaron la carrera de historiadores izquierdistas o progresistas y cómo impactaron sobre las interpretaciones de procesos y acontecimientos significativos del pasado de la gran nación americana.

Navegar en la tormenta : El anticomunismo en la historiografía de los Estados Unidos durante la Guerra Fría

Este artículo indaga la gravitación del anticomunismo en la historiografía norteamericana durante la guerra fría. Comienza con una reconstrucción histórica de tal actitud política en la sociedad americana; luego analiza la expansión, características y perdurabilidad del macartismo y, finalmente, describe sus consecuencias sobre la investigación, enseñanza y divulgación de la historia. Analiza como fuentes principales a las obras historiográficas y a los historiadores que sufrieron las ráfagas del anticomunismo; así como a las resoluciones e interpretaciones que desde el propio campo de la disciplina y de las agencias gubernamentales legitimaron la necesidad de prohibir y expurgar la influencia marxista sobre el campo de la cultura, de la educación y del saber histórico. El artículo explica la manera en que las prácticas persecutorias afectaron la carrera de historiadores izquierdistas o progresistas y cómo impactaron sobre las interpretaciones de procesos y acontecimientos significativos del pasado de la gran nación americana.

Climatological observations from ship logbooks between 1750 and 1854 (release 2.1)

The Climatological Database for the World's Oceans: 1750-1854 (CLIWOC) project, which concluded in 2004, abstracted more than 280,000 daily weather observations from ships' logbooks from British, Dutch, French, and Spanish naval vessels engaged in imperial business in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These data, now compiled into a database, provide valuable information for the reconstruction of oceanic wind field patterns for this key period that precedes the time in which anthropogenic influences on climate became evident. These reconstructions, in turn, provide evidence for such phenomena as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation. Of equal importance is the finding that the CLIWOC database the first coordinated attempt to harness the scientific potential of this resource represents less than 10 percent of the volume of data currently known to reside in this important but hitherto neglected source.

Numerical and experimental study of appendages in racing yachts and their influence on the free surface

Las prestaciones de un velero de regatas se estiman por medio de los Programas de Predicción de Velocidad (VPP) que incluyen las características de estabilidad y modelos aero e hidrodinámico del barco. Por esta razón, es importante tener una evaluación adecuada de las fuerzas en apéndices y de su variación en diferentes condiciones de navegación, escora y deriva. Además, para el cálculo de las fuerzas en los apéndices es importante conocer sus características hidrodinámicas cuando trabajan conjuntamente en un campo fluido fuertemente modificado por la carena. Por esta razón, se han utilizado una serie de ensayos realizados en el Canal de Ensayos de la ETSIN con el objetivo de validar códigos numéricos que permiten una evaluación más rápida y focalizada en los distintos fenómenos que se producen. Dichos ensayos se han realizado de forma que pudiera medirse independientemente las fuerzas hidrodinámicas en cada apéndice, lo que permitirá evaluar el reparto de fuerzas en diferentes condiciones de navegación para poder profundizar en las interacciones entre carena, quilla y timón. Las técnicas numéricas permiten capturar detalles que difícilmente se pueden visualizar en ensayos experimentales. En este sentido, se han probado las últimas técnicas utilizadas en los últimos workshops y se ha enfocado el estudio a un nuevo método con el objetivo de mostrar una metodologia más rápida que pueda servir a la industria para este tipo de aproximación al problema. ABSTRACT The performances of a racing sailboat are estimated by means of the speed prediction programs (VPP), which include the ship stability characteristics and the aero and hydrodynamic models. For this reason, it is important to have an adequate evaluation of the forces in appendices and its variation in different sailing conditions, heel and leeway Moreover, for the analysis of the forces in the appendices, it is important to know their hydrodynamic characteristics when they work together in a fluid field strongly modified by the canoe body. For this reason, several tests have been done in the ETSIN towing tank with the aim to validate numeric codes that allowing faster analysis and they permit to focus on the different phenomena that occur there. Such tests have been done in a way that the hydrodynamic forces in each appendage could be measured independently allowing assessing the distribution of forces in different sailing conditions to be able to deepen the interactions between the canoe body, the keel and the rudder. Numerical techniques allow capturing details that can hardly be displayed in experimental tests. In this sense, the latest techniques used in the recent workshops have been reviewed and the study has been focused to propose a new model with the aim to show a new faster methodology which serves the industry for this type of approach to the problem.

Análisis y optimización de la resistencia de interferencia en multicascos

Esta tesis presenta un estudio de la resistencia de interferencia en multicascos, término que engloba las variaciones en la resistencia al avance debidas a la interacción entre cascos. Su característica más notable es que puede ser tanto positiva como negativa, contribuyendo favorablemente en este último caso a la reducción de la resistencia total. Su análisis permanece como un área activa dentro de la comunidad hidrodinámica, si bien se ha detectado una significativa falta de información experimental sobre el flujo entre cascos. En primer lugar se incluye una caracterización de los fenómenos de interferencia, evaluando su impacto en las diferentes componentes de la resistencia al avance. Al igual que la resistencia total, su predicción requiere el uso de técnicas experimentales o numéricas al ser inviable su solución analítica. Ambos procedimientos han sido considerados en esta tesis. El análisis experimental de la resistencia de interferencia supone el núcleo central del trabajo realizado. Se han ensayado dos geometrías diferentes, un catamarán de servicio comercial PESBO junto con un catamarán compuesto por dos Serie 60 (S60) en paralelo. Los ensayos se han llevado a cabo en dos canales de experiencias, CEHINAV y CEHIPAR, midiéndose resistencia al avance, asiento y trimados dinámicos, y cortes de olas en la zona entre cascos. Mención especial a estos últimos, dado que a pesar de ser en la zona central donde ocurren los principales efectos de interferencia, no se encontró información previa publicada en la literatura. Su medición requirió la fabricación de un sistema de soporte especifico para las probetas de medición. Por otro lado, aunque el Serie 60 es una geometría bien conocida en la comunidad hidrodinámica, a conocimiento del autor su comportamiento como multicasco no había sido aun caracterizado experimentalmente. Los bastidores de unión se fabricaron de forma que permitieran variar la separación entre cascos. Además, los multicascos son en general embarcaciones de alta velocidad mostrando asientos y trimados dinámicos significativos. Para cuantificar su efecto en la resistencia total y de interferencia se construyo un sistema de fijación del modelo al carro que los restringiera, posibilitando comparar los resultados en esta condición con los del modelo libre. Como resultado, se han obtenido resultados experimentales de las dos geometrías estudiadas con múltiples separaciones, incluyendo un solo casco, y con modelo fijo y libre. Una de las principales utilidades de los resultados experimentales es servir como referencia para validar modelos de predicción. Como primera aplicación, los datos experimentales obtenidos con el catamarán S60 se han contrastado con las predicciones numéricas de Yeung et al. (2004). El análisis numérico de la resistencia de interferencia se completa con la realización de simulaciones numéricas utilizando dos códigos substancialmente diferentes: Tdynlin y CD--‐Adapco Star--‐CCM+. Los cortes de olas obtenidos en las simulaciones se comparan con los valores experimentales, mostrándose además los campos de presiones y velocidades calculados sobre el casco. La principal aportación de esta tesis es una extensa caracterización experimental de los fenómenos de interferencia, con la intención de servir de referencia para futuros estudios con multicascos. El análisis de los resultados permite comprender mejor el impacto que la interacción entre cascos, así como las variaciones dinámicas de las condiciones de navegación, tienen en las diferentes componentes de la resistencia. Por otro lado, permite apreciar la dependencia de la resistencia de interferencia con la velocidad y separación entre cascos, de cara a su utilización como parámetro de diseño. ABSTRACT This thesis presents a study of the interference resistance in multihulls, which comprises all the variations in the ship resistance due to the interaction between hulls. Its most remarkable characteristic is that it can be positive or negative, contributing in the second case to the reduction of the total ship resistance. Its study remains an active area in the hydrodynamic community, although there is a significant lack of published experimental data regarding the flow between hulls. First of all, the interference phenomena are characterized, evaluating the impact in the different components of the ship resistance. Similar to the total resistance, their prediction requires experimental or numerical techniques, as no analytic solutions are known. Both procedures have been considered in this thesis. The experimental analysis of the interference resistance is the core of the work done. Two different geometries have been tested, a commercial catamaran PESBO and a catamaran composed by two parallel Series 60 (S60). The tests have been carried out in two towing tanks, CEHINAV and CEHIPAR, measuring ship resistance, dynamic sinkage and trim, and wave cuts in--‐between the hulls. Special mention to the wave cuts, as no previous published information was found regarding this zone, even if it is where the main interference effects happen. Their measurement required building a support tripod for the probes, specifically designed for this experimental campaign. In addition, although the Series 60 is a well known hull for experimental and computational analyses, to the author’s knowledge its behavior as a multihull had not yet been experimentally described. The connection frames between the hulls were built so they allowed adjusting the hull spacing. Furthermore, multihulls are usually high--‐speed vessels, acquiring significant dynamic sinkage and trim. To quantify the effect of these dynamic variations of the interference resistance, a clamping system was developed to fixed the model and compare the results with the free model condition. Thus, experimental results have been obtained for various hull separations with the two geometries analyzed, including a single hull, and with free and fixed model. One of the main applications of experimental results is to serve as a reference to validate prediction models. As a first step, the obtained experimental data with the catamaran S60 have been compared with the numerical predictions of Yeung et al. (2004). The numerical analysis of the interference resistance is completed with the inclusion of numerical simulations using two codes substantially different: Tdynlin and CD--‐Adapco Star--‐CCM+. The wave cuts obtained from the simulations are compared with the experimental ones, showing also the pressure and velocity fields over the hulls. The main contribution of this thesis is an extensive experimental characterization of the interference phenomena, aiming to serve as reference for future studies about multihulls. The analysis of the results provides insights into the impact that the interaction between hulls, as well as the dynamic variations of the sailing conditions, have in the different components of the ship resistance. Moreover, it allows us to observe the dependence of the interference resistance on the velocity and hull spacing, useful towards its use as a design parameter.

Notebook on geometry, geography, astronomy, and navigation, ca. 1714-1718

This heavily illustrated notebook contains entries on the following topics: geometrical definitions and axioms, geographical and astronomical definitions, compasses, plain sailing, parallel sailing, and Mercator's sailing. It also contains pages designated for notes on "Currents, Lee Way, & Variation," but these pages have been left blank. The back cover contains calculations which appear to relate to charting a course from Jamaica to "Lizzard."

Notebook on geography, navigation, mensuration, and other subjects, ca. 1723-1743

This heavily illustrated notebook contains entries on the following topics, among others: geography; mensuration; navigation and the history of navigation; "the use of Gunter's Scale in plain sailing;" compasses; quadrants and their use; "the refraction of the stars observed by the famous Tycho Brahe;" the latitude and longitude of coasts in America, Europe, and Africa; oceans and islands; mountains and "burning mountains" (volcanoes); rivers and lakes; forests and deserts; maps and sea charts; and the uses of geometry and other measurements by carpenters, joiners, painters, glaziers, masons, and bricklayers. Many pages contain navigational problems and their detailed solutions, as well as chronologies of global exploration and lists of all known rivers, mountains, and other geographic features across the world, many with vivid descriptions. The last pages of the notebook contain entries made in December of 1743 regarding celestial measurements Prince took in Stratford, Connecticut, where he was staying with his brother.

Student mathematical notebook of Thomas Noyes, 1793

This sewn volume contains Noyes’ mathematical exercises in geometry; trigonometry; surveying; measurement of heights and distances; plain, oblique, parallel, middle latitude, and mercator sailing; and dialing. Many of the exercises are illustrated by carefully hand-drawn diagrams, including a mariners’ compass and moon dials.

Student mathematical notebook of William Emerson Faulkner, 1795

Leather hardcover notebook with unruled pages containing the handwritten mathematical exercises of William Emerson Faulkner, begun in 1795 while he was an undergraduate at Harvard College. The volume contains rules, definitions, problems, drawings, and tables on geometry, trigonometry, surveying, calculating distances, sailing, and dialing. Some of the exercises are illustrated by unrefined hand-drawn diagrams, including some of buildings and trees.

Student mathematical notebook of William Tudor, 1795

Notebook containing the handwritten mathematical exercises of William Tudor, kept in 1795 while he was an undergraduate at Harvard College. The volume contains rules, definitions, problems, drawings, and tables on geometry, trigonometry, surveying, calculating distances, sailing, and dialing. Some of the exercises are illustrated with hand-drawn diagrams. The Menusration of Heights and Distances section contains color drawings of buildings and trees, and some have been altered with notes in different hands and with humorous additions. For instance, a drawing of a tower was drawn into a figure titled “Egyptian Mummy.” Some of the images are identified: “A rude sketch of the Middlesex canal,” Genl Warren’s monument on Bunker Hill,” “Noddles Island,” “the fields of Elysium,” and the “Roxbury Canal.” The annotations and additional drawings are unattributed.

Letter from Henry Higginson to William Tudor,

One letter from the Boston merchant in England regarding experiments in ship construction and Frederic Tudor’s ideas on designing sailing vessels to transport ice.

Letters from Thomas James Maling to William Tudor,

Two letters regarding peace negotiations in Buenos Aires and politics in Europe, and two letters from Maling’s wife regarding accommodations she was seeking in Lima and news regarding various sailing vessels.

Letters from Stanhope Prevost to William Tudor,

Five letters regarding his investment in the Chanca silver mine, equipment needed, and his and Tudor’s partners in the venture, including Llaveria, Maling, and Miralles. Also includes personal news and information regarding the movements of certain sailing vessels.