1000 resultados para Reconfiguração de sistemas de distribuição


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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia e Gestão da Água

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O tratamento de sementes de milho (Zea mays L.) com inseticidas altera a rugosidade da superfície das sementes, afetando o desempenho da semeadora, pela dificuldade de movimentá-las no depósito e também nos sistemas distribuidores, e a densidade de plantio. Determinou-se o efeito do tratamento com inseticidas ou grafite sobre o ângulo de repouso de sementes de milho, e avaliou-se o efeito da velocidade de deslocamento, do tratamento químico e com grafite das sementes, além da classificação por peneiras, no desempenho de dois sistemas distribuidores, de disco e de dedos prensores. Os testes foram realizados em uma bancada montada em laboratório com sementes classificadas em diferentes peneiras e submetidas a seis tratamentos, testadas em duas velocidades de deslocamento e em dois sistemas de distribuição de sementes. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com três repetições. No sistema de dedos prensores, o uso do inseticida melhorou significativamente o desempenho da semeadora, ao contrário do verificado no sistema de disco. Com a adição de grafite, na dose de 4 g/kg de sementes, o desempenho voltou a ser o mesmo de antes do tratamento com a utilização de Semevin, e ligeiramente inferior com Furadan.

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Este estudo se propõe a analisar o efeito que as novas Tecnologias da Informação têm sobre a distribuição de produtos turísticos, mais especificamente, sobre a operação, atual e futura, das agências de viagem, enquanto parte importante, até o presente momento, do canal de distribuição. A revisão bibliográfica desenvolve-se para turismo, marketing turístico, marketing de serviços, distribuição e tecnologia, procurando assim sistematizar os conceitos dos diversos autores. Definem-se objetivos, principalmente direcionados para a identificação do conceito de marketing em turismo, e da distribuição de serviços. Através de uma pesquisa exploratória buscamos identificar a forma como as agências de viagem operam, atualmente, e qual a postura que têm em relação às novas tecnologias da informação e ao futuro do próprio negócio. A importância desta investigação é dada pela compreensão, mais profunda e detalhada, do papel das agências de viagem, dentro do sistema de distribuição dos produtos turísticos. Os resultados apontam para um cenário em mudança, onde a permanência das agências de viagem no mercado, não se vê afetada, apenas, pelas novas tecnologias, mas, também, pela habilidade que tenham para desenhar estratégias competitivas que lhes permitam enfrentar as novas forças do mercado, assim como identificar os segmentos de mercado para os quais têm vocação.

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Trata da dose unitária, sistema de distribuição de medicamentos em hospitais, apontando as vantagens e desvantagens em relação aos outros sistemas. Relata o resultado de diversos estudos sobre a incidência de erros de medicação, a eficiência na utilização dos profissionais, a porcentagem de perdas de medicamentos e o custo dos sistemas.

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O presente trabalho tem por objetivo retratar e analisar a distribuição de autoveículos fabricados no País e sua forma de organização no mercado brasileiro. Em todos os países onde a produção automobilística possui expressão econômica, as empresas montadoras implantaram sistemas de distribuição de veículos. Essas empresas são na sua maioria, grupos empresariais multinacionais que, através de orientações normativas emanadas das matrizes, dirigem o comportamento comercial e operacional de suas subsidiárias espalhadas pelo mundo, impondo-lhes critérios padronizados de atuação, o que tem reflexos em todos os níveis do mercado automobilístico. Assim, as subsidiárias e as próprias empresas montadoras nacionais vão conceber de maneira bastante semelhante, o sentido e o funcionamento da distribuição de veículos, apesar das diferenças existentes entre os mercados que operam e os Contratos de Concessão que regulam as relações entre montadoras e distribuidoras.

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Diretorio TesteAs recentes mudanças de estrutura no sistema elétrico (geração, transmissão, distribuição e comercialização de energia) têm motivado o uso da geração distribuída e, em particular, pequenos produtores independentes conectados ao sistemas de distribuição e subtransmissão. Sendo recente, ainda há muitas lacunas quanto ao entendimento do impacto desta nova topologia na estabilidade e outros índices de desempenho do sistema. O presente trabalho está focado na conexão dos produtores independentes aos sistemas de distribuição e subtransmissão e visa contribuir quanto ao estudo teórico-prático deste problema, com ênfase nos aspectos de modelagem dos componentes do sistema. Este estudo faz parte do projeto de pesquisa “Impacto de Produtores Independentes e Autoprodutores Conectados aos sistemas de distribuição e subtransmissão", desenvolvido pela UFRGS com financiamento da CEEE. Como as unidades de geração distribuída são conectadas às redes de distribuição e transmissão, a distância entre estes geradores e as cargas é menor comparativamente às usinas de grande porte. Existe ainda a questão dos produtores independentes serem de potências menores e, portanto, mais suscetíveis às variações de carga da rede em que estão ligados. Devido a estes e outros fatores, uma melhor análise dos modelos estáticos e dinâmicos dos diversos componentes do sistema de potência dentro desta nova topologia se faz necessária. Um dos aspectos considerados neste trabalho, foi o estudo da influência da resistência da linha na análise da geração distribuída nas linhas de distribuição. Esta foi uma das contribuições deste trabalho e foi realizada por meio de simulações considerando vários modelos de geradores e cargas. Outra contribuição foi a construção do sistema consistindo de um protótipo de um produtor independente conectado a rede de distribuição, composto de um gerador de 100kVA conectado à rede elétrica, contendo cargas resistivas e indutivas, podendo serem ligadas/desligadas, emulando condições de operação similares às reais. A construção do protótipo também envolveu um sistema para simulação, um sistema supervisório para operação e realização de ensaios, e os algoritmos necessários para tal. Este sistema permite a simulação dinâmica de modelos de sistemas elétricos de potência em diversos cenários e a verificação experimental do comportamento dos grupos geradores em diversas condições de operação, incluindo a análise de desempenho estático, ensaios de curto circuito e as variações de despacho ativo e reativo de potência. Obtendo com isso uma melhor identificação e quantificação do impacto dos produtores independentes e autoprodutores na análise de sistemas elétricos de potência.

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The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developing the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. It s important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformer s secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity

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Most algorithms for state estimation based on the classical model are just adequate for use in transmission networks. Few algorithms were developed specifically for distribution systems, probably because of the little amount of data available in real time. Most overhead feeders possess just current and voltage measurements at the middle voltage bus-bar at the substation. In this way, classical algorithms are of difficult implementation, even considering off-line acquired data as pseudo-measurements. However, the necessity of automating the operation of distribution networks, mainly in regard to the selectivity of protection systems, as well to implement possibilities of load transfer maneuvers, is changing the network planning policy. In this way, some equipments incorporating telemetry and command modules have been installed in order to improve operational features, and so increasing the amount of measurement data available in real-time in the System Operation Center (SOC). This encourages the development of a state estimator model, involving real-time information and pseudo-measurements of loads, that are built from typical power factors and utilization factors (demand factors) of distribution transformers. This work reports about the development of a new state estimation method, specific for radial distribution systems. The main algorithm of the method is based on the power summation load flow. The estimation is carried out piecewise, section by section of the feeder, going from the substation to the terminal nodes. For each section, a measurement model is built, resulting in a nonlinear overdetermined equations set, whose solution is achieved by the Gaussian normal equation. The estimated variables of a section are used as pseudo-measurements for the next section. In general, a measurement set for a generic section consists of pseudo-measurements of power flows and nodal voltages obtained from the previous section or measurements in real-time, if they exist -, besides pseudomeasurements of injected powers for the power summations, whose functions are the load flow equations, assuming that the network can be represented by its single-phase equivalent. The great advantage of the algorithm is its simplicity and low computational effort. Moreover, the algorithm is very efficient, in regard to the accuracy of the estimated values. Besides the power summation state estimator, this work shows how other algorithms could be adapted to provide state estimation of middle voltage substations and networks, namely Schweppes method and an algorithm based on current proportionality, that is usually adopted for network planning tasks. Both estimators were implemented not only as alternatives for the proposed method, but also looking for getting results that give support for its validation. Once in most cases no power measurement is performed at beginning of the feeder and this is required for implementing the power summation estimations method, a new algorithm for estimating the network variables at the middle voltage bus-bar was also developed

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The usual programs for load flow calculation were in general developped aiming the simulation of electric energy transmission, subtransmission and distribution systems. However, the mathematical methods and algorithms used by the formulations were based, in majority, just on the characteristics of the transmittion systems, which were the main concern focus of engineers and researchers. Though, the physical characteristics of these systems are quite different from the distribution ones. In the transmission systems, the voltage levels are high and the lines are generally very long. These aspects contribute the capacitive and inductive effects that appear in the system to have a considerable influence in the values of the interest quantities, reason why they should be taken into consideration. Still in the transmission systems, the loads have a macro nature, as for example, cities, neiborhoods, or big industries. These loads are, generally, practically balanced, what reduces the necessity of utilization of three-phase methodology for the load flow calculation. Distribution systems, on the other hand, present different characteristics: the voltage levels are small in comparison to the transmission ones. This almost annul the capacitive effects of the lines. The loads are, in this case, transformers, in whose secondaries are connected small consumers, in a sort of times, mono-phase ones, so that the probability of finding an unbalanced circuit is high. This way, the utilization of three-phase methodologies assumes an important dimension. Besides, equipments like voltage regulators, that use simultaneously the concepts of phase and line voltage in their functioning, need a three-phase methodology, in order to allow the simulation of their real behavior. For the exposed reasons, initially was developped, in the scope of this work, a method for three-phase load flow calculation in order to simulate the steady-state behaviour of distribution systems. Aiming to achieve this goal, the Power Summation Algorithm was used, as a base for developping the three phase method. This algorithm was already widely tested and approved by researchers and engineers in the simulation of radial electric energy distribution systems, mainly for single-phase representation. By our formulation, lines are modeled in three-phase circuits, considering the magnetic coupling between the phases; but the earth effect is considered through the Carson reduction. Its important to point out that, in spite of the loads being normally connected to the transformers secondaries, was considered the hypothesis of existence of star or delta loads connected to the primary circuit. To perform the simulation of voltage regulators, a new model was utilized, allowing the simulation of various types of configurations, according to their real functioning. Finally, was considered the possibility of representation of switches with current measuring in various points of the feeder. The loads are adjusted during the iteractive process, in order to match the current in each switch, converging to the measured value specified by the input data. In a second stage of the work, sensibility parameters were derived taking as base the described load flow, with the objective of suporting further optimization processes. This parameters are found by calculating of the partial derivatives of a variable in respect to another, in general, voltages, losses and reactive powers. After describing the calculation of the sensibility parameters, the Gradient Method was presented, using these parameters to optimize an objective function, that will be defined for each type of study. The first one refers to the reduction of technical losses in a medium voltage feeder, through the installation of capacitor banks; the second one refers to the problem of correction of voltage profile, through the instalation of capacitor banks or voltage regulators. In case of the losses reduction will be considered, as objective function, the sum of the losses in all the parts of the system. To the correction of the voltage profile, the objective function will be the sum of the square voltage deviations in each node, in respect to the rated voltage. In the end of the work, results of application of the described methods in some feeders are presented, aiming to give insight about their performance and acuity

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Elétrica - FEIS

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Increasingly competitive markets have driven the search for companies in many different ways to win and keep customers. The service level is basically the performance of companies in fulfilling the orders made, or how companies demonstrate to their clients efforts in their behalf. This work aims to solve the difficulties faced by a multinational company present in Brazil, in the distribution of its products in the category Ice Cream in order to improve the service level of their customers. Review the logistics network and concepts related to the distribution system of products is one of several ways to achieve this goal, as well as the use of IT and tools to assist in planning and programming of the physical distribution of products. In this study we used the concept of direct distribution system called Transit Point (TP). The TP provides at the same time, a strategy of rapid response, flexibility, low transportation costs and no inventory. A router - software capable of simulating the actual conditions experienced in the daily distribution - was used to assist in calculations. Results showed reductions of up to 47.5% in transportation costs and better conditions were provided in the distribution of products, positively impacting on service levels and in the maintenance of products quality, with a reduction of 1.6% of the total costs involve