Diversidade genética de dourado utilizado em programas de repovoamento no rio Paranapanema

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética de um estoque de Salminus brasiliensis utilizado em programas de repovoamento do rio Paranapanema, por meio do marcador RAPD. Dez reprodutores (cinco machos e cinco fêmeas) e sua progênie (40 larvas e 40 alevinos) foram analisados. Os oito iniciadores analisados produziram 96 fragmentos, dos quais 81,2% foram polimórficos. Houve diferença significativa na frequência de 32 dos 96 fragmentos, com a presença de um fragmento exclusivo nos alevinos. O índice de Shannon, a percentagem de fragmentos polimórficos e a distância e a identidade genética mostraram menor divergência genética entre os reprodutores e as larvas, além de diminuição da variabilidade nos alevinos. A divergência genética foi menor nos alevinos em comparação às larvas e aos reprodutores. A análise de variância molecular mostrou que a maior parte da variação está dentro de cada grupo (90,05%) e não entre os grupos (9,95%). O estoque de reprodutores apresenta alta variabilidade genética e houve diferenciação genética entre a fase de larva e alevino.

Determinação de nitrato e nitrito em chás de peles de pescados empregados para tratamento de asma brônquica na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul

The objective of this paper was to determine nitrate and nitrite anions in toasted fish skin tea, which the population of southern Rio Grande do Sul believes to have pharmacological properties for trating asthma. Two methods were compared, an official and one described by Guozhen et al., that has the advantage of not needing reduction of nitrate to nitrite on a Cd column. The samples were the skin of the fish species Balistes capriscus (peixe porco) and Menticirrhus littoralis (papa-terra), both crude and toasted, as traditionally used. The method of Guozhen et al. was used due to its performance (detection limit 0.005 µmol/L NO3- and 0.02 µmol/L - NO2- and mean recuperation of 100 and 97% respectively for each anion) and results similar to those of the official methods under conditions used by the population, the estimated daily intake, of the teas is equivalent to 0.03 to 0.05 mg of nitrate and 0.007 to 0.014 mg of nitrite. These values are in accord with safety recommendations and don't represent a health risk.

Hydrobiidae (Gastropoda, Neotaenioglossa, Rissooidea) da planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

A família Hydrobiidae, que apresenta maior diversidade entre os moluscos límnicos e estuarinos, com mais de 300 gêneros e cerca de mil espécies Recentes, constitui-se em um importante componente biótico de águas continentais. A monofilia da família ainda é duvidosa, uma vez que a maioria das espécies é apenas conhecida pelos caracteres da concha, opérculo, pênis e rádula, insuficientes para traçar relações filogenéticas em Hydrobiidae. Apresentam alta diversidade específica e genérica, nos diferentes continentes, sendo a América do Sul uma exceção, com 120 espécies em sete gêneros recentes, enquanto que na América do Norte as mais de 200 espécies da família estão distribuídas em 40 gêneros, como registrado pela literatura. Estes caracóis acham-se distribuídos ao longo de toda Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A presente tese objetiva: identificar, definir e redefinir os hidrobiideos ocorrentes em ambientes límnicos e estuarinos da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, a partir de coleções científicas e amostragens de material vivo. Examinou-se Hydrobiidae das coleções: Museu Museu de Ciências Naturais da Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul (MCNZ); Departamento de Zoologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); coleção particular de Rosane Lanzer (RL); The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP); The Natural History Museum, Londres (BMNH). Realizou-se coleta no rio Hercílio em Santa Catarina, nas lagoas Itapeva, Tramandaí, Rondinha, Fortaleza e arroio do Carvão (bacia do rio Maquiné) no Rio Grande do Sul, utilizando peneira com malha de 1mm de abertura para a amostragem. Material coletado está depositado na coleção de moluscos da UFRGS. Obtiveram-se dados conquililógicos, conquiliometricos e morfoanatômicos in vivo - cabeça-pé, cavidade palial, sistemas reprodutores feminino e masculino e rádula. As ilustrações correspondem a desenhos da morfo-anatomia, e fotomicrografias da concha, opérculo, cabeça-pé e rádula. Foram inventariados 145 táxons do grupo da espécie de Hydrobiidae, descritos para a América do Sul, acrescidos de lista sinonímica e informações morfológicas de material-tipo. Registram-se os seguintes hidrobídeos para Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul: Heleobia australis (Orbingy, 1835) (rio Tramandaí, lagunas Tramandaí e Armazém, lagoas Custódia e Paurá e laguna dos Patos); Heleobia bertoniana (Pilsbry, 1911) (lagoa Caieiras); Heleobia cuzcoensis (Pilsbry, 1911) ( lagoa Rondinha); Heleobia doellojuradoi (Parodiz, 1960) (lagoas Figueiras, Bojuru Velho e Mangueira); Heleobia parchappei (Orbigny, 1835) (lagoas Itapeva, Quadros, Ramalhete, Negra, Malvas, Marcelino, Quintão, Barro Velho, Moleques, Peixe, Jacaré, Mangueira e Laguna dos Patos); Heleobia xi sp. (lagoas Itapeva, Quadros, Malvas, Palmital, Pinguela, Lessa, Peixoto, Marcelino, laguna Tramandaí, lagoas Gentil, Manuel Nunes, Fortaleza, Rondinha, Cerquinha, Rincão das Éguas, Cipó, Porteira, Capão Alto, Quintão, Charqueadas, Barro Velho, São Simão, Veiana, laguna Mirim, lagoas Nicola e Jacaré); Potamolithus kusteri (Strobel, 1874) (arroio Carvão); Potamolithus philippianus Pilsbry, 1911 (lagoas Itapeva e Figueiras). Registra-se pela primeira vez para o Brasil, H. bertoniana, H. doelojuradoi e P. kusteri; para o Rio Grande do Sul, P. philippianus; e para a Planície Costeira, H. cuzcoensis. A partir de topótipos, é redescrito o táxon Potamolithus catharinae Pilsbry, 1911, assinalado na literatura para o litoral norte da Planície Costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, cuja ocorrência não é confirmada. Heleobia charruana (Orbigny, 1835), registrada na literatura para o litoral norte do RS, não tem sua ocorrência confirmada. Transfere-se o gênero monotípico Parodizia, arrolado entre os hidrobídeos, para Pyramidellidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia), a partir da morfologia das partes moles, desconhecidas até o presente. A morfologia do pênis de exemplares de Potamolithus kusteri (Strobel, 1874), do arroio Carvão, justifica sua remoção de Heleobia para Potamolithus. Heleobia australis nana (MARCUS & MARCUS, 1963) é considerada sinônimo de H. australis, por tratar-se de táxons morfoanatomicamente iguais. As distintas dimensões da concha (2,0 a 8,4 mm) de populações, ao longo da distribuição da espécie (Rio de Janeiro á Baía San Blás), decorrem de fatores ambientais, provavelmente relacionados com o grau de variação da salinidade.

Biologia reprodutiva de Gymnotus aff. carapo Linnaeus, 1758 (Teleostei : Gymnotidae) do Parque Estadual de Itapuã, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

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Ecologia alimentar e reprodutiva da piaba-do-rabo-amarelo, Astyanax cf. lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874) (Osteichthyes: Characidae) na Lagoa do Piató, Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The feeding habits and biological aspects of the reproductive cycle of two-spot astyanax, Astyanax cf. lacustris (Reinhardt, 1874) were investigated. Fish samples were captured on a monthly basis, using gillnets of 4 cm mesh size, from the Piató Lake, Assu, Rio Grande do Norte, during the period of September, 2006 to August, 2007. Physico-chemical parameters, such as, temperature, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen of the lake were registered. The monthly values of rainfall also were obtained. The 360 individuals captured, were measured, weighed, dissected, and stomach weight and the stage of gonadal maturity were registered. The stomach contents analyses were carried out based on volumetric method, points, frequency of occurrence and applying the Index of Relative Importance. The degrees of repletion of the stomachs were determined besides the Index of Repletion relating to feeding activity variations and frequency of ingestion with limnological parameters and rainfall. The food items identified were separated into distinct groups according to their origin. Sex ratio and Gonadosomatic Relation of females were verified to determine the spawning period and fecundity. The physico-chemical parameters presented the following annual mean values: temperature = 28.8ºC, electrical conductivity = 992.5 µS.cm-1; dissolved oxygen = 4.9 mg.L-1 during the study period. The annual mean of the rainfall was 63.5 mm. The results indicate that this species present an omnivorous feeding habit with a tendency towards insectivory, with an increase in feeding activity during the dry season. The aquatic oxygen to interfere very importance in the feeding activity than the others factors physico-chemicals of water and rainfall. There was a predominance of females, with a sex proportion of 1M:7F. The macroscopic characteristics of the ovaries and testicles revealed four stages of gonadal development: immature, maturing, mature and spent. A temporal variation was observed for the gonadal development of males and females. There was reproductive activity through out the year, with peaks in the months of February, April and June to correspond with the rain of precipitation of the region. The mean fecundity was 7.681 mature oocytes, varying from 4.476 to 12.036, with mean of 7.681. There was positive relation between fecundity and body mass. Condition Factor is not an efficient indicator of the reproductive period of this species. The species A. cf. lacustris is an opportunist and is well adapted to the conditions of the semi-arid Caatinga Biome

Investigação e avaliação da toxicidade aguda dos agrotóxicos mais utilizados no cinturão verde da Grande Natal (RN, Brasil) para o peixe-zebra (Danio rerio Hamilton Buchanan, 1822, Teleostei, Cyprinidae

The objectives of this research were to investigate the agrotoxic most used in the Gramorezinho region in the green belt of Natal, and to evaluate the acute toxicity of these, based on the LC50-48h values estimated in tests for Danio rerio, internationally used as test organism. The acute toxicity tests were performed under laboratory conditions, according to standardized methods (ABNT/NBR/15088/04) for this species. The LC50-48h estimated to Tamaron BR was 352.89 mg.L-1, which characterizes that as practically non-toxic, according to toxicological classes cited by Zucker. For Decis 25EC, the LC50-48h estimated was 0.0004156 mg.L-1 (4.156 X 10-4 mg.L-1), which classifies it as highly toxic to this species

Avaliação da toxicidade aguda do inseticida metomil e o seu efeito sobre a atividade da acetilcolinesterase do peixe Danio rerio

Methomyl (Lannate®) is an insecticide from the carbamate group, frequently used in pest control in various types of crops. This compound works inhibiting the activity of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The use of physicochemical and ecotoxicological analysis is the most efficient strategy for the correct characterization and control of residues of metomil. The main objectives of this study were to evaluate the acute toxicity of methomyl in 96 hours of exposure and, through a sublethal assay of 5 hours, to assess its effect on the activity of acetylcholinesterase present in brain and squeletic dorsal muscle of the Danio rerio fish. The results showed that the LC50-96 found to D. rerio was 3.4 mg/L and it was found through the average of four definitive tests. In vitro assays were used to test the inhibitory action of methomyl directly over soluble AChE, extracted from the squeletic dorsal muscle, with maximum inhibition of 68.57% to the insecticide concentrations of 0.2 mg/L. In sublethal tests with D. rerio, inhibitory effect of methomyl was found over the soluble form of AChE in the squeletic dorsal muscle, both in one and five hours of fish exposure to the insecticide. In both period, the average values of inhibition were around 61%. In the same condition, no significant inhibitory effect of methomyl soluble and membrane AChE of the D. rerio was observed in the 0.42, 0.85, 1.70 and 2.50 mg/L concentrations and in both times of fish exposure

Diversidade Ictiofaunística e Ecologia reprodutiva de uma espécie nativa de peixe da Bacia Piranhas-Assu, RN

The Caatinga biome is rich in endemic fish species fauna. The present study the results of fish faunal surveys conducted in the hydrographic basin of Piranhas-Assu of the Brazilian Caatinga biome. The fish samples collected were distributed in four orders (Characiformes, Perciformes, Siluriformes and Synbranchiformes), 11 families (Characidae, Curimatidae, Auchenipteridae, Anostomidae, Prochilodontidae, Erythrinidae, Cichlidae, Sciaenidae, Heptapteridae, Loricariidae, Synbranchidae) and 22 species, of which 17 are endemic and five have been introduced from other basins. The order Characiformes was the most representative in number of species (46,35% ) followed by Perciformes (35,38%), Siluriformes (17,44%) and Synbranchiformes (0,5%). The Nile tilapia, Oreochomis niloticus, the only exotic species, was most expressive in number of individuals (24.92%) followed by the native species piau preto, Leporinus piau (18,77 %). Considering the relative frequency of occurrence of the 22 species, 13 were constant, five were accessory and four were occasional. This study investigated the reproductive ecology of an endemic fish black piau, Leporinus piau from the Marechal Dutra reservoir, Acari, Rio Grande do Norte. Samplings were done on a monthly basis from January to December 2009, and a total of 211 specimens were captured. The environmental parameters such as rainfall, temperature, pH, electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen of water were recorded. The sampled population showed a slight predominance of males (55%), however females were larger and heavier. Both sexes of L. piau showed positive allometric growth, indicating a higher increase of weight than length. The first sexual maturation of males occurred at smaller size, with 16.5 cm in total length than females (20.5 cm). During the reproductive period, the condition factor and gonadosomatic index (GSI) of L. piau were negatively correlated. This species has large oocytes with a high mean fecundity of 54.966 with synchronous oocyte development and total spawning

Ecologia parasitária de isópodos e biologia reprodutiva em tibiro, Oligoplites spp (OSTEICHTHYES: CARANGIDAE) das águas costeiras de Natal, Rio Grande do norte

Oligoplites palometa (Cuvier) and Oligoplites saurus (Bloch & Schneider) (Osteichthyes: Carangidae) are coastal pelagic fish species. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of parasitism by isopods and the reproductive biology of the leather jack, Oligoplites spp. A total of 113 individuals of Oligoplites spp (35 of O. saurus and 78 of O. palometa) were captured during the period between January, 2005 and July, 2007 from the coastal waters of Natal, RN. The morphometric and meristic characters were registered; macroscopic analyses were done to collect the isopod parasites and the gonads were observed to verify the reproductive aspects. The crustacean isopod parasite, Cymothoa spinipalpa (Isopoda: Cymothidae) was encountered on the tongue in the oral cavity in both fish hosts. The parasitic indices of C. spinipalpa showed high values of prevalance of 51,4% for O. saurus and 64,1% for O. palometa. The host presented significant correlations between body mass and body length of O. palometa and the number of parasites. Body lengths of female C. spinipalpa were small due to the limited space available in the oral cavity of the host. There was a significant difference in the sex ratio of O. palometa, males outnumbered the females. The isopod parasites showed specificity to the oral cavity of hosts. Macroscopic analyses of gonads showed four stages of gonadal development for both sex of O. palometa: immature, maturing, mature and spent

Biologia reprodutiva da |Tainha, Mugil curema valencientes, 1836 (osteichthyes: mugilidade) nas águas costeiras do Rio Grande do Norte

The marine fish white mullet, Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836 (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) exhibits a wide geographical distribution, being common in the Brazilian coast and is an important component of the artisanal fisheries. The objective of this study was to investigate the reproductive biology of M. curema in the coastal waters of Rio Grande do Norte. Fish samples were captured on a monthly basis during August, 2008 to July, 2009. The fish specimens were numbered, weighed, measured, dissected and their gonads were removed, weighed, their sex and gonadal development were identified. The length-weight relationship was determined for males and females. The sex ratio, the size at first gonadal maturation and gonadosomatic index (GSI) were calculated and ovarian development was investigated using macroscopic and histological techniques. The fecundity, spawning type and the reproductive period of the species were determined. A total of 366 specimens (186 males and 180 females) were captured. The sex ratio was 1:1 and the females were heavier than males. The estimated values of the angular coefficient for both sexes suggest that the species has isometric growth. The size at which 50% of the population began the process of maturation was 25.9 cm of total length for grouped sex. The macroscopic characteristics of the ovaries showed four stages of development: immature, maturing, mature and spent. However, the microscopic characteristics of the ovaries showed five stages of development: immature, early maturing, late maturing, mature and spent. The development of oocytes indicated five phases: Chromatin-nucleolus (phase I), initial perinucleolar (phase II), final perinuclear (phase II), formation of vitelline vesicle or yolk (phase III), vitellogenic (phase IV) and complete vitellogenesis (phase V). The species has a prolonged spawning period, with two peaks coinciding with the rainy season.