925 resultados para Radiação solar


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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Irrigação e Drenagem) - FCA

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

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The present work intends to study some fluid dynamic and heat transfer aspects of a solar chimney, aiming at a preliminary design of a facility. Some definitions and concepts of this system are presented. The simulation was performed based on a theoretical model validated with measurements of a prototype in Manzanares, Spain. Using the same theoretical model and some considerations, dimensions on a small scale are applied, making the model more interesting from its constructive aspect. The results show the behavior of the air velocity inside the chimney and illustrate some values of two preselected turbines. This technology looks promising in Brazilian territory due to high levels of solar radiation

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Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The Earth receives annually 1,5.1018 kWh of solar energy, which corresponds to 1000 times the world energy consumption in this period. This fact comes out that, besides being responsible for the maintenance of life on Earth, the solar radiation is in an inexhaustible energy source, with an enormous potential for use by systems capture and conversion into another form of energy. In many applications of low power systems that convert light directly into electricity, called photovoltaic advantageously replace other means of production processes, where its distribution is very significant. The determination of the power generated by such a system is of paramount importance for the design energy of its implementation and evaluation of the system itself. This study aims to determine a relationship between the maximum power generated by solar photovoltaic and characteristic parameters of the generator. This relationship allows to evaluate the performance of such a system. For simulations of the developed equations were used 3 photovoltaic modules with an output of 100 Wp each, and data collection was performed during one year by enrolling in addition to meteorological data, solar irradiance incident on the modules.

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Evaluated statistical equations estimates (based on radiometric fractions) of the hourly diffuse radiation incident on inclined surfaces for the North to 12.85, 22.85 and 32.85°, the climate and geographical conditions of Botucatu, SP. The database was generated from April/1998 to December/2007, with measures in the three tilted surfaces in different periods, but concomitant to the horizontal plane. In the validation of the equations were used indicative statistics MBE (mean absolute error), RMSE (square root mean square error) and index adjustment (d) for three inclinations and conditions of sky coverage. The increased angle of inclination of the surface led to increased scattering of hourly values for the coefficient of atmospheric transmissivity of diffuse radiation for inclined and horizontal surfaces. Estimates of diffuse radiation on the basis of hourly tilted horizontal global radiation occur for quadratic polynomial models, which adjust K'Dβ maximum values of between 0.14 and 0.30 for winter and summer when KTH varies between 0.40 and 0.66, indicating that energy, the highest values of diffuse radiation occur in partly cloudy sky conditions and / or partially open. The increase in atmospheric transmissivity decreases the performance of annual and monthly equations at all inclinations.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Nos países em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, a secagem de produtos agrícolas com uso de secador solar representa uma alternativa promissora de baixo custo, reduzindo perdas e agregando valor aos produtos. Porém, devido à natureza periódica da radiação solar e das condições do tempo, nem sempre é viável sua utilização. Dessa forma, o objetivo do trabalho foi a modelagem de um sistema auxiliar de armazenagem de energia térmica (SAET) em um secador solar, cuja finalidade é armazenar energia durante o dia para ser utilizada conforme necessário. Com base em registros de temperatura e umidade relativa, ambas do ar, de um secador solar, foi feito um estudo da termodinâmica dos processos envolvidos, a fim de propor meios para o dimensionamento do SAET. Foram explorados a estimativa do fluxo de massa de ar no secador, a modelagem da temperatura em função da radiação, e o dimensionamento para diferentes modos de operação do SAET, considerando o sistema ideal. Este dimensionamento tratou tanto do caso de fornecimento contínuo de fluxo de água preaquecida, como de uso de automação para controlar o fluxo. A estimativa de fluxo de ar no secador se aproximou de valores típicos encontrados na literatura. O dimensionamento do sistema, embora considerado ideal, mostra que a utilização do SAET melhora o desempenho do secador, servindo como parâmetro para melhor compreender o comportamento das variáveis durante seu funcionamento.

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Este trabalho dimensionou um receptor de cavidade para uso como reator químico de um ciclo de conversão de energia solar para energia química. O vetor energético proposto é o hidrogênio. Isso implica que a energia solar é concentrada em um dispositivo que absorve a radiação térmica e a transforma em energia térmica para ativar uma reação química endotérmica. Essa reação transforma o calor útil em gás hidrogênio, que por sua vez pode ser utilizado posteriormente para geração de outras formas de energia. O primeiro passo foi levantar os pares metal/óxido estudados na literatura, cuja finalidade é ativar um ciclo termoquímico que possibilite produção de hidrogênio. Esses pares foram comparados com base em quatro parâmetros, cuja importância determina o dimensionamento de um receptor de cavidade. São eles: temperatura da reação; estado físico de reagentes e produtos; desgaste do material em ciclos; taxa de reação de hidrólise e outros aspectos. O par escolhido com a melhor avaliação no conjunto dos parâmetros foi o tungstênio e o trióxido de tungstênio (W/WO3). Com base na literatura, foi determinado um reator padrão, cujas características foram analisadas e suas consequências no funcionamento do receptor de cavidade. Com essa análise, determinaram-se os principais parâmetros de projeto, ou seja, a abertura da cavidade, a transmissividade da janela, e as dimensões da cavidade. Com base nos resultados anteriores, estabeleceu-se um modelo de dimensionamento do sistema de conversão de energia solar em energia útil para um processo químico. Ao se analisar um perfil de concentração de energia solar, calculou-se as eficiências de absorção e de perdas do receptor, em função da área de abertura de um campo de coleta de energia solar e da radiação solar disponível. Esse método pode ser empregado em conjunto com metodologias consagradas e dados de previsão de disponibilidade solar para estudos de concentradores de sistemas de produção de hidrogênio a partir de ciclos termoquímicos.

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Instrumentation is a tool of fundamental importance for research in several areas of human knowledge. Research projects are often unfeasible when data cannot be obtained due to lack of instruments, especially due to impor ting difficulties and the high costs there associated. Thus, in order to collaborate with the enhancement of a national technology, a multiband hand - held sun p hotometer (FSM - 4) was developed to operate in the 500 nm, 670 nm, 870 nm and 940 nm bands. In the 500 nm, 670 nm and 870 nm bands aerosols are monitored for evaluation of the AOD (Aerosol Optical Depth), and the PWC (Precipitable Water Column) is evaluated in the 940 nm band. For the development of the mech anical and electronic parts for the FSM - 4, th e materials and componen ts should combine low cost and quality of the data collected. The calibration process utilized the Langley method (ML) and Modified Langley Method (MLM). These methods are usually applied at high altitudes in order to provide atmosp heric optical stability. This condition however can be found in low height sites as shown in the research by Liu et al. (2010). Thus, for calibration of the FSM - 4, we investigated the atmospher ic optical stability utilizing the ML and MLM at a site in the cit y of Caicó / RN, located in the s emiarid region in northeastern Brazil. This site lies in a region far aw ay from large urban centers and activities generating anthropogenic atmospheric pollution. Data for calibration of the prototype were collected usin g the FSM - 4 in two separate operations during the dry season, one in December 2012 and another in September 2013. The methodologies showed optical atmospheric instability in the studied region through the dispersion of the values obtained for the calibrati on constant. This dispersion is affected by the variability of AOD and PWC during the appl ication of the above mentioned methods . As an alternative to the descr ibed sun photometer calibration , a short study was performed using the sun photometer worldwide network AERONET/NASA (AERsol RObotic NETwork – US Space Agency), installed in Petrolina / PE in Brazil. Data were collected for three days utilizing the AERONET instruments and the FSM - 4, operating simultaneously on the same site. By way of the ML and MLM techniques, convergent test values were obtained for the calibration constants, despite the low amount of data collected. This calibration transfer methodology proved to be a viable alternative to the FSM - 4 calibration .

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The growing need for food is something that worries the world, which has a population that is growing at a geometric progression while their resources grows at an arithmetic progression. To alleviate this problem there are some proposals, including increased food production or reduce waste thereof. Many studies have been conducted in the world in order to reduce food waste that can reach 40% of production, depending on the region. For this purpose techniques are used to retard degradation of foods, including drying. This paper presents a design of a hybrid fruit dryer that uses solar energy and electric energy with automation of the process. To accomplish drying tests were chosen Typical fruits with good acceptability as processed fruits. During the experiments were measured temperature values at different points. Were also measured humidity values, solar radiation and mass. A data acquisition system was built using a Arduino for obtaining temperatures. The data were sent to a program named Secador de Frutas, done in this work, to plot the same. The volume of the drying chamber was 423 liters and despite the unusual size test using mirrors to increase the incidence of direct radiation, showed that the drier is competitive when compared with other solar dryers produced in Hydraulic Machines and Solar Energy Laboratory (LMHES ) UFRN. The drier has been built at a cost of 3 to 5 times smaller than industrial dryers that operate with the same load of fruit. And the energy cost to produce dried fruits was more feasible compared with such dryers that use LPG as an energy source. However, the drying time was longer.