High-Strength Composite Fibers: Realizing True Potential of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Matrix through Continuous Reticulate Architecture and Molecular Level Couplings

Carbon nanotubes have unprecedented mechanical properties as defect-free nanoscale building blocks, but their potential has not been fully realized in composite materials due to weakness at the interfaces. Here we demonstrate that through load-transfer-favored three-dimensional architecture and molecular level couplings with polymer chains, true potential of CNTs can be realized in composites as Initially envisioned. Composite fibers with reticulate nanotube architectures show order of magnitude improvement in strength compared to randomly dispersed short CNT reinforced composites reported before. The molecular level couplings between nanotubes and polymer chains results in drastic differences in the properties of thermoset and thermoplastic composite fibers, which indicate that conventional macroscopic composite theory falls to explain the overall hybrid behavior at nanoscale.

Residual strength of GRP laminates with multiple randomly distributed fragment impacts

The residual tensile strength of glass fibre reinforced composites with randomly distributed holes and fragment impact damages have been investigated. Experiments have been performed on large scale panels and small scale specimens. A finite element model has been developed to predict the strength of multi-axial panels with randomly distributed holes. Further, an effective analytical model has been developed using percolation theory. The model gives an estimation of the residual strength as function of removed surface area caused by the holes. It is found that if 8% of the area is removed, the residual strength is approximately 50% of the un-damaged strength. © 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Coupled analysis of building damage due to tunnelling

Excavation works in urban areas require a preliminary risk damage assessment. In historical cities, the prediction of building response to settlements is necessary to reduce the risk of damage of the architectural heritage. The current method used to predict the building damage due to ground deformations is the Limiting Tensile Strain Method (LTSM). This method is based on an uncoupled soil-structure analysis, in which the building is modelled as an elastic beam subject to imposed greenfield settlements and the induced tensile strains are compared with a limit value for the material. This approach neglects many factors which play an important rule in the response of the structure to tunneling induced settlements. In this paper, the possibility to apply a settlement risk assessment derived from the seismic vulnerability approach is considered. The parameters that influence the structural response to settlements can be defined through numerical coupled analyses which take into account the nonlinear behaviour of masonry and the soil-structure interaction.

Study of localized damage in composite laminates using micro-macro approach

A robust multiscale scheme referred to as micro–macro method has been developed for the prediction of localized damage in fiber reinforced composites and implemented in a finite element framework. The micro–macro method is based on the idea of partial homogenization of a structure. In this method, the microstructural details are included in a small region of interest in the structure and the rest is modeled as a homogeneous continuum. The solution to the microstructural fields is then obtained on solving the two different domains, simultaneously. This method accurately predicts local stress fields in stress concentration regions and is computationally efficient as compared with the solution of a full scale microstructural model. This scheme has been applied to obtain localized damage at high and low stress zones of a V-notched rail shear specimen. The prominent damage mechanisms under shear loading, namely, matrix cracking and interfacial debonding, have been modeled using Mohr–Coulomb plasticity and traction separation law, respectively. The average stress at the notch has been found to be 44% higher than the average stresses away from the notch for a 90 N shear load. This stress rise is a direct outcome of the geometry of the notch.

Estudo da Produção de Towpregs e Transformação por Pultrusão

Durante as últimas décadas, os materiais compósitos têm substituído com sucesso os materiais tradicionais em muitas aplicações de engenharia, muito devido às excelentes propriedades que se conseguem obter com a combinação de materiais diferentes. Nos compósitos reforçados com fibras longas ou contínuas tem-se verificado, ao longo dos últimos anos, um aumento do uso de matrizes termoplásticas, fruto de várias vantagens associadas, como o facto de serem bastante mais ecológicas, comparativamente às termoendurecíveis. No entanto, este aumento está muito dependente do desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias de processamento, pois a elevada viscosidade dos termoplásticos, comparativamente aos termoendurecíveis, dificulta significativamente o processo. Muitos equipamentos de produção de termoplásticos são resultado de adaptações de equipamentos de produção de termoendurecíveis, onde normalmente é necessário adicionar fornos de pré-aquecimento. Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se produzir pré-impregnados de fibras contínuas com matriz termoplástica, por deposição a seco de polímero em pó sobre fibras de reforço (denominados por towpreg) para, posteriormente, serem transformados por pultrusão e caracterizados. As matérias-primas utilizadas foram: Polipropileno (PP) como matriz termoplástica e fibra de carbono como reforço. Por forma a melhorar as propriedades finais do compósito, foram otimizadas as condições de processamento na produção dos towpregs, estudando-se a influência da variação dos parâmetros de processamento no teor de polímero presente nestes, tendo como objetivo teores mássicos de polímero superiores a 30%. A condição ótima e a influência dos parâmetros de processamento foram obtidas com o auxílio do Método de Taguchi. Os perfis produzidos por pultrusão foram sujeitos a ensaios de flexão, de forma a obter as suas propriedades quando sujeitos a esse tipo de esforço. Foram também realizados ensaios de calcinação de forma a obter as frações mássicas de fibra e polímero presentes no compósito final. Sabidas as frações mássicas, converteramse em frações volúmicas e obtiveram-se as propriedades teoricamente esperadas através da Lei das Misturas e compararam-se com as obtidas experimentalmente. As propriedades obtidas foram também comparadas com as de outros compósitos pultrudidos.

Studies on the Toughening of Epoxy Resins

This thesis aims to develop new toughened systems for epoxy resin via physical and chemical modifications. Initially the synthesis of DGEBA was carried out and the properties compared with that of the commercial sample. Subsequently the modifier resins to be employed were synthesized. The synthesized resin were characterized by spectroscopic method (FTIR and H NMR), epoxide equivalent and gel permeation chromatography. Chemical modification involves the incorporation of thermoset resins such a phenolics, epoxy novolacs, cardanol epoxides and unsaturated polyester into the epoxy resin by reactive belnding. The mechanical and thermal properties of the blends were studied. In the physical modification route, elastomers, maleated elastomers and functional elastomers were dispersed as micro-sized rubber phase into the continuous epoxy phase by a solution blending technique as against the conventional mechanical blending technique. The effect of matrix toughening on the properties of glass reinforced composites and the effect of fillers on the properties of commercial epoxy resin were also investigated. The blends were characterized by thermo gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and mechanical property measurements. Among the thermoset blends, substantial toughening was observed in the case of epoxy phenolic novolacs especially epoxy para cresol novolac (ECN). In the case of elastomer blending , the toughest blends were obtained in the case of maleic anhydride grafted NBR. Among functional elastomers the best results were obtained with CTBN. Studies on filled and glass reinforced composites employing modified epoxy as matrix revealed an overall improvement in mechanical properties

Characterization of Short Nylon-6 Fiber/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Composite by Thermogravimetry

The thermal degradation of short nylon-6 fiber reinforced acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites with and without epoxy-based bonding agent has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that the onset of degradation shifted from 330.5 to 336.1°C in the presence of short nylon fiber, the optimum fiber loading being 20 phr. The maximum rate of degradation of the composites was lower than that of the unfilled rubber compound, and it decreased with increase in fiber concentration. The presence of epoxy resin-based bonding agent in the virgin elastomer and the composites improved the thermal stability. Results of kinetic studies showed that the degradation of NBR and the short nylon fiber reinforced composites followed first-order kinetics.

Thermal degradation of short polyester fiber polyurethane elastomer composite

The thermal degradation of short polyester fiber reinforced polyurethane composites with and without different bonding agents has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis . It was found that degradation of the polyurethane takes place in two steps and that of the composites takes place in three steps. With the incorporation of 30 phr of fiber in the matrix , the onset of degradation was shifted from 230 to 238 ° C. The presence of bonding agents in the virgin elastomer and the composite gave an improved thermal stability . Results of kinetic studies showed that the degradation of polyurethane and the reinforced composites with and without bonding agents follows first -order reaction kinetics

A microwave absorber based on strontium ferrite–carbon black–nitrile rubber for S and X-band applications

Flexible and thin single layer microwave absorbers based on strontium ferrite–carbon black–nitrile rubber composites have been fabricated employing a specific recipe and their reflection loss characteristics were studied in the S (2–4 GHz) and X-bands (8–12 GHz). The incorporation of carbon black not only reinforces the rubber by improving the mechanical properties of the composite but also modifies the dielectric permittivity of the composite. Strontium ferrite when impregnated into a rubber matrix imparts the required magnetic permeability to the composite. The combination of strontium ferrite and carbon black can then be employed to tune the microwave absorption characteristics of the resulting composite. The complex dielectric permittivity and permeability were measured by employing a cavity perturbation technique. The microwave absorption characteristics of composites were modelled in that an electromagnetic wave incident normally on the metal terminated single layer absorber. The influence of filler volume fraction, frequency, absorber thickness on the bandwidth of absorption are discussed and correlated

Aplicacions i mecanisme de la reacció d'hidroesterificació d'olefines. Compatibilització fibramatriu en poliolefines reforçades amb fibra de pi

En la primera part del present treball es presenta la investigació duta a terme sobre la reacció d'hidroesterificació d'olefines. S'analitzen els factors que afecten la reactivitat i quimioselectivitat de les reaccions d'hidroesterificació i deuterioesterificació en sistemes catalítics basats en complexes de pal·ladi amb lligands auxiliars de tipus fosfina. Es presenta un estudi detallat del mecanisme catalític a través del qual tenen lloc aquestes reaccions. La determinació del mecanisme de reacció ha estat aplicada a la obtenció d'una versió enantioselectiva de la mateixa. En una segona part del treball s'han analitzat diversos sistemes de modificació superficial de fibres naturals i el seu efecte sobre la compatibilitat fibra - matriu en materials compòsits de matriu poliolefínica. S'han caracteritzat les propietats superficials de fibres de pi químicament modificades. Les fibres naturals modificades s'han utilitzat en la preparació de materials compòsits, les propietats mecàniques, tèrmiques i termomecàniques dels quals han estat caracteritzades i analitzades.

Impact properties of glass/plant fibre hybrid laminates

The use of plants fibre reinforced composites has continuously increased during recent years. Their low density, higher environmental friendliness, and reduced cost proved particularly attractive for low-tech applications e.g., in building, automotive and leisure time industry. However, a major limitation to the use of these materials in structural components is unsatisfactory impact performance. An intermediate approach, the production of glass/ plant fibre hybrid laminates, has also been explored, trying to obtain materials with sufficient impact properties, whilst retaining a reduced cost and a substantial environmental gain. A survey is given on some aspects, crucial for the use of glass/plant fibre hybrid laminates in structural components: performance of hybrids when subjected to impact testing; the effect of laminate configuration, manufacturing procedure and fibre treatment on impact properties of the composite. Finally, indications are provided for a suitable selection of plant fibres with minimal extraction damage and sufficient toughness, for introduction in an impact-resistant glass/plant fibre hybrid laminate.

Thermal wave scattering by two overlapping and parallel cylinders

In this paper an analytical solution of the temperature of an opaque material containing two overlapping and parallel subsurface cylinders, illuminated by a modulated light beam, is presented. The method is based on the expansion of plane and cylindrical thermal waves in series of Bessel and Hankel functions. This model is addressed to the study of heat propagation in composite materials with interconnection between inclusions, as is the case of inverse opals and fiber reinforced composites. Measurements on calibrated samples using lock-in infrared thermography confirm the validity of the model.

High-performance composite from epoxy and glass fibers : morphology, mechanical, dynamic mechanical, and thermal analysis

Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A type epoxy resin cured with diamino diphenyl sulfone was used as the matrix for fiber-reinforced composites to get improved mechanical and thermal properties for the resulting composites. E-glass fiber was used for fiber reinforcement. The morphology, tensile, flexural, impact, dynamic mechanical, and thermal properties of the composites were analyzed. The tensile, flexural, and impact properties showed dramatic improvement with the addition of glass fibers. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed to obtain the Tg of the cured matrix as well as the composites. The improved thermal stability of the composites was clear from the thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron micrographs were taken to understand the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix. The values of mechanical properties were compared with modified epoxy resin composite system. Predictive models were applied using various equations to compare the mechanical data obtained theoretically and experimentally.

Moisture uptake by some uncured adhesive films

The uptake of moisture by epoxy-based adhesives and fibre reinforced composites after cure has been the topic of many studies. The extent of moisture uptake by uncured adhesive films and composite prepregs, and the effect which this has on the performance of such systems after cure, has received much less attention. It is, nonetheless, recognised as an important consideration and most aerospace lay up facilities include controlled humidity conditions.

Effects of micro-structural parameters on mechanical properties of carbon nanotube polymer nanocomposites

A comparison between the elastic modulus of carbon nanotube (CNT) polymer nano composites predicted by classical micromechanics theories, based on continuum mechanics and experimental data, was made and the results revealed a great difference. To improve the accuracy of these models, a new two-step semi-analytical method was developed, which allowed consideration of the effect of the interphase, in addition to CNT and matrix, in the modeling of nanocomposites. Based on this developed method, the inuence of microstructural parameters, such as CNT volume fraction, CNT aspect ratio, partial and complete agglomerations of CNTs, and overlap and exfoliation of CNTs, on the overall elastic modulus of nanocomposites was investigated. ©2014 Sharif University of Technology. All rights reserved.