Respostas do híbrido de sorgo-sudão às adubações nitrogenada e potássica: características estruturais e produtivas

A pesquisa foi instalada no Setor de Forragicultura da FCAV/UNESP-Jaboticabal, para avaliar o híbrido de sorgo-sudão AG 2501C no outono e inverno. O manejo da pastagem foi conduzido, simulando o sistema de lotação intermitente. O experimento foi desenvolvido de março a setembro de 2002. A forrageira foi submetida a nove tratamentos: três doses de N (100, 200 e 300 kg/ha) e três doses de K (0, 80 e 160 kg/ha de K2O), em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com três repetições em esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As características estudadas foram massas, secas, inicial de planta inteira, folha e colmo e massa seca residual; relação lâmina/colmo; índice de área foliar (IAF); interceptação da radiação fotossinteticamente ativa (RFA) e coeficiente de extinção luminosa. Os tratamentos não influenciaram a massa seca inicial (MSI) e residual (MSR) da planta inteira, folha e colmo e massa seca residual. Os resultados médios para MSI, MSR, folha e colmo foram 2801,2; 964,7; 1462,8 e 1085,2 kg/ha de MS, por ciclo de pastejo, respectivamente. Houve redução da relação lâmina/colmo e da porcentagem de folhas, enquanto a porcentagem de colmos aumentou. Houve interação entre N e K para IAF, interceptação de luz e coeficiente de extinção.

Respostas da Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) à atratividade e palatabilidade de ingredientes utilizados na alimentação de peixes

Avaliaram-se as respostas da tilápia do Nilo à atratividade e palatabilidade de 14 ingredientes. O método utilizado foi de dupla escolha, comparando-se cada ingrediente peletizado à uma ração controle. Foram empregados quatro aquários (750 litros) contendo, cada um, três alevinos e dois comedouros instalados nos cantos direito e esquerdo, sendo registrados tempo decorrido entre colocação do ingrediente e chegada dos animais aos comedouros, freqüência de visitas aos comedouros, número de grânulos ingeridos e freqüência de ejeções. Os tratamentos foram comparados pela prova não-paramétrica de Kruskal-Wallis e a comparação dos ingredientes para o conjunto de variáveis, por intermédio da Análise de Agrupamento e Análise de Componentes Principais. Os ingredientes foram assim classificados: a) baixa atrato-palatabilidade = farelos de trigo, soja e algodão, farinha e raspa de mandioca, farinha de girassol e fubá de milho, b) média atrato-palatabilidade = levedura de cana-de-açúcar e glúten de milho e c) alta atrato-palatabilidade = ovo integral liofilizado, farinhas de crisálidas, peixes, carne e camarão. Ingestão de grânulos (manhã e tarde) e freqüência de visitas aos comedouros (tarde) foram consideradas as variáveis mais discriminatórias e freqüência de ejeção de grânulos e tempo gasto para aproximação dos comedouros (manhã e tarde), as menos discriminatórias. As respostas comportamentais dos peixes variaram de acordo com o ingrediente apresentado. A avaliação do grau de atrato-palatabilidade deve ser realizada considerando-se uma combinação de parâmetros.

Respostas endócrinas e ovarianas associadas com o folículo dominante da primeira onda folicular em ovelhas sincronizadas com CIDR ou PGF2alfa

Os efeitos de prostaglandina (PGF2a) vs CIDR e eCG (gonadotrofina coriônica eqüina) na dinâmica folicular da primeira onda e sua relação com as concentrações plasmáticas de P4 e E2 foram investigadas em ovelhas cíclicas. Foram utilizadas 14 fêmeas ovinas da raça Bergamascia; o Grupo 1 (G1) foi submetido a duas aplicações de PGF2alfa e o Grupo 2 (G2), tratado com CIDR durante 14 dias, sendo que, no momento de sua retirada, administraram-se 500 UI de eCG. A dinâmica folicular ovariana foi monitorada por meio de ultra-som. Monitoraram-se todos os folículos > 2mm e mapeou-se sua posição diariamente, observando-se o desenvolvimento individual de cada folículo. Desde o dia anterior à aplicação da segunda dose de PGF2alfa (G1) e desde a administração de eCG (G2) até o décimo dia do ciclo estral, foram coletadas amostras de sangue para análise de P4 e E2. Houve diferença significativa nas concentrações plasmáticas de P4 e E2 entre os tratamentos. A sincronização de estro e ovulação, utilizando CIDR + 500 UI de eCG, incrementou a quantidade de folículos recrutados, além de aumentar o diâmetro máximo e a taxa de crescimento dos folículos grandes na primeira onda folicular.

Respostas do sorgo sacarino a N, P e K. II. Características tecnológicas

Foram conduzidos ensaios de campo utilizando-se duas cultivares de sorgo sacarino (Brandes e Rio) cultivadas em dois solos (Latossolo Roxo e Latossolo Vermelho-Escuro textura média), para estudo dos efeitos da aplicação de N, P e K sobre a produção de açúcar e de álcool. Foram avaliados os efeitos das adubações nos teores de sacarose, açúcares redutores, brix, fibra, e produção de álcool do sorgo sacarino. Os ensaios foram conduzidos no município de Barra Bonita, Estado de São Paulo. Com relação à produção de álcool por hectare, a cultivar Brandes respondeu positivamente ao N no LR e ao N e K no LEm, ao passo que a cultivar Rio não apresentou respostas significativas às adubações. As produções de álcool foram explicadas principalmente pelas produções de colmos, o que demonstra ser a produção de álcool por área uma função principalmente da quantidade de caldo produzido, desde que a cultivar apresente características tecnológicas dentro de um limite razoável. Considerando-se os locais e cultivares diferentes, os efeitos das adubações sobre os teores de sacarose, açúcares redutores e brix foram inconsistentes.

Respostas comportamentais de vacas holandesas, com acesso à sombra constante ou limitada

The experiment was carried out at Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil, from January to February 1993, with the objective of evaluating the behavior responses of Holstein cows, with constant or limited access to shade. The experimental design used was completely randomized. Twenty four dairy cows were used, at different lactation stages and production levels, kept in two free stall barns, with or without protection against solar radiation in south-east and north-west edge. The behavior parameters studied were: alimentation, rumination, rest time and frequency and water ingestion frequency. The protection of the free stall barn didn't affect the behavior responses. The alimentation, rumination and rest time, daily, were 3.4, 7.0 e 9.0 hours, respectively. The highest alimentation frequencies were before and after milking. The rumination was mainly during nocturnal period; the rest was more frequent during the period with higher solar radiation. The animals stayed more time in the shelter (13.4 vs 2.5 h/day). The highest daily water ingestion frequencies were in the hot time and next milking, mainly.

Efeito da cadência de pedalada sobre as respostas metabólica e cardiovascular durante o exercício incremental e de carga constante em indivíduos ativos

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the pedaling cadence (500 × 100 rpm) on the heart rate (HR) and the blood lactate response during incremental and constant workload exercises in active individuals. Nine active male individuals (20.9 ± 2.9 years old; 73.9 ± 6.5 kg; 1.79 ± 0.9 m) were submitted to two incremental tests, and to 6-8 constant workload tests to determine the intensity corresponding to the maximal steady state lactate (MLSSintens) in both cadences. The maximal power (Pmax) attained during the incremental test, and the MLSSintens were significantly lower at 100 rpm (240.9 ± 12.6 W; 148.1 ± 154.W) compared to 50 rpm (263.9 ± 18.6 W; 186.1 ± 21.2 W), respectively. The HRmax did not change between cadences (50 rpm = 191.1 ± 8.8 bpm; 100 rpm = 192.6 ± 9.9 bpm). Regardless the cadence, the HRmax percentage (70, 80, 90, and 100%) determined the same lactate concentrations during the incremental test. However, when the intensity was expressed in Pmax percentage or in absolute power, the lactate and the HR values were always higher at highest cadences. The HR corresponding to MLSSintens was similar between cadences (50 rpm = 162.5 ± 9.1 bpm; 100 rpm = 160.4 ± 9.2 bpm). Based on these results, it can be conclude that regardless the cadence employed (50 × 100 rpm), the use of the HR to individualize the exercise intensity indicates similar blood lactate responses, and this relationship is also kept in the exercise of constant intensity performed at MLSSintens. On the other hand, the use of the Pmax percentages depend on the cadence used, indicating different physiological responses to a same percentage.

Avaliação das respostas fisiológicas de bezerros Zebuínos puros e cruzados nascidos em clima subtropical

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Construction and validation of the brazilian questionário de respostas socialmente habilidosas segundo relato de professores (QRSH-PR)

Behavioral problems in preschool children are one of the most frequent motives for seeking psychological care by parents and caregivers. Instruments are considered necessary, created from a Social Skills Training theoretical-practical perspective, which may systematically assist the identification of social skills and behavioral deficits, helping professionals in the prevention and/or reduction of behavioral problems. The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric validity and reliability of an instrument for evaluation of Socially Skilled Responses, from a teacher's perspective (QRSH-PR For this purpose, 260 preschool children were evaluated, differentiated in subgroups without and without behavioral difficulties, based on the Child Behavior Scale (Escala de Comportamento Infantil/ECI-Professor Studies were conducted for construct, discrimination, concurrent and predictive validity. The Cronbach Alpha was calculated to evaluate internal consistency. The obtained results pointed to positive indicators in reference to construct, discrimination, and predictive validity, and even for good internal consistency, indicating that the items consistently measure the construct of social skills, and differentiated children with and without behavioral problems. The questionnaire is considered to be gauged for evaluation of socially skilled responses from preschool children, and applicable in educational and clinical environments. Copyright 2009 by The Spanish Journal of Psychology.

Azul de metileno no tratamento da síndrome vasoplégica em cirurgia cardíaca. quinze anos de perguntas, respostas, dúvidas e certezas

Objective: There is strong evidence that methylene blue (MB), an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase, is an excellent therapeutic option for vasoplegic syndrome (VS) treatment in heart surgery. The aim of this article is to review the MB's therapeutic function in the vasoplegic syndrome treatment. Methods: Fifteen years of literature review. Results: 1) Heparin and ACE inhibitors are risk factors; 2) In the recommended doses it is safe (the lethal dose is 40 mg/ kg); 3) The use of MB does not cause endothelial dysfunction; 4) The MB effect appears in cases of nitric oxide (NO) up-regulation; 5) MB is not a vasoconstrictor, by blocking of the GMPc system it releases the AMPc system, facilitating the norepinephrine vasoconstrictor effect; 6) The most used dosage is 2 mg/kg as IV bolus followed by the same continuous infusion because plasmatic concentrations strongly decays in the first 40 minutes; 7) There is a possible window of opportunity for the MB's effectiveness. Conclusions: Although there are no definitive multicentric studies, the MB used to treat heart surgery VS, at the present time, is the best, safest and cheapest option, being a Brazilian contribution for the heart surgery.

Respostas produtivas e comportamentais durante a ordenha de vacas Holandesas em início de lactação

Aiming to compare milk yield, residual milk and behavioral responses of Holstein cows during milking, fourteen experimental cows were mechanically milked twice a day, and evaluated during the first six weeks of lactation. Milk yield was measured daily, and residual milk volume weekly. Body (ribs region), udder and teat temperatures and respiratory frequency were measured twice a week. Animal behavior at the milking parlor was registered using ethograms and interviews with the milkers. During the first weeks of lactation, a higher percentage of kicks, over-steps, milking cups being knocked down, urinations and vocalizations in primiparous cows (p < 0.05) was observed, which were also considered more reactive by the parlors compared to multiparous cows. Multiparous cows produced more milk than primiparous (p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in residual milk percentage (p > 0.05), which suggests adaptation of both groups to the milking environment.

Respostas de clones de Eucalyptus grandis e E. grandis x E. urophylla à supressão de boro

The present work had as objective the study of clones of Eucalyptus grandis and E. grandis × E. urophylla under boron suppression on growth in height and diameter, development of symptoms of deficiency, boron content in leaf and polyols production. Plants were cultivated in pots with quartz in a greenhouse using two levels of boron per solution (0 and 0.5 mg L-1 of B). The 32 treatments followed a factorial scheme: 16 × 2 -16 clones and two doses of boron in a randomized block experimental design, with fve repetitions, totaling 160 plots. Plants were evaluated weekly for deficiency symptoms and monthly for height, stem diameter and leaf content of boron in different plant parts. The content of polyols was measured in two occasions: at 162 days and 192 days after starting the experiment. Decrease of growth and quick development of deficiency symptoms 40 days after boron suppression were observed, as well as a decrease of polyols synthesis. Foliar analysis, with boron supplement, resulted in the presence of mannitol and sorbitol in high enough concentration so that the evaluated plants could be considered rich in those polyols. Under boron suppression, boron levels in different portions of branches and stems of plants, as well as the presence of mannitol and sorbitol, indicated a conditional mobility of boron in Eucalyptus.

Respostas termorreguladoras de cabras saanen e pardo alpina em ambiente tropical

Evaporation is the most effective way of thermolysis with high environmentmal heat load. This mechanism does not depend on the thermal gradient between the environment and animals. The aim of the present work was thermoregulatory responses, sweating rate (TS), rate frequency (FR) e rectal temperature (TR) of Saanen and Oberhasli goats under tropical environment conditions. The observed averages of responses were: TS= 142.91 ± 4.02 g.m-2h-1; FR= 73.23 ± 1.60 mov.min-1; TR= 39.28 ± 0.02oC.

Choques, respostas de política econômica e distribuição de renda no Brasil

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