Direct photon production in p plus p collisions at root s=200 GeV at midrapidity

The differential cross section for the production of direct photons in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV at midrapidity was measured in the PHENIX detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Inclusive direct photons were measured in the transverse momentum range from 5: 5-25 GeV/c, extending the range beyond previous measurements. Event structure was studied with an isolation criterion. Next-to-leading-order perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics calculations give a good description of the spectrum. When the cross section is expressed versus x(T), the PHENIX data are seen to be in agreement with measurements from other experiments at different center-of-mass energies.

Cold-Nuclear-Matter Effects on Heavy-Quark Production in d+Au Collisions at root S-NN=200 GeV

The PHENIX experiment has measured electrons and positrons at midrapidity from the decays of hadrons containing charm and bottom quarks produced in d + Au and p + p collisions at root S-NN = 200 GeV in the transverse-momentum range 0.85 <= p(T)(e) <= 8.5 GeV/c. In central d + Au collisions, the nuclear modification factor R-dA at 1.5 < p(T) < 5 GeV/c displays evidence of enhancement of these electrons, relative to those produced in p + p collisions, and shows that the mass-dependent Cronin enhancement observed at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider extends to the heavy D meson family. A comparison with the neutral-pion data suggests that the difference in cold-nuclear-matter effects on light- and heavy-flavor mesons could contribute to the observed differences between the pi(0) and heavy-flavor-electron nuclear modification factors R-AA. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.242301

Cross sections and double-helicity asymmetries of midrapidity inclusive charged hadrons in p plus p collisions at root s = 62.4 GeV

Unpolarized cross sections and double-helicity asymmetries of single-inclusive positive and negative charged hadrons at midrapidity from p + p collisions at root s = 62.4 GeV are presented. The PHENIX measurement of the cross sections for 1.0 < p(T) < 4.5 GeV/c are consistent with perturbative QCD calculations at next-to-leading order in the strong-coupling constant, alpha(s). Resummed pQCD calculations including terms with next-to-leading-log accuracy, yielding reduced theoretical uncertainties, also agree with the data. The double-helicity asymmetry, sensitive at leading order to the gluon polarization in a momentum-fraction range of 0.05 less than or similar to x(gluon) less than or similar to 0.2, is consistent with recent global parametrizations disfavoring large gluon polarization.

Deviation from quark number scaling of the anisotropy parameter v(2) of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

Measurements of the anisotropy parameter v(2) of identified hadrons (pions, kaons, and protons) as a function of centrality, transverse momentum p(T), and transverse kinetic energy KET at midrapidity (vertical bar eta vertical bar < 0.35) in Au + Au collisions at root s(N N) = 200 GeV are presented. Pions and protons are identified up to p(T) = 6 GeV/c, and kaons up to p(T) = 4 GeV/c, by combining information from time-of-flight and aerogel Cerenkov detectors in the PHENIX Experiment. The scaling of v(2) with the number of valence quarks (n(q)) has been studied in different centrality bins as a function of transverse momentum and transverse kinetic energy. A deviation from previously observed quark-number scaling is observed at large values of KET/n(q) in noncentral Au + Au collisions (20-60%), but this scaling remains valid in central collisions (0-10%).

Differential transcription of virulence genes in Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes

Background: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans serotypes are clearly associated with periodontitis or health, which suggests distinct strategies for survival within the host. Objective: We investigated the transcription profile of virulence-associated genes in A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype b (JP2 and SUNY 465) strains associated with disease and serotype a (ATCC 29523) strain associated with health. Design: Bacteria were co-cultured with immortalized gingival epithelial cells (OBA-9). The adhesion efficiency after 2 hours and the relative transcription of 13 genes were evaluated after 2 and 24 hours of interaction. Results: All strains were able to adhere to OBA-9, and this contact induced transcription of pgA for polysaccharide biosynthesis in all tested strains. Genes encoding virulence factors as Omp29, Omp100, leukotoxin, and CagE (apoptotic protein) were more transcribed by serotype b strains than by serotype a. ltxA and omp29, encoding the leukotoxin and the highly antigenic Omp29, were induced in serotype b by interaction with epithelial cells. Factors related to colonization (aae, flp, apaH, and pgA) and cdtB were upregulated in serotype a strain after prolonged interaction with OBA-9. Conclusion: Genes relevant for surface colonization and interaction with the immune system are regulated differently among the strains, which may help explaining their differences in association with disease.

Produzione di virus sintetici per lo studio dei meccanismi di interazione coinvolti nell'induzione di resistenza

Beet soil-borne mosaic virus (BSBMV) and Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) are members of Benyvirus genus. BSBMV has been reported only in the United States while BNYVV has a worldwide distribution. Both viruses are vectored by Polymyxa betae, possess similar host ranges, particles number and morphology. Both viruses are not serologically related but have similar genomic organizations. Field isolates consist of four RNA species but some BNYVV isolates contain a fifth RNA. RNAs 1 and 2 are essential for infection and replication while RNAs 3 and 4 play important roles on plant and vector interactions, respectively. Nucleotide and amino acid analyses revealed BSBMV and BNYVV are different enough to be classified in two different species. Additionally in BNYVV/BSBMV mixed infections, a competition was previous described in sugar beet, where BNYVV infection reduces BSBMV accumulation in both susceptible and resistant cultivars. Considering all this observations we hypothesized that BNYVV and BSBMV crossed study, exploiting their similarities and divergences, can improve investigation of molecular interactions between sugar beets and Benyviruses. The main achievement of our research is the production of a cDNA biologically active clones collection of BNYVV and BSBMV RNAs, from which synthetic copies of both Benyviruses can be transcribed. Moreover, through recombination experiments we demonstrated, for the first time, the BNYVV RNA 1 and 2 capability to trans-replicate and encapsidate BSBMV RNA 3 and 4, either the BSBMV RNA 1 and 2 capability to replicate BNYVV RNA2 in planta. We also demonstrated that BSBMV RNA3 support long-distance movement of BNYVV RNA 1 and 2 in B. macrocarpa and that 85 foreign sequence as p29HA, GFP and RFP, are successfully expressed, in C. quinoa, by BSBMV RNA3 based replicon (RepIII) also produced by our research. These results confirm the close correlation among the two viruses. Interestingly, the symptoms induced by BSBMV RNA-3 on C. quinoa leaves are more similar to necrotic local lesions caused by BNYVV RNA-5 p26 than to strongly chlorotic local lesions or yellow spot induced by BNYVV RNA- 3 encoded p25. As previous reported BSBMV p29 share 23% of amino acid sequence identity with BNYVV p25 but identity increase to 43% when compared with sequence of BNYVV RNA-5 p26. Based on our results the essential sequence (Core region) for the longdistance movement of BSBMV and BNYVV in B. macrocarpa, is not only carried by RNA3s species but other regions, perhaps located on the RNA 1 and 2, could play a fundamental role in this matter. Finally a chimeric RNA, composed by the 5’ region of RNA4 and 3’ region of RNA3 of BSBMV, has been produced after 21 serial mechanically inoculation of wild type BSBMV on C. quinoa plants. Chimera seems unable to express any protein, but it is replicated and transcript in planta. It could represent an important tool to study the interactions between Benyvirus and plant host. In conclusion different tools, comprising a method to study synthetic viruses under natural conditions of inoculum through P. Betae, have been produced and new knowledge are been acquired that will allow to perform future investigation of the molecular interactions between sugar beets and Benyviruses.

Etablierung transgener BY-2-Zelllinien zur In-vivo-Lokalisierung pflanzlicher Cytoskelettproteine

Bei den Pflanzen sind viele Fragen bezüglich der Organisation und Regulation des bei der Zellteilung und differenzierung wichtigen Auf-, Ab- und Umbaus des Mikrotubuli-Netzwerkes noch immer offen, insbesondere was die Rolle des γ-Tubulins betrifft. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war die Etablierung von BY-2 Modell-Zelllinien (Nicotiana), die verschiedene mit fluoreszierenden Proteinen (FP) markierte Elemente des Cytoskeletts exprimieren, um eine fluoreszenzmikroskopische Detektion in vivo zu ermöglichen.rnAls Grundlage für alle weiteren Versuche wurde eine zuverlässige Methode zur A. tumefaciens vermittelten stabilen Transfektion von BY-2 Zellen erarbeitet. Für die Expression von FP-markierten Cytoskelettproteinen, wurden entsprechende Fusionskonstrukte kloniert und via A. tumefaciens in BY-2 Zellen transferiert. So gelang zunächst die Herstellung transgener Zelllinien, die GFP-markiertes α- bzw. γ-Tubulin exprimierten. Diese sollten später als Basis für die Untersuchung des dynamischen Mikrotubuli-Netzwerkes bzw. dessen Regulation dienen. In beiden Zelllinien standen die Konstrukte zunächst unter Kontrolle eines doppelten 35S-Promotors, was zu einer starken, konstitutiven Expression der Transgene führte. Fluoreszenzmikroskopisch konnten Strukturen, an deren Aufbau Mikrotubuli beteiligt sind, detektiert werden. Aufgrund einer starken Hintergrundfluoreszenz, vermutlich bedingt durch die konstitutive Überexpression, war die Darstellung feinerer Bereiche, wie sie im Cytoskelett häufig auftreten, jedoch äußerst schwierig. Deshalb wurde eine schwächere bzw. adäquate Expressionsrate angestrebt. rnPhysiologische Expressionsraten sollten vor allem durch den endogenen γ-Tubulin-Promotor ermöglicht werden. Da die entsprechende Sequenz noch unbekannt war, wurde sie zunächst bestimmt und in ein passendes Konstrukt integriert. Fluoreszenzmikroskopische Untersuchungen der resultierenden Zelllinie ließen auf eine stark reduzierte Expressionsrate schließen. Tatsächlich war die Detektion von Cytoskelettstrukturen, wenn überhaupt, erst bei deutlich längeren Belichtungszeiten möglich. Bedingt durch die langen Belichtungszeiten wurde die Dokumentation durch eine latente pflanzentypische Autofluoreszenz der Zellen erschwert. Auch wenn hier keine detailreicheren Aufnahmen der Cytoskelettstrukturen möglich waren, ist die Zellkultur für weiterführende Untersuchungen, z.B. in Studien bezüglich des zeitlichen Expressionsmusters des γ-Tubulins, potentiell geeignet. Der Einsatz eines sensibleren Mikroskopsystems ist allerdings erforderlich. rnUm klären zu können, inwieweit γ-Tubulin mit den Mikrotubuli co-lokalisiert, wurden Zelllinien benötigt, bei denen die entsprechenden Elemente unterschiedlich markiert waren. Zu diesem Zweck wurde der Einsatz von RFP-markiertem Tubulin getestet. Eine deutliche Überexpression von RFP alleine war möglich. Trotz mehrfacher Wiederholung der Versuche war aber keine Expression von RFP-markiertem α-Tubulin in BY-2 Zellen zur Visualisierung der Mikrotubuli detektierbar. Die DNA-Sequenzen waren im Genom nachweisbar, eine Transkription jedoch nicht. Möglicherweise spielten hier gene silencing Effekte eine Rolle. Das verwendete RFP (TagRFP) und GFP stammten aus unterschiedlichen Organismen, aus einer Seeanemone bzw. einer Qualle. Eine Lösung könnte der Austausch des TagRFP durch ein Quallen-Derivat, das in einer von grün unterscheidbaren Farbe fluoresziert, bringen. Da bereits BY-2 Zelllinien vorliegen, die GFP-markiertes α- bzw. γ-Tubulin exprimieren, sollte es, nach Klonieren eines entsprechenden Konstruktes, zeitnah möglich sein, eine doppelt transfizierte Zelllinie herzustellen.

Investigation of a unique short open reading frame within the 3' untranslated region of the canine distemper virus matrix messenger RNA

Increasing evidence suggest that the long "untranslated" region (UTR) between the matrix (M) and the fusion (F) proteins of morbilliviruses has a functional role. In canine distemper virus (CDV), the F 5' UTR was recently shown to code for a long F signal peptide (Fsp). Subsequently, it was reported that the M/F UTRs combined with the long Fsp were synergistically regulating the F mRNA and protein expression, thereby modulating virulence. Unique to CDV, a short putative open reading frame (ORF) has been identified within the wild-type CDV-M 3' UTR (termed M2). Here, we investigated whether M2 was expressed from the genome of the virulent and demyelinating A75/17-CDV strain. An expression plasmid encoding the M2 ORF tagged both at its N-terminal (HA) and C-terminal domains (RFP), was first constructed. Then, a recombinant virus with its putative M2 ORF replaced by HA-M2-RFP was successfully recovered from cDNA (termed recA75/17(green)-HA-M2-RFP). M2 expression in cells transfected or infected with these mutants was studied by immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, immunoblot and flow cytometry analyses. Although fluorescence was readily detected in HA-M2-RFP-transfected cells, absence of red fluorescence emission in several recA75/17(green)-HA-M2-RFP-infected cell types suggested lack of M2 biosynthesis, which was confirmed by the other techniques. Consistent with these data, no functional role of the short polypeptide was revealed by infecting various cell types with HA-M2-RFP over-expressing or M2-knockout recombinant viruses. Thus, in sharp contrast to the CDV-F 5' UTR reported to translate a long Fsp, our data provided evidence that the CDV-M 3' UTR does not express any polypeptides.

Propuesta de una metodología para provisión de servicios de outsourcing de TI

El mercado de outsourcing ha estado creciendo en los últimos años y se prevé que lo siga haciendo en los próximos, pero este crecimiento ha estado limitado por el fracaso de muchos proyectos que, en algunos casos, han llevado a las organizaciones a asumir de nuevo esos servicios (insourcing). Estos fracasos se han debido en gran parte a los problemas con los proveedores: falta de experiencia, de capacidades para asumir los proyectos, dificultad en la comunicación,… A diferencia de lo que ocurre en otras disciplinas, no existe una metodología que ayude, tanto a los clientes como a los proveedores de servicios de outsourcing de TI, a gobernar y gestionar sus proyectos y conseguir los resultados buscados. En los últimos años han aparecido, al mismo tiempo que la expansión del outsourcing, algunos modelos y marcos de buenas prácticas para la gestión de los proyectos de outsourcing, pero generalmente sólo cubren algunos aspectos de la gestión. No se los puede considerar metodologías, porque no definen roles, responsabilidades ni entregables. Por lo general, son el resultado de la experiencia en la gestión de otros tipos de proyectos. Hay que considerar también que, excepto eSCM-SP, que es un modelo de buenas prácticas para mejorar la capacidad en la provisión de servicios, están todos orientados al cliente. El objetivo de esta tesis es, por un lado, demostrar la necesidad de contar con una metodología que guíe a los proveedores durante todo el ciclo de vida un proyecto de outsourcing y, por otro, proponer una metodología que contemple desde la fase inicial de la búsqueda de oportunidades de negocio, evaluación de las propuestas RFP, la decisión de hacer una oferta o no para la prestación de servicios, la participación en la due diligence, la firma del contrato, la transición y la entrega de servicios, hasta la finalización del contrato. La metodología se ha organizado en base a un ciclo de vida del outsourcing de cinco etapas, definiendo para cada una de ellas los roles que participan y las responsabilidades que deberán asumir, las actividades a realizar y los entregables que se deberán generar, y que servirán de elementos de control tanto para la gestión del proyecto como para la provisión del servicio. La validación de la metodología se ha realizado aplicándola en proyectos de provisión de servicios de TI de una mediana empresa española y comparando los resultados obtenidos con los conseguidos en proyectos anteriores. ABSTRACT The outsourcing market has been growing in recent years and it is expected to keep doing so in the coming years, but this growth has been limited by the failure of many projects that, in some cases, has led organizations to take back those services (insourcing). These failures have been due to a major degree to problems with providers: lack of experience and capacity to take on the projects, and difficulties of communication. Unlike what happens in other disciplines, there is no methodology for helping both customers and providers of outsourcing services. In recent years, some good practice frameworks have also appeared at the same time as the expansion of outsourcing. They are not methodologies because they have not defined any roles, responsibilities and deliverables. These frameworks aim to help organizations to be successful at managing and governing outsourcing projects. They are usually the result of their experience in managing other kinds of projects. In consequence, it is not appropriate to name them "methodologies" for managing outsourcing projects and much less "standards". It is also important to note that all existing good practice frameworks, except eSCM-SP, are client-oriented. The aim of this thesis is to state the need to propose a methodology that guides providers throughout the whole outsourcing life cycle and facilitates the provision of quality services and their management, and the proposal of a methodology in which the stages, activities, deliverables, roles and responsibilities are clearly defined. The proposed methodology cover all the stages of the outsourcing life cycle, from the early stage of searching for business opportunities, evaluation of the RFP proposals, the decision to bid or not to bid for the service provision, participation in the due diligence if necessary, the signing of the contract, the transition and delivery of service to the termination of the contract. For each activity, roles, responsibilities and deliverables have been defined. The validation of the methodology has been done by applying it in the provision of some outsourcing projects carried out by a Spanish IT medium company and comparing the results with those obtained in previous projects.

Otimização dos valores de referência da 17OH-progesterona neonatal de acordo com o peso ao nascimento no programa de triagem neonatal da APAE DE SÃO PAULO

Introdução: A Hiperplasia Adrenal Congênita por deficiência da 21-hidroxilase (HAC) é uma doença com mortalidade neonatal elevada sendo elegível para programas públicos de Triagem Neonatal (TN). A HAC é causada por mutações no gene CYP21A2, as quais acarretam diferentes comprometimentos da atividade enzimática e resultam em espectro amplo de manifestações clínicas. Apesar da eficiência da TN para diagnosticar os casos graves, a taxa elevada de resultados falso-positivos (RFP), principalmente relacionados à prematuridade, é um dos maiores problemas. Porém, resultados falso-negativos também podem ocorrer em coletas antes de 24 horas de vida. No Brasil, a coleta da amostra neonatal difere entre os municípios, podendo ser no terceiro dia de vida como após. Objetivo: Avaliar se os valores da 17OH-progesterona neonatal (N17OHP) das coletas no terceiro dia de vida diferem significativamente das coletas a partir do quarto dia. Determinar qual percentil (99,5 ou 99,8) pode ser utilizado como valor de corte para a N17OHP, de acordo com o peso ao nascimento e tempo de vida na coleta, a fim de que proporcione taxa menor de RFP. Métodos: Foi avaliada, retrospectivamente, a N17OHP de 271.810 recém-nascidos (Rns) de acordo com o tempo de vida na coleta (G1: 48 - = 72h) e peso ao nascimento (P1: <= 1.500g, P2: 1.501-2.000g, P3: 2.001-2.500g e P4: >= 2.500g), pelo método imunofluorimétrico. Testes com resultados alterados foram confirmados no soro por Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem - LC-MS/MS. Rns afetados e/ou assintomáticos e com valores persistentemente elevados de 17OHP sérica foram submetidos ao estudo molécular, sequenciamento do gene CYP21A2. Resultados: os valores da N17OHP no grupo G1 foram significativamente menores do que em G2 em todos os grupos de peso (p < 0.001). A taxa de RFP em G1 e G2 foi de 0,2% para o percentil 99,8 e de 0,5% para o percentil 99,5 em ambos os grupos. O percentil 99,8 da N17OHP foi o melhor valor de corte para distinguir os Rns não afetados dos afetados, cujos valores são: G1 (P1: 120; P2: 71; P3: 39 e P4: 20 ng /mL) e em G2 (P1: 173; P2: 90; P3: 66 e P4: 25 ng/mL). Vinte e seis Rns do grupo G1 apresentaram a forma perdedora de sal (PS) (13H e 13M), nestes a N17OHP variou de 31 a 524 ng/mL e vinte Rns no grupo G2 (8H e 12M), nestes a N17OHP variou de 53 a 736 ng/mL. Para ambos os grupos foram encontrados três Rns com a forma virilizante simples (1H e 2M) e os valores da N17OHP variaram de 36 a 51 ng/mL. Resultados falso-negativos não foram relatados. O valor preditivo positivo (VPP) no teste do papel filtro foi de 5,6% e 14,1% nos grupos G1 e G2, respectivamente, ao se utilizar o percentil 99,8, e de 2,3% e 7% nos grupos G1 e G2 ao se utilizar o percentil 99,5. Dentre os casos com TN alterada (RFP), 29 deles também apresentaram 17OHP sérica elevada quando dosada por LC-MS/MS. Os casos assintomáticos foram acompanhados até normalização da 17OHP sérica e/ou submetidos ao estudo molecular, que identificou dois Rns com genótipo que prediz a forma não clássica. Conclusão: a melhor estratégia para otimização do diagnóstico da HAC na triagem neonatal é se padronizar valores de corte da N17OHP em dois grupos de acordo com o tempo de vida na coleta (antes e depois de 72 horas), subdivididos em quatro grupos de peso. A utilização dos valores de corte do percentil 99,8 se mantém eficaz no diagnóstico da HAC-21OH na triagem neonatal, reduzindo de forma significativa a taxa de RFP, sem perda do diagnóstico da forma PS

Microglial Cells Prevent Hemorrhage in Neonatal Focal Arterial Stroke

Perinatal stroke leads to significant morbidity and long-term neurological and cognitive deficits. The pathophysiological mechanisms of brain damage depend on brain maturation at the time of stroke. To understand whether microglial cells limit injury after neonatal stroke by preserving neurovascular integrity, we subjected postnatal day 7 (P7) rats depleted of microglial cells, rats with inhibited microglial TGFbr2/ALK5 signaling, and corresponding controls, to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Microglial depletion by intracerebral injection of liposome-encapsulated clodronate at P5 significantly reduced vessel coverage and triggered hemorrhages in injured regions 24 h after tMCAO. Lack of microglia did not alter expression or intracellular redistribution of several tight junction proteins, did not affect degradation of collagen IV induced by the tMCAO, but altered cell types producing TGFβ1 and the phosphorylation and intracellular distribution of SMAD2/3. Selective inhibition of TGFbr2/ALK5 signaling in microglia via intracerebral liposome-encapsulated SB-431542 delivery triggered hemorrhages after tMCAO, demonstrating that TGFβ1/TGFbr2/ALK5 signaling in microglia protects from hemorrhages. Consistent with observations in neonatal rats, depletion of microglia before tMCAO in P9 Cx3cr1(GFP/+)/Ccr2(RFP/+) mice exacerbated injury and induced hemorrhages at 24 h. The effects were independent of infiltration of Ccr2(RFP/+) monocytes into injured regions. Cumulatively, in two species, we show that microglial cells protect neonatal brain from hemorrhage after acute ischemic stroke. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The pathophysiological mechanisms of brain damage depend on brain maturation at the time of stroke. We assessed whether microglial cells preserve neurovascular integrity after neonatal stroke. In neonatal rats, microglial depletion or pharmacological inhibition of TGFbr2/ALK5 signaling in microglia triggered hemorrhages in injured regions. The effect was not associated with additional changes in expression or intracellular redistribution of several tight junction proteins or collagen IV degradation induced by stroke. Consistent with observations in neonatal rats, microglial depletion in neonatal mice exacerbated stroke injury and induced hemorrhages. The effects were independent of infiltration of monocytes into injured regions. Thus, microglia protect neonatal brain from ischemia-induced hemorrhages, and this effect is consistent across two species.

Alteration of the parasite plasma membrane and the parasitophorous vacuole membrane during exo-erythrocytic development of malaria parasites

The rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei develops in hepatocytes within 48-52h from a single sporozoite into up to 20,000 daughter parasites, so-called merozoites. The cellular and molecular details of this extensive proliferation are still largely unknown. Here we have used a transgenic, RFP-expressing P. berghei parasite line and molecular imaging techniques including intravital microscopy to decipher various aspects of parasite development within the hepatocyte. In late schizont stages, MSP1 is expressed and incorporated into the parasite plasma membrane that finally forms the membrane of developing merozoites by continuous invagination steps. We provide first evidence for activation of a verapamil-sensitive Ca(2+) channel in the plasma membrane of liver stage parasites before invagination occurs. During merozoite formation, the permeability of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane changes considerably before it finally becomes completely disrupted, releasing merozoites into the host cell cytoplasm.

Issues and innovations in distance learning /

"September 1998"--T.p. verso.

The coefficient of thermal expansion of alpha uranium as fabricated by various methods /

"U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT(29-1)-1106."