De sancto matrimonii sacramento : Editio novissima prae ceteris locupletior : in qua praeter duplicem indicem, alterum disputationum, alterum rerum scitu digniorum accessere nunc primum aphorismi ex decem libris commentariorum ejusdem auctoris de matrimonio in compendium redacti, velut medulla totius operis, deinde constitutiones SS. Domini NostriPapae Benedicti XIV. circa idem sacramentum editae.

UANL

Sacrae theologiae moralis medulla recens ad mentem celeberriorum PP. Salmanticensium

UANL

The neurochemically diverse intermedius nucleus of the medulla as a source of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input to the nucleus tractus solitarii

Sensory afferent signals from neck muscles have been postulated to influence central cardiorespiratory control as components of postural reflexes, but neuronal pathways for this action have not been identified. The intermedius nucleus of the medulla (InM) is a target of neck muscle spindle afferents and is ideally located to influence such reflexes but is poorly investigated. To aid identification of the nucleus, we initially produced three-dimensional reconstructions of the InM in both mouse and rat. Neurochemical analysis including transgenic reporter mice expressing green fluorescent protein in GABA-synthesizing neurons, immunohistochemistry, and in situ hybridization revealed that the InM is neurochemically diverse, containing GABAegric and glutamatergic neurons with some degree of colocalization with parvalbumin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and calretinin. Projections from the InM to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) were studied electrophysiologically in rat brainstem slices. Electrical stimulation of the NTS resulted in antidromically activated action potentials within InM neurons. In addition, electrical stimulation of the InM resulted in EPSPs that were mediated by excitatory amino acids and IPSPs mediated solely by GABA(A) receptors or by GABA(A) and glycine receptors. Chemical stimulation of the InM resulted in (1) a depolarization of NTS neurons that were blocked by NBQX (2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[f]quinoxaline-7-sulfonoamide) or kynurenic acid and (2) a hyperpolarization of NTS neurons that were blocked by bicuculline. Thus, the InM contains neurochemically diverse neurons and sends both excitatory and inhibitory projections to the NTS. These data provide a novel pathway that may underlie possible reflex changes in autonomic variables after neck muscle spindle afferent activation.

Localization and function of the Kv3.1b subunit in the rat medulla oblongata: focus on the nucleus tractus solitarii

The voltage-gated potassium channel subunit Kv3.1 confers fast firing characteristics to neurones. Kv3.1b subunit immunoreactivity (Kv3.1b-IR) was widespread throughout the medulla oblongata, with labelled neurones in the gracile, cuneate and spinal trigeminal nuclei. In the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), Kv3.1b-IR neurones were predominantly located close to the tractus solitarius (TS) and could be GABAergic or glutamatergic. Ultrastructurally, Kv3.1b-IR was detected in NTS terminals, some of which were vagal afferents. Whole-cell current-clamp recordings from neurones near the TS revealed electrophysiological characteristics consistent with the presence of Kv3.1b subunits: short duration action potentials (4.2 +/- 1.4 ms) and high firing frequencies (68.9 +/- 5.3 Hz), both sensitive to application of TEA (0.5 mm) and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP; 30 mum). Intracellular dialysis of an anti-Kv3.1b antibody mimicked and occluded the effects of TEA and 4-AP in NTS and dorsal column nuclei neurones, but not in dorsal vagal nucleus or cerebellar Purkinje cells (which express other Kv3 subunits, but not Kv3.1b). Voltage-clamp recordings from outside-out patches from NTS neurones revealed an outward K(+) current with the basic characteristics of that carried by Kv3 channels. In NTS neurones, electrical stimulation of the TS evoked EPSPs and IPSPs, and TEA and 4-AP increased the average amplitude and decreased the paired pulse ratio, consistent with a presynaptic site of action. Synaptic inputs evoked by stimulation of a region lacking Kv3.1b-IR neurones were not affected, correlating the presence of Kv3.1b in the TS with the pharmacological effects.

The dermomyotome ventrolateral lip is essential for the hypaxial myotome formation

Background The myotome is the primitive skeletal muscle that forms within the embryonic metameric body wall. It can be subdivided into an epaxial and hypaxial domain. It has been shown that the formation of the epaxial myotome requires the dorsomedial lip of the dermomyotome (DML). Although the ventrolateral lip (VLL) of the dermomyotome is believed to be required for the formation of the hypaxial myotome, experimentally evidence for this statement still needs to be provided. Provision of such data would enable the resolution of a debate regarding the formation of the hypaxial dermomyotome. Two mechanisms have been proposed for this tissue. The first proposes that the intermediate dermomyotome undergoes cellular expansion thereby pushing the ventral lateral lip in a lateral direction (translocation). In contrast, the alternative view holds that the ventral lateral lip grows laterally. Results Using time lapse confocal microscopy, we observed that the GFP-labelled ventrolateral lip (VLL) of the dermomyotome grows rather than translocates in a lateral direction. The necessity of the VLL for lateral extension of the myotome was addressed by ablation studies. We found that the hypaxial myotome did not form after VLL ablation. In contrast, the removal of an intermediate portion of the dermomyotome had very little effect of the hypaxial myotome. These results demonstrate that the VLL is required for the formation of the hypaxial myotome. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that the dermomyotome ventrolateral lip is essential for the hypaxial myotome formation and supports the lip extension model. Therefore, despite being under independent signalling controls, both the dorsomedial and ventrolateral lip fulfil the same function, i.e. they extend into adjacent regions permitting the growth of the myotome.

Estudo da distribuição e dos territórios das artérias cerebrais rostral, média e caudal e cerebelares rostral, média e caudal na superfície do encéfalo em Didelphis albiventris (Gambá).

Estudaram-se as artérias cerebrais e cerebelares rostral, média e caudal na superfície do encéfalo de 30 Didelphis albiventris, 14 machos e 16 fêmeas, com o sistema arterial preenchido com Látex 603 pigmentado, e fixados em formol 20%. Sistematizaram-se as artérias e seus principais ramos, determinando a área territorial de irrigação, e as principais variações. A artéria cerebral rostral apresentou-se, à direita em 100% das peças e à esquerda esteve presente em 96,7% e ausente em 3,3% dos casos. Dividiu-se em ramo medial, tronco hemisférico rostral, e ramo lateral, artéria lateral do bulbo olfatório, presentes em 100% das amostras, bilateralmente. O tronco hemisférico rostral bifurcou-se em ramo rostral, artéria medial do bulbo olfatório, presente em todas as peças em ambos os antímeros, e ramo caudal, artéria inter-hemisférica rostral. Esta originou-se conforme o padrão em 90% dos casos à direita e em 86,7% à esquerda, nas amostras restantes teve origem de um ramo emitido pelo antímero oposto. A artéria cerebral média, presente em todos os casos nos dois antímeros, apresentou os seguintes ramos colaterais: ramos ventrorostrais presentes em 66,7% preparações; ramo ventrocaudal medial para o lobo piriforme, presente em 100% das amostras à direita e em 83,3% à esquerda; ramo ventrocaudal lateral para o lobo piriforme, presente em 100% das peças nos dois antímeros; Iº ramo hemisférico dorsolateral presente em 93,3% dos encéfalos à direita, e em 90% à esquerda; IIº ramo hemisférico dorsolateral presente em 36,6% das peças bilateralmente; ramo dorso-rostral presente à direita em 56,7% das amostras e à esquerda em 80% das preparações. A artéria cerebral média continua-se como ramo terminal em todos os casos, bilateralmente. A artéria cerebral caudal, presente bilateralmente em todas as peças, originou: ramo hemisférico tentorial em 83,3% dos casos à direita e em 80% à esquerda, este ramo originou-se da artéria comunicante caudal em 10% das peças nos dois antímeros ou ainda originou-se do tronco cerebral médio-rostral em 6,7% à direita e em 10% das preparações à esquerda; artéria tectal rostral à direita ímpar em 96,7% e dupla em 3,3% dos casos e à esquerda ímpar em 100% das peças. O ramo terminal da artéria cerebral caudal originou a artéria inter-hemisférica caudal em 93,3% das amostras à direita e em 86,7% à esquerda. A artéria cerebelar rostral originou-se como continuação natural do ramo terminal da artéria basilar em 93,3% dos casos, bilateralmente, percorrendo as faces rostral e dorsal dos hemisférios cerebelares , formando por sobre estes uma alça. Em 6,7% das amostras não formou uma alça. A artéria tectal caudal apresentou-se à direita ímpar em 83,3% e dupla em 16,7% das peças, à esquerda ímpar em 86,7%, dupla em 10% e ausente em 3,3% das amostras. A artéria cerebelar média à direita mostrou-se dupla em 70% e ímpar em 30% das peças, à esquerda, dupla em 56,7% e ímpar em 43,3% dos achados. A artéria cerebelar caudal apresentou-se à direita ímpar em 93,3% e dupla em 6,7% das peças e à esquerda ímpar em 86,7% e dupla em 13,3% das amostras.

Sistematização das artérias da base do encéfalo, rede admirável epidural rostral e caudal e suas fontes de suprimento em javali (Sus scrofa scrofa)

A. basilar ímpar e com diminuição de calibre, na altura da ponte (100%); A. cerebelar caudal D e E, ímpar (100%); A. cerebelar média D e E, ímpar (96,7%) e dupla (3,3%). Observou-se que o círculo arterial cerebral do javali foi fechado tanto rostral como caudalmente (100%). O encéfalo foi suprido principalmente pelas Aa. carótidas internas e seus ramos as Aa. occipitais e condilares, via RAER e RAEC, com uma pequena contribuição através de ramos das Aa. vertebral e espinhal ventral, especialmente para o rombencéfalo.

Ionotropic glutamatergic receptors in the rostral medullary raphe modulate hypoxia and hypercapnia-induced hyperpnea

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Opioid mu-receptors in the rostral medullary raphe modulate hypoxia-induced hyperpnea in unanesthetized rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PROBABLE INTRAVASCULAR HEMATOPOIESIS IN THE VASA RECTAE OF THE RENAL MEDULLA IN ACUTE TUBULAR-NECROSIS

Immunohistochemistry was applied to identify the nature of the nucleated cells that accumulate in the vasa rectae of the corticomedullary junction in acute tubular necrosis. In all 6 cases studied, there were intravascular cells that reacted with monoclonal antibodies to erythroblast, macrophages, myeloid cells, T and B lymphocytes and rave megakaryocytes. The findings are consistent with the occurrence of intravascular haematopoiesis in the renal medulla in acute tubular necrosis.

Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray lesion attenuates nociception but does not change anxiety-like indices or fear-induced antinociception in mice

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)