Provendo soluções de comunicação em ambientes industriais inóspitos via PLC - um estudo de caso aplicado a uma empilhadeira de bauxita da refinaria da Alunorte

Este trabalho tem como principal objetivo fazer um estudo sobre um sistema comunicação de dados, utilizando-se a rede elétrica existente entre equipamentos, como meio físico em um ambiente industrial inóspito. Nesse caso, foi implementado um piloto em uma refinaria de alumina, localizada em Barcarena no estado do Pará, em uma máquina móvel de empilhamento de bauxita, que possuía um sistema de comunicação de dados via rádio, no qual ocorriam muitas falhas de comunicação devido às interferências eletromagnéticas, RFI, etc. prejudicando o processo de produção da refinaria. Como alternativa, apresentar-se-á uma tecnologia menos susceptível a problema da interferência que permite melhorar o desempenho do sistema de comunicação entre equipamentos. Trata-se da tecnologia PLC - Power Line Communication- que é full-duplex e utiliza modulação OFDM, o que reduz o efeito indesejável de interferências. Na conclusão, foram feitos comentários pertinentes aos resultados obtidos e os esperados acerca da confiabilidade da tecnologia, bem como sua utilização para futuras aplicações, nas diversas áreas onde a mesma pode ser utilizada.

Processo eletrolítico em efluente de refinaria de petróleo utilizando eletrodos de ti/tiruo2 e/ou fe/tiruo2

Consiste de uma modalidade de tratamento de efluentes líquidos de refinaria de petróleo que pode ser usado isoladamente ou preferencialmente e mais eficazmente de forma complementar e anterior ao tratamento biológico que utiliza-se de eletrodos óxidos do Ti/TiRuO~ 2~ E/OU Fe/TiRuO~ 2~ os quais atuam no processo de conversão ou combustão eletroquímica de substâncias persistentes ou tóxicas presentes nestes entes, particularmente fenol, amónia, nitrito e cloreto em outras substâncias mais degradáveis e menos tóxicas...

Avaliação do potencial genotóxico e mutagênico do efluente de uma refinaria de petróleo e dos rios sob sua influência, por meio de bioensaios com Oreochromis niloticus (Perciformes, Cichlidae)

The petrochemical industry represents a sector of intense activity, in constant expansion and great economic importance for Brazil. In order to be used in various human activities petroleum needs to suffer a refinement process that, besides requiring large amounts of water, produces large amounts of wastes, which are discharged in hydric resources. Petroleum is a complex mixture mainly comprised by hydrocarbons, many of them are recognized as toxic chemicals, which are able to induce a considerable environmental pollution. Since water is an important resource for the maintenance of ecosystems and is also the final receiver of effluent discharges of the petroleum industry, there is an imminent need to monitor, constantly, the hydric resources that are influenced by this industrial activity, so that it can be ensured the environmental health. This study aimed, mainly, to analyze the quality of water samples derived from refinement process performed of the largest petroleum refinery in Brazil (REPLAN), in distinct steps of the industry treatment, and waters of rivers associated to its activity. Micronuclei and Nuclear Abnormalities tests were performed in erythrocytes of the fish species Oreochromis niloticus exposed to water samples derived from refinery use and to rivers under the influence of their effluents, in order to evaluate its possible toxic, genotoxic and mutagenic effects. The results obtained show that the treatment carried out by the refinery, during the evaluated periods, was effective, since the substances present in the water samples did not induce significant genotoxic and/or mutagenic alterations in the genetic material of the test organisms. On the other hand, when the substances present in the refinery effluent mix with the ones derived from other industrial activities developed upstream of this industry, the resultant compound, in some periods, presented genotoxic potencial, characterized by a rise of erythrocytic...

Análise da viabilidade de motorização elétrica do soprador no ciclo regenerativo da unidade de craqueamento catalítico fluidizado em uma refinaria

One of the biggest environmental problems of today is the climate change. Experts affirm that this global warming is related to the greenhouse effect. Its causes are directly related to human activity, especially the use of fossil fuels. In this context, companies around the world are challenged to improve energy efficiency in order to reduce the environmental impact and work toward the so-called tripod of sustainable development that focuses on the social, economic and environmental aspects of a business strategy. The first step a company can make in this regard is to conduct an inventory of emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The reduction of GHG emissions in a refinery can be achieved by replacing steam turbines with electric motors to drive big machines, this reduction is achieved by relieving the steam consumption for electric power available or purchased. An important aspect associated with the reduction of GHG emissions is the best performance of the Energy Intensity Index (ERI). The objective of this study was to analyze the feasibility of the blower motorization in the regenerative cycle of a fluidized catalytic cracking unit at a specific refinery. For development work, two methods were used, the initial screening and optimization scenarios with the help of software Butyl. The results indicate that after a certain cost of natural gas this substitution becomes favorable. In addition, there is a large reduction of CO2 emissions avoided by burning fuel

Avaliação da toxicidade sobre Ceriodaphnia dubia das águas dos rios Atibaia, Jaguari e efluente tratado de refinaria de petróleo

Ensuring availability of quality water for human consumption causes becomes an increasing number of studies for the analysis of effluent before and after treatment, so that its release into receiving bodies do not cause significant changes in the river water and on the biological communities related to them. The biomarkers of toxicity have long been used to verify the potential toxic effluent and its correlation with the treatment efficiency of them. In this context, the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia stands out because it is a benthic aquatic organism highly sensitive to environmental changes. In this study, to evaluate the interference of the release of treated wastewater of oil refinery in Rio Atibaia, we sought to determine the toxicity on population dynamics of Ceriodaphnia dubia microcrustacean in water samples upstream and downstream from the launch site, compared with samples from Rio Jaguarí at the point of capture by the company itself and treated effluent. We have studied the number of offspring produced in 10 replicates, each starting with a test individual of up to 24 hours for each sample and correlated the results with physical-chemical and microbiological tests performed by a laboratory technician. For most tests, the results indicate that the treated effluent gives sub-lethal toxicity to the microcrustacean, as delay the onset of the reproductive cycle of the same

Proposta de traçado de alcoolduto ligando a hidrovia Tietê Paraná à refinaria do planalto paulista com uso de avaliação multicritérios e geotecnologias

From the beginning of the century, with the advent of the flex fuel car, successor fluctuations in oil prices and the rise of awareness of the impending shortage of fossil fuels, the alcohol sector begins to reappear in the panorama of national economy making Brasill reaches the point of becoming a leading exporter of this product. Ethanol assumed the role of such importance in Brazilian exports, which Petrobras through the Growth Acceleration Program (PAC) has made investments in the Brazilian pipeline network to better ensure the production of ethanol to major ports. The means of transport in pipelines are safe and inexpensive, but require careful evaluation in its implementation, they may lead to negative social and environmental impacts. Thus, the purpose of this project is to propose the best route for an ethanol pipeline connectin the Tietê-Paraná, leaving the municipality of Santa Maria da Serra (SP), to the Planalto Paulista Refinery (REPLAN), located in Paulinia (SP), belonging to the passage of ethanol export corridor, currently under revelopment. The technique used for the development of the stroke is the association of multicriteria evaluation, the geographical information system (SIG) and geotechnologies. This study presented three possible layouts for the ethanol pipeline, highlighting the best option, in addition, demonstrated the suitability of the area to receive projects of similar nature to a pipeline

Avaliação do método de classificação baseada no objeto em imagens de alta resolução espacial aplicado para o monitoramento de faixa de dutos: estudo de caso no entorno da refinaria de Capuava em Mauá - SP

The metropolitan region of São Paulo is the most populous of the country, this happens because of its great importance in the national economy and the job opportunities that are offered to the population. These factors result in intense population growth and urban expansion, reaching some non-habitable places of the metropolis, as areas of pipelines, which are very important for the transportation of natural gas, oil and its derivatives. Before the population growth of the region, these sites were unoccupied, do not presenting problems for the population. However, with the disorderly occupation is generated great anthropogenic pressure on the pipeline stitches, causing risks to people who are around them. Therefore it is extremely important to monitor the strip of pipelines through products and techniques of remote sensing and geoprocessing, enabling, through high spatial resolution images, identification of objects or phenomena that occur on Earth's surface that can alter the functioning and safety of pipelines. Therefore, this study aims to monitor a stretch of the area of the pipeline mesh GASPAL/OSVAT and Capuava Refinery (RECAP), located on the outskirts of the metropolitan area of São Paulo in the city of Mauá, who suffer great human pressure, proving thus the techniques of remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) as effective tools for monitoring phenomena occurred in urban areas of great complexity. The monitoring was done by object-based classification applied in orbital images Ikonos II and RapidEye, of high spatial resolution and, image processing, detection of objects, segmentation, classification and editing were developed through the eCognition and ArcGis softwares. To determine the statistical accuracy of the mapping of the land cover of the stretch of pipeline in Maua, the results were analyzed by error matrix... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Implementação de um tuboexpansor na refinaria do Planalto Paulista – REPLAN com objetivo do aproveitamento da energia contida nos gases residuais do FCC – Fluid Catalytic Cracking na geração de energia elétrica

The steel type AISI 4130 (ultra-high strength steel) is an alloy of low carbon and its main alloying elements are chromium and molybdenum, which improves the toughness of the weld metal. It has numerous applications, especially where the need for high mechanical strength. It is widely used in equipment used by the aviation industry, such as cradle-tomotor, and this is the motivation for this study. Cots are of fundamental importance, because the engine supports and maintains balance in the fixed landing gear. This equipment is subjected to intense loading cycles, whose fractures caused by fatigue are constantly observed. Will be determined the effects caused by re-welding the structure of aeronautical equipment, and will also study the microstructure of the metal without welding. The studies will be done on materials used in aircraft, which was given to study. The results provide knowledge of microstructure to evaluate any type of fracture that maybe caused by fatigue. Fatigue is a major cause of aircraft accidents and incidents occurred, which makes the study of the microstructure of the metal, weld and re-solder the knowledge essential to the life of the material. The prevention and control of the process of fatigue in aircraft are critical, since the components are subjected to greater responsibility cyclic loading

Eficiência das resinas XAD4 e C18 na extração de compostos mutagênicos presentes em efluente de refinaria de petróleo para a realização do Teste de Ames

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Estudo sobre uma turbina a gás instalada em uma refinaria de petróleo

The gas turbine (GT) is known to have: low cost of capital over the amount of energy, high flexibility, high reliability, short delivery time, commissioning and commercial operation at the beginning and quick departure. The gas turbine is also recognized for its superior environmental performance, manifested in air pollution containment and reducing greenhouse gases (Mahi, 1994). Gas turbines in simple cycle mode (SC) have long been used by utilities to limited power generation peak. In addition, manufacturing facilities use gas turbines for power generation units on site, often in combination with the process of heat production, such as hot water and steam process. In recent years, the performance of industrial gas turbines has been improved due to significant investments in research and development, in terms of fuel to electricity conversion efficiency, plant capacity, availability and reliability. The greater availability of energy resources such as natural gas (NG), the significant reduction of capital costs and the introduction of advanced cycles, have also been a success factor for the increased use of gas turbines to load applications base (Poulikas, 2004). Open Cycle Gas Turbine with a greater degree of heat to the atmosphere may alternatively be used to produce additional electricity using a steam cycle, or to compose a cogeneration process. The combined cycle (CC) uses the heat from the gas turbine exhaust gas to increase the power output and increase the overall efficiency of more than 50% second (Najjar, 2001). The initial discovery of these cycles in the commercial power generation market was possible due to the development of the gas turbine. Only from the 1970s that gas turbine inlet temperature and therefore the exhaust gas temperature was sufficiently high to allow a better efficiency in the combined cycle ... (Complete Abstract click electronic access below)

Genetic variation and demographic history of the Haplochromis laparogramma group of Lake Victoria-An analysis based on SINEs and mitochondrial DNA

More than 500 endemic haplochromine cichlid species inhabit Lake Victoria. This striking species diversity is a classical example of recent explosive adaptive radiation thought to have happened within the last similar to 15,000 years. In this study, we examined the population structure and historical demography of 3 pelagic haplochromine cichlid species that resemble in morphology and have similar niche, Haplochromis (Yssichromis) laparogramma, Haplochromis (Y.) pyrrhocephalus, and Haplochromis (Y.) sp. "glaucocephalus". We investigated the sequences of the mitochondrial DNA control region and the insertion patterns of short interspersed elements (SINEs) of 759 individuals. We show that sympatric forms are genetically differentiated in 4 of 6 cases, but we also found apparent weakening of the genetic differentiation in areas with turbid water. We estimated the timings of population expansion and species divergence to coincide with the refilling of the lake at the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary. We also found that estimates can be altered significantly by the choice of the shape of the molecular clock. If we employ the nonlinear clock model of evolutionary rates in which the rates are higher towards the recent, the population expansion was dated at around the event of desiccation of the lake ca. 17,000 YBP. Thus, we succeeded in clarifying the species and population structure of closely related Lake Victoria cichlids and in showing the importance of applying appropriate clock calibrations in elucidating recent evolutionary events. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.