999 resultados para Problemas ambientais urbanos


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O artigo aborda a temática da produção e consumo de bens pela sociedade atual que ocasionam sérios problemas ambientais e sociais devido ao grande descarte de materiais de diversas naturezas. O consumo exagerado é incentivado pelas estratégias de markting que incentivam novas compras e descartes muitas vezes prematuros de produtos e embalagens. A sustentabilidade é um fator importante que deve ser considerado nesse debate pois está diretamente vinculada ao chamado desenvolvimento sustentável, um paradigma ainda em construção. À partir dos princípios gerais do desenvolvimento sustentável podem ser estabelecidos outros que abordem exclusivamente a sustentabilidade com relação ao Gestão e Gerenciamento dos Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos abrangendo as dimensões ambiental/ecológica, econômica e social. As estratégias sustentáveis para esse gerenciamento são investigadas há anos por instituições de pesquisa/ensino, empresas e administração pública no intuito de se alcançar uma solução para os problemas advindos a produção e descarte de resíduos sólidos. O texto apresenta exemplos de ações no Brasil e Espanha no que tange às ações de gestão dos resíduos descartados nesses países, com destaque para a Comunidade de Barcelona.

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A existência de problemas ambientais em função do acelerado processo de mudanças pelo qual o planeta passa, traz consigo uma preocupação mais acentuada com o meio ambiente, principalmente no que tange a sua degradação. Este artigo tem o propósito de analisar como a Universidade ALFA (nome fictício) está gerindo seus resíduos sólidos e de que forma estão se adequando para atender a Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos, bem como: identificar os tipos de resíduos gerados na Universidade ALFA; classificar os resíduos identificados; e verificar a destinação dada aos resíduos em uma universidade, comparando com a legislação sobre resíduos sólidos urbanos. A pesquisa caracteriza-se como sendo do tipo exploratória, utilizando-se do método de pesquisa-ação. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que as ações mais visíveis, servem de sensibilização da comunidade acadêmica, que já percebe mudanças, as quais vão ao encontro da gestão ambiental na instituição, que segue visa a perfeita adequação à legislação.

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Environmental degradation is a global problem that particularly affects areas subject to seasonal climatic variations, such as the brazilian semiarid region, namely the Caatinga Domain. Combined with other negative factors, such as natural resource misuse and disorderly land occupation, the consequences of Environmental Degradation have challenged science in the quest for addressing the resulting social and environmental problems. Accordingly, Environmental Perception methodology, by analyzing the concepts, attitudes and values, (especially those pertaining to environmental conservation) represent an important tool in studies that address the relationship between the environment and human actions. Sustainability Indicators are also relevant tools to assess the possible causes and consequences of environmental problems. Among several Sustainability Indicators available, the PressuresState-Impact-Response (PSIR) method is an analytical tool that permits the grouping of factors affecting sustainability as well as their consequences for nature and human health, and thus indicate mitigating actions for society and the public authorities. From this perspective, three areas of Caatinga were studied in Rio Grande do Norte state: Seridó Ecological Station (ESEC), Municipality of Serra Negra do Norte; Private Natural Reserve Stoessel de Brito (PNRSB), Municipality of Jucurutu; and part of the Serra de Santana, Municipality of Tenente Laurentino Cruz. The areas are both legally protected and unprotected and subject to diferent management protocols, though their share the common characteristic of human misuse of natural resources. In this scenario, this thesis´ main goal was to introduce the rural communities into the conservation process, using the results of Environmental Perception of such communities, combined with the analysis of the sustainability of municipalities through PSIR. Information on Environmental Perception was obtained from primary and secondary data from previous studies carried out in the ESEC Seridó and PRNP Stoessel de Brito. Additional data was obtained through direct observation and interview forms applied to rural communities in the Municipality of Tenente Laurentino Cruz. The results showed that respondents possessed a broad knowledge regarding environmental degradation, its causes and consequences for the caatinga biome. PEIR analysis showed that environmental degradation was smaller in countries with protected areas, as compared to those without. The population´s knowledge about environmental degradation and their acceptance of conservation units, as showed by Environmental Perception Analysis, coupled with the results of PEIR, suggest that those attitudes may foster actions aimed at reduction of environmental degradation in the Caatinga domain

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This dissertation addresses issues considered essential for sustainable development of urban waterfronts and beaches. Many of these spaces, even though they are of public authorities, economic market and general population interests - due to its landscape, its importance for recreation purposes and as a basis of " Sun and beach Tourism " (Turismo de Sol e Praia), among other factors - have shown aesthetic, health and cultural degradation, entailing environmental, economic and social losses and conflicts. Based on this perception, the research aims to understand the main reasons for these negative results for beach spaces. To this end, it was chosen the case study of a typical urban beach, Ponta Negra Beach, located in Natal, RN. Ponta Negra is associated with the "postcard" of the city and it has been deserving of municipal urban planning legislation that legally recognizes the importance of its landscape. Also it has received constant investments by the Government through urban projects, arguing to leave the site attractive to its users. Nevertheless, in the last fifteen years, the beach has lived with the expansion of its problems, such as those related to bathing water, to coastal erosion, and to the mangling of its natural surroundings. Social conflicts have also been frequent in this time frame: conflicts between residents of the waterfront and traders who work on the beach, between the traders themselves, between the managers of space and fishermen, between managers and formal and informal traders. Many of these social and environmental conflicts have taken such grand proportions that became legal matters. Assuming that the problems identified are related to the issue of rationality - understood as a system of values, norms and actions that relate means and ends - and upholding the need for focused research on "environmental rationality" to understand and interpret the dynamics of social and environmental problems encountered on site, the research that guides the study relies on the Mexican economist Enrique Leff's theory on "environmental rationality" which, briefly, can be defined as a system of values, norms, actions and means and ends relations based on the principles of environmental management and sustainable development. Among other aspects, rationality encompasses cross-sectional planning of public administration, the participation of society in the management of environmental resources, interdisciplinary reorganization of knowledge, the clash of opposing interests and the conciliation of common goals of different social actors. The study evaluates the relationship between "environmental rationality", as proposed by Enrique Leff, with the management, urban interventions and uses observed in Ponta Negra Beach. For that, some benchmarks were established and considered in the research as related to sustainable development of the "beachy" atmosphere. Analytical instruments chosen were the urban transformations and the environmental and social problems that have been the target of lawsuits. Also part of the study, the problems that were the subject of civil investigations, which are investigation procedures carried out by the Prosecutor's Office.

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This dissertation addresses issues considered essential for sustainable development of urban waterfronts and beaches. Many of these spaces, even though they are of public authorities, economic market and general population interests - due to its landscape, its importance for recreation purposes and as a basis of " Sun and beach Tourism " (Turismo de Sol e Praia), among other factors - have shown aesthetic, health and cultural degradation, entailing environmental, economic and social losses and conflicts. Based on this perception, the research aims to understand the main reasons for these negative results for beach spaces. To this end, it was chosen the case study of a typical urban beach, Ponta Negra Beach, located in Natal, RN. Ponta Negra is associated with the "postcard" of the city and it has been deserving of municipal urban planning legislation that legally recognizes the importance of its landscape. Also it has received constant investments by the Government through urban projects, arguing to leave the site attractive to its users. Nevertheless, in the last fifteen years, the beach has lived with the expansion of its problems, such as those related to bathing water, to coastal erosion, and to the mangling of its natural surroundings. Social conflicts have also been frequent in this time frame: conflicts between residents of the waterfront and traders who work on the beach, between the traders themselves, between the managers of space and fishermen, between managers and formal and informal traders. Many of these social and environmental conflicts have taken such grand proportions that became legal matters. Assuming that the problems identified are related to the issue of rationality - understood as a system of values, norms and actions that relate means and ends - and upholding the need for focused research on "environmental rationality" to understand and interpret the dynamics of social and environmental problems encountered on site, the research that guides the study relies on the Mexican economist Enrique Leff's theory on "environmental rationality" which, briefly, can be defined as a system of values, norms, actions and means and ends relations based on the principles of environmental management and sustainable development. Among other aspects, rationality encompasses cross-sectional planning of public administration, the participation of society in the management of environmental resources, interdisciplinary reorganization of knowledge, the clash of opposing interests and the conciliation of common goals of different social actors. The study evaluates the relationship between "environmental rationality", as proposed by Enrique Leff, with the management, urban interventions and uses observed in Ponta Negra Beach. For that, some benchmarks were established and considered in the research as related to sustainable development of the "beachy" atmosphere. Analytical instruments chosen were the urban transformations and the environmental and social problems that have been the target of lawsuits. Also part of the study, the problems that were the subject of civil investigations, which are investigation procedures carried out by the Prosecutor's Office.

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The Noise Pollution causes degradation in the quality of the environment and presents itself as one of the most common environmental problems in the big cities. An Urban environment present scenario and their complex acoustic study need to consider the contribution of various noise sources. Accordingly to computational models through mapping and prediction of acoustic scene become important, because they enable the realization of calculations, analyzes and reports, allowing the interpretation of satisfactory results. The study neighborhood is the neighborhood of Lagoa Nova, a central area of the city of Natal, which will undergo major changes in urban space due to urban mobility projects planned for the area around the stadium and the consequent changes of urban form and traffic. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the noise impact caused by road and morphological changes around the stadium Arena das Dunas in the neighborhood of Lagoa Nova, through on-site measurements and mapping using the computational model SoundPLAN year 2012 and the scenario evolution acoustic for the year 2017. For this analysis was the construction of the first acoustic mapping based on current diagnostic acoustic neighborhood, physical mapping, classified vehicle count and measurement of sound pressure level, and to build the prediction of noise were observed for the area study the modifications provided for traffic, urban form and mobility work. In this study, it is concluded that the sound pressure levels of the year in 2012 and 2017 extrapolate current legislation. For the prediction of noise were numerous changes in the acoustic scene, in which the works of urban mobility provided will improve traffic flow, thus reduce the sound pressure level where interventions are expected

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The Noise Pollution causes degradation in the quality of the environment and presents itself as one of the most common environmental problems in the big cities. An Urban environment present scenario and their complex acoustic study need to consider the contribution of various noise sources. Accordingly to computational models through mapping and prediction of acoustic scene become important, because they enable the realization of calculations, analyzes and reports, allowing the interpretation of satisfactory results. The study neighborhood is the neighborhood of Lagoa Nova, a central area of the city of Natal, which will undergo major changes in urban space due to urban mobility projects planned for the area around the stadium and the consequent changes of urban form and traffic. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the noise impact caused by road and morphological changes around the stadium Arena das Dunas in the neighborhood of Lagoa Nova, through on-site measurements and mapping using the computational model SoundPLAN year 2012 and the scenario evolution acoustic for the year 2017. For this analysis was the construction of the first acoustic mapping based on current diagnostic acoustic neighborhood, physical mapping, classified vehicle count and measurement of sound pressure level, and to build the prediction of noise were observed for the area study the modifications provided for traffic, urban form and mobility work. In this study, it is concluded that the sound pressure levels of the year in 2012 and 2017 extrapolate current legislation. For the prediction of noise were numerous changes in the acoustic scene, in which the works of urban mobility provided will improve traffic flow, thus reduce the sound pressure level where interventions are expected

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O crescimento na produção de alimentos agroecológicos no Brasil e no mundo tem sido provocado por fatores chaves como, demanda dos consumidores urbanos e a crescente consciência da sociedade sobre os problemas ambientais decorrentes do uso inadequado dos recursos naturais, e em especial pelas preocupações dos indivíduos com a saúde. A tendência atual para o produto agroecológico em termos de mercado é de ampliar as vendas e a distribuição deixando de atender somente o mercado de nicho direcionando a produção para diversos mercados. Atualmente os produtos agroecológicos podem ser encontrados tanto em lojas secundárias, feiras livres, supermercados como até podem ser recebidos em cestas a domicilio, ou seja, as vendas podem atingir o mercado de massa. O conhecimento da diversidade dos sistemas de produção e do consumidor de produtos agroecológicos é de fundamental importância para o estabelecimento de políticas públicas de fortalecimento da produção e do consumo. Com parte de tal objetivo os consumidores da feira de agricultores orgânicos de Rio Branco, Acre, foram entrevistados no segundo semestre de 2007. Foram analisados diversos aspectos socioeconômicos e culturais dos entrevistados. Os resultados foram analisados e permitem concluir que o consumidor das feiras de Rio Branco é casado, assíduo, bem informado sobre causas ambientais e sobre a origem dos produtos, apresenta meia idade de ambos os sexos, nível elevado de escolaridade, adquirem os produtos na feira porque acreditam que os alimentos são saudáveis, mais baratos na feira e mantém certa relação com o agricultor e apresentam hábitos diversificados de consumo. A venda direta é o mais importante instrumento econômico dentro do arranjo produtivo de produtos orgânicos em Rio Branco, permitindo garantia de renda ao agricultor eliminando intermediários e garante estabelecimento de relações de confiança, rastreabilidade do produto, via ligação agricultor-consumidor. Os incentivos governamentais no transporte e concessão do ponto de venda privilegiado associados à fidelidade dos consumidores são fatores essenciais de sucesso da feira em dez de existência. Os dados desta pesquisa mostraram que os produtos comercializados não recebem remuneração maior que os convencionais por serem agroecológicos, embora a maioria dos consumidores seja uma elite intelectual e econômica.

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O desenvolvimento sócio-econômico e os hábitos de vida geram um consumo excessivo, que conduz à lapidação de recursos e à geração de grande quantidade de resíduos.Este trabalho e tem como objetivo relatar como se iniciou a promoção da Educação Ambiental (EA) em escolas públicas de Araguari-MG por meio da implantação de um modelo de compostagem de resíduos sólidos orgânicos, contribuindo para a gestão de resíduos destas e amenizando os impactos no meio ambiente e na saúde, acarretados pela geração e inadequada disposição destes. A metodologia deste trabalho constitui em primeiro lugar na caracterização dos resíduos sólidos urbanos da cidade de Araguari-MG, sensibilização e discussões em relação a problemas ambientais e a importância de amenizar os impactos ambientais gerados pela utilização inadequada dos recursos naturais. Para solucionar a problemática que envolve os resíduos sólidos, é necessário que os municípios adotem o gerenciamento integrado de resíduos sólidos, dando a este uma nova utilidade, contribuindo para amenizar seus impactos no meio ambiente, na saúde, bem como na gestão adequada de seus resíduos e implantação de cidades verdadeiramente sustentáveis.

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A Região Sudoeste da Bahia tem uma área total de 42.542,9 km², sendo composta de 39 municípios, com uma população de 1.143.947 habitantes. Abrange expressiva diversidade geoambiental, com trechos da Mata Atlântica, Caatinga e diversas formações intermediárias. Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o uso dos recursos naturais e a problemática ambiental na Região. A área possui características facilitadoras dos processos erosivos em decorrência dos seguintes aspectos: topografia acidentada; elevada erodibilidade e erosividade e pequeno poder de proteção exercida pela cobertura vegetal. A ocupação territorial esteve fortemente vinculada a pecuária, em que mais de 60% das terras da região são ocupadas com pastagens, na atualidade. Os mapeamentos e os levantamentos de campo permitiram identificar como principais problemas e conflitos socioambientais: a compactação dos solos nas áreas de pecuária, erosão e depauperamento nas áreas de agricultura de subsistência, contaminação do solo e da água nas áreas irrigadas, contaminação dos recursos hídricos pelos esgotos urbanos e uso de agrotóxicos, degradação ambiental pelas atividades mineradoras, queimadas e descontrole na destinação e tratamento dos resíduos sólidos. A busca de solução de tais conflitos implica no necessário envolvimento de cada município na sua superação, perpassando também pelos possíveis consórcios municipais.

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Transformações significativas em todas as esferas da existência humana vêm ocorrendo. Ao lado do crescente desenvolvimento tecnológico ocorreu um crescimento significativo da utilização de matérias e energia para sanar as necessidades da sociedade. Refletir sobre a temática do desenvolvimento, juntamente com o aumento da pressão exercida pela sociedade sobre o meio, levou ao crescimento da consciência sobre os problemas ambientais gerados por padrões de vida incompatíveis com o processo de regeneração do meio ambiente. A partir do crescimento do movimento ambientalista, surgem novos argumentos contra os hábitos ostensivos e consumistas, deixando evidente que o padrão de consumo das sociedades ocidentais modernas, além de ser socialmente injusto, é ambientalmente insustentável.            A importância desse trabalho é estimular a reflexão e efetuar uma identificação de como as relações de consumo podem comprometer a qualidade de vida, a justiça social e a sobrevivência do planeta. Aborda os impactos socioambientais das ações antrópicas nas esferas da produção, circulação e consumo, alertando para a necessidade de se adotar um uso mais sustentável do meio ambiente, onde todas as relações sociais de produção devem ser enfocadas em sua totalidade.

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Os problemas ambientais, os quais vêm sendo discutidos em âmbito global, têm tido cada vez mais ênfase nas discussões locais, principalmente nas grandes metrópoles. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar uma nova forma de pensar o planejamento e a gestão das cidades a partir da utilização de novas propostas e técnicas para a inclusão da questão ambiental, assim como a elaboração de cenários ambientais pode ser uma alternativa viável para o planejamento, pois estes tem como pressuposto alcançar todos os níveis socioeconômicos e ambientais da sociedade e suas inter-relações. Nesse sentido, é adotado como o recorte espacial o Parque Brigadeiro Eduardo Gomes (Aterro do Flamengo), no município do Rio de Janeiro, cuja implantação na década 70 provocou uma alteração da perspectiva e da dinâmica urbana da cidade e atualmente apresenta diversos problemas em função de sua degradação. A partir da elaboração de cenários, são projetadas as possibilidades, para antecipação dos problemas ou soluções que podem aparecer em médio ou longo prazo.

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The goals of this study are to identify the potencialities avaiable in elementary public schools for the development of an educational process wich includes environmental issues helpping to find its integration with university in order to contribuite raises teaching levels for a better comprehension of regional environmental problems. Research data were collected through questionnaires and interviews with geography teachers analyising theirs activities and perspectives on the environmental crisis and environmental education. The study also offers sugestions for the devellopment of interdisciplinaires programs trying to contibute for the construction of citizenship showing the importance of better comprehension from environmental problems which includes physical, economics, social, political and cultural aspects.

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Currently, owing to the occurrence of environmental problems, along with the need of environmental preservation, both the territory management of Hydrographic Basin and the conservation of natural resources have proven to have remarkable importance. Thus, the mean goal of the research is to raise and scrutinize social-economic and technologic data from the Mogi Guaçu River Hydrographic Basin (São Paulo, Brazil). The aim is to group municipalities with similar characteristics regarding the collected data, which may direct joint actions in the Hydrographic Basin Management. There were used both the methods of factorial analysis and automatic hierarchical classifications. Additionally, there is going to be applied a Geographical Information System to represent the outcomes of the methods aforementioned, through the evolvement of a geo-referenced database, which will allow the obtainment of information categorically distributed including theme maps of interest. The main characteristics adopted to group the municipalities were: agricultural area, sugar cane production, small farms, animal production, number of agriculture machinery and equipments and agricultural income. The methodology adopted in the Mogi Guaçu River Hydrographic Basin will be analyzed vis-à-vis its appropriateness on basin management, as well as the possibility of assisting the studies on behalf of the São Paulo Hydrographic Basin groups, to regional development.

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The rice husk and its ash are abundant and renewable and can be used to obtain alternative building materials. An increase in the consumption of such waste could help minimize the environmental problems from their improper disposal. This study aimed to evaluate the use of ashes as a cargo mineral (filler). However, the rice husk chemically interferes in the conduct of the based cement mixtures. Thus, different mixes cement-rice husk with and without the addition of ash were evaluated in order to highlight the influence of its components (husk; ash), which could otherwise be excluded or be underestimated. Cylindrical samples (test of simple compression and traction by diametrical compression) and samples extracted from manufactured pressed board (test of bending and parallel compression to the surface), were used to evaluate the behavior of different mixtures of components (rice hush; RHA - rice husk ahs). The results of the mechanical tests showed, in general, there is not a statistical difference between the mixtures, which are associated with the chemical suppressive effect of the rice husk ash. The mixture of rice husk of 10 mm, with an addition of 35% of the rice husk ash, is notable for allowing the highest consumption of rice husk and rice husk ash, to reduce 25% the consumption of cement and to allow the storage (without emissions to the atmosphere), around 1.9 ton of CO2 per ton of cement consumed, thus contributing to the reduction of CO2 emissions, which can stimulate rural constructions under an ecological point of view.