BoBo mixing meseasurement at Belle using dilepton events tagged with a soft pion

L'expérience Belle, située dans le centre de recherche du KEK, au Japon, est consacrée principalement à l'étude de la violation de CP dans le système des mésons B. Elle est placée sur le collisionneur KEKB, qui produit des paires Banti-B. KEKB, l'une des deux « usines à B » actuellement en fonction, détient le record du nombre d'événements produits avec plus de 150 millions de paires. Cet échantillon permet des mesures d'une grande précision dans le domaine de la physique du méson B. C'est dans le cadre de ces mesures de précision que s'inscrit cette analyse. L'un des phénomènes remarquables de la physique des hautes énergies est la faculté qu'a l'interaction faible de coupler un méson neutre avec son anti-méson. Dans le présent travail, nous nous intéressons au méson B neutre couplé à l'anti-méson B neutre, avec une fréquence d'oscillation _md mesurable précisément. Outre la beauté de ce phénomène lui-même, une telle mesure trouve sa place dans la quête de l'origine de la violation de CP. Cette dernière n'est incluse que d'une façon peu satisfaisante dans le modèle standard des interactions électro-faibles. C'est donc la recherche de phénomènes physiques encore inexpliqués qui motive en premier lieu la collaboration Belle. Il existe déjà de nombreuses mesures de _md antérieures. Celle que nous présentons ici est cependant d'une précision encore jamais atteinte grâce, d'une part, à l'excellente performance de KEKB et, d'autre part, à une approche originale qui permet de réduire considérablement la contamination de la mesure par des événements indésirés. Cette approche fut déjà mise à profit par d'autres expériences, dans des conditions quelque peu différentes de celles de Belle. La méthode utilisée consiste à reconstruire partiellement l'un des mésons dans le canal ___D*(D0_)l_l, en n'utilisant que les informations relatives au lepton l et au pion _. L'information concernant l'autre méson de la paire Banti-B initiale n'est tirée que d'un seul lepton de haute énergie. Ainsi, l'échantillon à disposition ne souffre pas de grandes réductions dues à une reconstruction complète, tandis que la contamination due aux mésons B chargés, produits par KEKB en quantité égale aux B0, est fortement diminuée en comparaison d'une analyse inclusive. Nous obtenons finalement le résultat suivant : _md = 0.513±0.006±0.008 ps^-1, la première erreur étant l'erreur statistique et la deuxième, l'erreur systématique.<br/><br/>The Belle experiment is located in the KEK research centre (Japan) and is primarily devoted to the study of CP violation in the B meson sector. Belle is placed on the KEKB collider, one of the two currently running "B-meson factories", which produce Banti-B pairs. KEKB has created more than 150 million pairs in total, a world record for this kind of colliders. This large sample allows very precise measurements in the physics of beauty mesons. The present analysis falls within the framework of these precise measurements. One of the most remarkable phenomena in high-energy physics is the ability of weak interactions to couple a neutral meson to its anti-meson. In this work, we study the coupling of neutral B with neutral anti-B meson, which induces an oscillation of frequency _md we can measure accurately. Besides the interest of this phenomenon itself, this measurement plays an important role in the quest for the origin of CP violation. The standard model of electro-weak interactions does not include CP violation in a fully satisfactory way. The search for yet unexplained physical phenomena is, therefore, the main motivation of the Belle collaboration. Many measurements of _md have previously been performed. The present work, however, leads to a precision on _md that was never reached before. This is the result of the excellent performance of KEKB, and of an original approach that allows to considerably reduce background contamination of pertinent events. This approach was already successfully used by other collaborations, in slightly different conditions as here. The method we employed consists in the partial reconstruction of one of the B mesons through the decay channel ___D*(D0_)l_l, where only the information on the lepton l and the pion _ are used. The information on the other B meson of the initial Banti-B pair is extracted from a single high-energy lepton. The available sample of Banti-B pairs thus does not suffer from large reductions due to complete reconstruction, nor does it suffer of high charged B meson background, as in inclusive analyses. We finally obtain the following result: _md = 0.513±0.006±0.008 ps^-1, where the first error is statistical, and the second, systematical.<br/><br/>De quoi la matière est-elle constituée ? Comment tient-elle ensemble ? Ce sont là les questions auxquelles la recherche en physique des hautes énergies tente de répondre. Cette recherche est conduite à deux niveaux en constante interaction. D?une part, des modèles théoriques sont élaborés pour tenter de comprendre et de décrire les observations. Ces dernières, d?autre part, sont réalisées au moyen de collisions à haute énergie de particules élémentaires. C?est ainsi que l?on a pu mettre en évidence l?existence de quatre forces fondamentales et de 24 constituants élémentaires, classés en « quarks » et « leptons ». Il s?agit là de l?une des plus belles réussites du modèle en usage aujourd?hui, appelé « Modèle Standard ». Il est une observation fondamentale que le Modèle Standard peine cependant à expliquer, c?est la disparition quasi complète de l?anti-matière (le « négatif » de la matière). Au niveau fondamental, cela doit correspondre à une asymétrie entre particules (constituants de la matière) et antiparticules (constituants de l?anti-matière). On l?appelle l?asymétrie (ou violation) CP. Bien qu?incluse dans le Modèle Standard, cette asymétrie n?est que partiellement prise en compte, semble-t-il. En outre, son origine est inconnue. D?intenses recherches sont donc aujourd?hui entreprises pour mettre en lumière cette asymétrie. L?expérience Belle, au Japon, en est une des pionnières. Belle étudie en effet les phénomènes physiques liés à une famille de particules appelées les « mésons B », dont on sait qu?elles sont liées de près à l?asymétrie CP. C?est dans le cadre de cette recherche que se place cette thèse. Nous avons étudié une propriété remarquable du méson B neutre : l?oscillation de ce méson avec son anti-méson. Cette particule est de se désintégrer pour donner l?antiparticule associée. Il est clair que cette oscillation est rattachée à l?asymétrie CP. Nous avons ici déterminé avec une précision encore inégalée la fréquence de cette oscillation. La méthode utilisée consiste à caractériser une paire de mésons B à l?aide de leur désintégration comprenant un lepton chacun. Une plus grande précision est obtenue en recherchant également une particule appelée le pion, et qui provient de la désintégration d?un des mésons. Outre l?intérêt de ce phénomène oscillatoire en lui-même, cette mesure permet d?affiner, directement ou indirectement, le Modèle Standard. Elle pourra aussi, à terme, aider à élucider le mystère de l?asymétrie entre matière et anti-matière.

Ewing sarcoma cancer stem cells : from mechanisms to therapeutic targeting

Le sarcome d'Ewing (SE) est la 2ème tumeur des os la plus fréquente chez les enfants, et le pronostic est sombre au stade métastatique. La pathogenèse du SE repose sur une translocation, provocant la fusion du domaine activateur du facteur de transcription EWS, avec la partie liant l'ADN de la protéine FLI-1. Les cellules souches cancéreuses (CSC) sont supposées être les moteurs de la croissance tumorale, et représente de ce fait des cibles thérapeutiques préférentielles. Dans ce travail nous nous sommes efforcés de comprendre, ainsi que de cibler les mécanismes liés à l'émergence des CSC dans le sarcome d'Ewing. La formation des CSC du ES est liée à un défaut de maturation des miRNAs provoqué par une sous-expression d'un gène, TARBP2, dans les CSC. Ce défaut de maturation peut être corrigé par un traitement des cellules avec de l'enoxacine, une fluoroquinolone utilisée pour traiter les infections urinaires. L'enoxacine seule n'étant pas suffisante pour éradiquer les tumeurs in vivo, nous avons testé la combinaison d'une thérapie ciblée sur les CSC avec une chimiothérapie classique, la doxorubicine, ciblant les cellules différentiées. In vitro l'enoxacine induit l'apoptose dans les CCS sans affecter les cellules différentiées, alors que à l'inverse, la doxorubicine n'affecte que les cellules de la « masse » tumorale. In vivo la combinaison de ces deux drogues inhibe la croissance de tumeurs provenant de cellules primaires xenotranplantées et éradique les CSCs. Nos résultats mettent en lumière une nouvelle approche thérapeutique directement applicable pour le sarcome d'Ewing, et pourraient ainsi rapidement déboucher sur des essais cliniques. Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail nous avons essayé de comprendre comment EWS-FLI1, la protéine de fusion issue de la translocation chromosomique du sarcome d'Ewing conduit à la génération des CSC. Pour cela nous avons effectué des ChIPseq (immunoprecipitation de la chromatine suivi de séquençage) pour EWS-FLI1 ainsi que pour certaines modifications histoniques. -- Ewing sarcoma family tumors (ESFT) are the second most frequent bone tumors in children and have a high rate of recurrence when metastatic at presentation. The pathogenesis of Ewing sarcoma is underlayed by a translocation, leading to the fusion of the trans-activating domain of EWS with the FLU DNA binding domain. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are thought to be the driving force of tumor growth. In this work we focused on understanding the mechanisms underlying ESFT CSC emergence as well as defining targeted therapeutic strategies. Emergence of CSCs in ESFT has been shown to arise from a defect in TARBP2-dependent microRNA maturation, which can be corrected by exposure to the fluoroquinolone enoxacin. As enoxacin alone is not sufficient to reverse tumor growth in vivo, we assessed the effect of combining a drug that abrogates CSC properties with doxorubicin, a standard-of-care therapy in ESFT. Primary ESFT CSCs and bulk tumor cells were treated with different concentration of drugs and displayed divergent responses to doxorubicin and enoxacin. Doxorubicin, which targets the tumor bulk, displayed toxicity toward primary adherent ESFT cells in culture but not to CSC-enriched ESFT spheres. Conversely, enoxacin induced apoptosis but only in ESFT spheres and specifically on the CD133+ population. In combination, the two drugs markedly depleted CSC and strongly reduced primary growth in xenograft assays of two primary ESFT. Our results identify a potentially attractive therapeutic strategy for ESFT that combines mechanism-based targeting of CSC using a low toxicity antibiotic with a standard-of-care cytotoxic drug, offering immediate applications for clinical evaluation. In the second part of this work we performed chromatin immunopercipitation on CSCs and bulk cells for EWS-FLI1 binding as well as some chromatin modifications, and concluded that EWS-FLI1 shows cell context dependent binding.

Fiscal sustainability across government tiers: an assessment of soft budget constraints

This paper analyses how fiscal adjustment comes about when both central and sub-national governments are involved in consolidation. We test sustainability of public debt with a fiscal rule for both the federal and regional government. Results for the German Länder show that lower tier governments bear a relatively smaller part of the burden of debt consolidation, if they consolidate at all. Most of the fiscal adjustment occurs via central government debt. In contrast, both the US federal and state levels contribute to consolidation of public finances.

Sarcoma sinovial primário do esôfago

Synovial sarcomas are uncommon malignant mesenchymal tumors occurring mainly near the joints of the extremities of young adults. Synovial sarcomas are exceedingly rare neoplasms of the digestive tract. We report the first diagnosed case of esophageal synovial sarcoma, highlighting its diagnostic features surgical management and follow-up.

Dispersal and metacommunity dynamics in a soft-sediment benthic system : how well is the seafloor connected?

Connectivity depends on rates of dispersal between communities. For marine soft-sediment communities continued small-scale dispersal as post-larvae and as adults can be equally important in maintaining community composition, as initial recruitment of substrate by pelagic larvae. In this thesis post-larval dispersal strategies of benthic invertebrates, as well as mechanisms by which communities are connected were investigated. Such knowledge on dispersal is scarce, due to the difficulties in actually measuring dispersal directly in nature, and dispersal has not previously been quantified in the Baltic Sea. Different trap-types were used underwater to capture dispersing invertebrates at different sites, while in parallel measuring waves and currents. Local community composition was found to change predictably under varying rates of dispersal and physical connectivity (waves and currents). This response was, however, dependent on dispersal-related traits of taxa. Actively dispersing taxa will be relatively better at maintaining their position, as they are not as dependent on hydrodynamic conditions for dispersal and will be less prone to be passively transported by currents. Taxa also dispersed in relative proportions that were distinctly different from resident community composition and a significant proportion (40 %) of taxa were found to lack a planktonic larval life-stage. Community assembly was re-started in a large-scale manipulative field experiment over one year across several sites, which revealed how patterns of community composition (α-, β- and λ-diversity) change depending on rates of dispersal. Results also demonstrated that in response to small-scale disturbance, initial recruitment was by nearby-dominant species after which other species arrived from successively further away. At later assembly time, the number of coexisting species increased beyond what was expected purely by local niche requirements (species sorting), transferring regional differences in community composition (β-diversity) to the local scale (α-diversity, mass effect). Findings of this thesis complement more theoretical studies in metacommunity ecology by demonstrating that understanding how and when individuals disperse relative to underlying environmental heterogeneity is key to interpreting how patterns of diversity change across different spatial scales. Such information from nature is critical when predicting responses to, for example, different types of disturbances or management actions in conservation.

Análisis de los elementos de Soft Power presentes en la política exterior alemana de cooperación para el desarrollo (2002-2009)R ALEMANA DE COOPERACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO (2002-2009)

A lo largo de la historia el Sistema Internacional se ha configurado a partir de los diferentes polos de poder y de diversas formas de interacción entre actores. Una de estas formas es la cooperación internacional, la cual abre el espacio a nuevos asuntos dentro de la agenda internacional y permite profundizar la colaboración en determinados temas de interés de los actores. Esta forma de relacionamiento puede ser entendida como una herramienta de Soft Power definiéndose éste como un elemento que permite a los Estados influenciar dentro del sistema internacional por medio de acciones no bélicas y que facilita el acercamiento de los países desarrollados con los países en vías de desarrollo para moldear el sistema internacional. Siguiendo esta idea, el Estado Alemán ha implementado el uso del Soft Power dentro de su política exterior buscando generar beneficios tanto a Alemania como para los Estados receptores de cooperación. Alemania ha redefinido sus prioridades: ajustar y reorganizar sus estrategias de cooperación para optimizar recursos, teniendo en cuenta la historia alemana y los cambios estructurales que las dos guerras mundiales generaron en la perspectiva de su política exterior. La fuerte y firme estructura política, económica y social ha permitido que este sea el único país de la Unión Europea que no ha sufrido directamente la crisis económica y por lo tanto ha logrado seguir aportando parte de su PIB a la cooperación internacional. Esto ha generado un diálogo político entre diferentes países, el cual permite el acercamiento con los gobiernos de turno en cada Estado para la creación de políticas encaminadas al desarrollo y al mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos.

Use of soft heterocyclic N‑donor ligands to separate actinides and lanthanides

The removal of the most long-lived radiotoxic elements from used nuclear fuel, minor actinides, is foreseen as an essential step toward increasing the public acceptance of nuclear energy as a key component of a low-carbon energy future. Once removed from the remaining used fuel, these elements can be used as fuel in their own right in fast reactors or converted into shorter-lived or stable elements by transmutation prior to geological disposal. The SANEX process is proposed to carry out this selective separation by solvent extraction. Recent efforts to develop reagents capable of separating the radioactive minor actinides from lanthanides as part of a future strategy for the management and reprocessing of used nuclear fuel are reviewed. The current strategies for the reprocessing of PUREX raffinate are summarized, and some guiding principles for the design of actinide-selective reagents are defined. The development and testing of different classes of solvent extraction reagent are then summarized, covering some of the earliest ligand designs right through to the current reagents of choice, bis(1,2,4-triazine) ligands. Finally, we summarize research aimed at developing a fundamental understanding of the underlying reasons for the excellent extraction capabilities and high actinide/lanthanide selectivities shown by this class of ligands and our recent efforts to immobilize these reagents onto solid phases.

Identification of genes associated with local aggressiveness and metastatic behavior in soft tissue tumors

Soft tissue tumors represent a group of neoplasia with different histologic and biological presentations varying from benign, locally confined to very aggressive and metastatic tumors. The molecular mechanisms responsible for such differences are still unknown. The understanding of these molecular alterations mechanism will be critical to discriminate patients who need systemic treatment from those that can be treated only locally and could also guide the development of new drugs` against this tumors. Using 102 tumor samples representing a large spectrum of these tumors, we performed expression profiling and defined differentially expression genes that are likely to be involved in tumors that are locally aggressive and in tumors with metastatic potential. We described a set of 12 genes (SNRPD3, MEGF9, SPTAN-1, AFAP1L2, ENDOD1, SERPIN5, ZWINTAS, TOP2A, UBE2C, ABCF1, MCM2, and ARL6IP5) showing opposite expression when these two conditions were compared. These genes are mainly related to cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions and cell proliferation and might represent helpful tools for a more precise classification and diagnosis as well as potential drug targets.

Effect of ion supplementation of a commercial soft drink on tooth enamel erosion

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of 4% titanium tetrafluoride solution on dental erosion by a soft drink: An in situ/ex vivo study

Objective: This in situ/ex vivo study assessed the effect of titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) on permanent human enamel subjected to erosion.Design: Ten volunteers took part in this study performed in two phases. In the first phase (ERO), they wore acrylic palatal appliances containing two enamel blocks, divided into two rows: TiF4 (F) and no-TiF4 (no-F). During the 1st day, the formation of a salivary pellicle was allowed. In the 2nd day, the TiF4 solution was applied on one row (ERO + F), whereas on the other row no treatment was performed (ERO + no-F). From 3rd until 7th day, the blocks were subjected to erosion, 4x per day. In the 2nd phase (no-ERO), the volunteers wore acrylic palatal appliances containing one enamel block, during 2 days, to assess the effect of TiF4 only (no-ERO + F). Enamel alterations were determined using profilometry (wear), microhardness (%SMHC) tests, scanning electron microscope and microprobe analysis. The %SMHC and wear were tested using ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (p < 0.05).Results: The mean of %SMHC and wear ( mu m) values ( +/- S.D.) were, respectively: ERO + F -73.32 +/- 5.16(A)/2.40 +/- 0.60(a); ERO + no-F -83.49 +/- 4.59B/1.17 +/- 0.48(b) and no-ERO + F -67.92 +/- 6.16(A)/0.21:E 0.09(c). In microscope analysis, the no-F group showed enamel with honeycomb appearance. For F groups, it was observed a surface coating with microcracks. The microprobe analysis revealed the presence of the following elements (%) in groups ERO + F, ERO + no-F and no-ERO + F, respectively: Ca (69.9, 72.5, 66.25); P (25.9, 26.5, 26.06); Ti (3.0, 0, 5.93).Conclusions: The TiF4 was unable to reduce dental erosion. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of thermocycling on mechanical properties of soft lining materials.

Soft linings are materials used to reduce the tension and forces of mastication, forming all or part of the fitting surface of a denture. This study evaluated the effect of thermocycling on water absorption, solubility, Shore A hardness and color stability of permanent soft liner materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Two chemically activated soft liner materials (Sofreliner S; GC Reline Ultrasoft) were tested. Twenty cylindrical specimens (30.0 x 1.0 mm) were prepared for measuring water absorption and solubility and another twenty (30.0 x 3 mm) for analyzing Shore A hardness and color stability. Color was measured by a spectrophotometer before and after 2000 thermocycles. A one-way ANOVA test and Tukey test at a 5% confidence level (p<0.05) were performed. RESULTS: The results did not show statistical differences for water absorption, solubility or color stability. The post-thermocycling Shore A hardness values were significantly higher than those before the treatment. CONCLUSION: Thermocycling of soft liner materials increased Shore A hardness.

Effect of bleaching agents and soft drink on titanium surface topography

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dimensional changes in soft tissues around dental implants following free gingival grafting: an experimental study in dogs

ObjectiveTo study the buccal dimensional tissue changes at oral implants following free gingival grafting, with or without including the keratin layer, performed at the time of implant installation into alveolar mucosa.Material and methodsThe mandibular premolars and first molars were extracted bilaterally in six Beagle dogs. In the right side of the mandible (Test), flaps were first elevated, and the buccal as well as part of the lingual masticatory mucosa was removed. An incision of the periosteum at the buccal aspect was performed to allow the flap to be coronally repositioned. Primary wound closure was obtained. In the left side, the masticatory (keratinized) mucosa was left in situ, and no sutures were applied (Control). After 3months of healing, absence of keratinized mucosa was confirmed at the test sites. Two recipient sites were prepared at each side of the mandible in the region of the third and fourth premolars. All implants were installed with the shoulder placed flush with the buccal alveolar bony crest, and abutments were connected to allow a non-submerged healing. Two free gingival mucosal grafts were harvested from the buccal region of the maxillary canines. One graft was left intact (gingival mucosal graft), while for the second, the epithelial layer was removed (gingival connective tissue graft). Subsequently, the grafts were fixed around the test implants in position of the third and fourth premolars, respectively. After 3months, the animals were euthanized and ground sections obtained.ResultsSimilar bony crest resorption and coronal extension of osseointegration were found at test and control sites. Moreover, similar dimensions of the peri-implant soft tissues were obtained at test and control sites.ConclusionsThe increase in the alveolar mucosal thickness by means of a gingival graft affected the peri-implant marginal bone resorption and soft tissue recession around implants. This resulted in outcomes that were similar to those at implants surrounded by masticatory mucosa, indicating that gingival grafting in the absence of keratinized mucosa around implants may reduce the resorption of the marginal crest and soft tissue recession.

Effect of soft laser in bone repair after expansion of the midpalatal suture in dogs

Introduction: The purpose of this research was to study the influence of soft laser treatment on the process of bone repair after expansion of the midpalatal suture. Methods: The sample for this case-control experimental study was 11 dogs. They were randomly divided into 2 groups, both of which underwent rapid maxillary expansion with a hyrax appliance. The animals in group 1 were also treated with laser therapy. They were killed, and histologic specimens of the palatal suture were prepared. The Student t test was applied for independent data, and the Mann-Whitney test was used for nonparametric data. Results: A significant difference was observed in the quality of the palatal sutures between the animals in groups 1 and 2. The connective tissues of the sutures in the group 1 animals were similar to the original configurations, with more advanced osteogenesis and fibrogenesis, compared with those of group 2. Conclusions: Soft laser appears to influence the behavior of the repair process, contributing to suture reorganization and palatal bone osteogenesis during and after expansion. (Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2012; 142: 615-24)

Extraoral Implants in the Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Defects: Implant and Prosthesis Survival Rates and Peri-Implant Soft Tissue Evaluation

Purpose: Few reports have evaluated cumulative survival rates of extraoral rehabilitation and peri-implant soft tissue reaction at long-term follow-up. The objective of this study was to evaluate implant and prosthesis survival rates and the soft tissue reactions around the extraoral implants used to support craniofacial prostheses. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed of patients who received implants for craniofacial rehabilitation from 2003 to 2010. Two outcome variables were considered: implant and prosthetic success. The following predictor variables were recorded: gender, age, implant placement location, number and size of implants, irradiation status in the treated field, date of prosthesis delivery, soft tissue response, and date of last follow-up. A statistical model was used to estimate survival rates and associated confidence intervals. We randomly selected 1 implant per patient for analysis. Data were analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test to compare survival curves. Results: A total of 150 titanium implants were placed in 56 patients. The 2-year overall implant survival rates were 94.1% for auricular implants, 90.9% for nasal implants, 100% for orbital implants, and 100% for complex midfacial implants (P = .585). The implant survival rates were 100% for implants placed in irradiated patients and 94.4% for those placed in nonirradiated patients (P = .324). The 2-year overall prosthesis survival rates were 100% for auricular implants, 90.0% for nasal implants, 92.3% for orbital implants, and 100% for complex midfacial implants (P = .363). The evaluation of the peri-implant soft tissue response showed that 15 patients (26.7%) had a grade 0 soft tissue reaction, 30 (53.5%) had grade 1, 6 (10.7%) had grade 2, and 5 (8.9%) had grade 3. Conclusions: From this study, it was concluded that craniofacial rehabilitation with extraoral implants is a safe, reliable, and predictable method to restore the patient's normal appearance. (C) 2012 American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons J Oral Maxillofac Surg 70:1551-1557, 2012