164 resultados para Poliéster


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A presente tese é o resultado final de um trabalho prospectivo evolutivo que buscou apresentar uma nova filosofia de tratamento na instabilidade femoropatelar, voltada para a reconstrução anatômica do ligamento patelofemoral medial. Essa abordagem terapêutica mostrou-se extremamente eficiente, com poucas complicações e com uma recuperação bastante rápida, o que permite um retorno às atividades profissionais ou discentes dos pacientes num espaço de tempo mais curto dos que nas técnicas convencionais. Em um primeiro trabalho foi realizada a reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral medial (LPFM) com uso de enxerto de poliéster, e neste foi utilizado enxerto livre do tendão do semitendinoso. Como não houve diferença significativa entre os dois, concluiu-se que o princípio defendido de reconstrução do ligamento patelofemoral mediaal é mais importante que a escolha do enxerto a ser utilizado.

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A utilização de resinas epóxi na fabricação de materiais compósitos vem crescendo substancialmente nos últimos anos. O processo de pultrusão também acompanha esta tendência e a demanda por dados técnicos a respeito desta resina vem crescendo, sendo cada vez mais objeto de pesquisa em universidades e empresas. A pultrusão é um processo contínuo de fabricação de materiais compósitos. O processo consiste basicamente em duas etapas a saber: a impregnação, onde se tem a aplicação da mistura com resina, endurecedor e aditivos sobre as fibras; a cura do perfil, onde o material compósito passa pelo processo de reticulação, adquirindo sua forma final e suas diferentes propriedades mecânicas, físicas e químicas. O interesse deste trabalho reside especialmente sobre este tipo de resina pelo fato de que seu emprego no processo de pultrusão confere excelentes propriedades químicas e elétricas ao perfil fabricado. Dadas às características do processo de pultrusão, o conhecimento do comportamento da resina, do ponto de vista físico e cinético, é requisito básico para a obtenção de produtos de qualidade. Apresentando um comportamento diferenciado de resinas poliéster, as resinas epóxi possuem características especiais que tornam o seu uso no processo de pultrusão bastante desafiador. Através de ensaios térmicos (calorimetria exploratória diferencial – DSC- e análise termogravimétrica – TGA) foi possível verificar o comportamento das resinas epóxi misturadas com endurecedor As resinas estudadas apresentaram boa resistência térmica, com temperaturas de degradação superiores a 1500C. Quando testadas no DSC, as resinas apresentaram diferentes calores de reação para cada um das condições testadas, destacando-se a resina LY-553 como adequada para uso no processo de pultrusão. Testes verificando tempo de gel e viscosidade complementaram os dados, fornecendo informações úteis para o estudo das resinas na área de impregnação no processo de pultrusão. Estes testes confirmaram a aplicabilidade da resina LY-553 no processo de pultrusão, bem como qualificaram a resina GY-281 como uma possível alternativa para a produção de perfis pultrudados.

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Analisa oportunidades de melhoria e propõe medidas para a otimização de uma cadeia específica de reciclagem de PET, voltada à transformação de embalagens PET descartadas em fibras sintéticas de poliéster, e posteriormente em nãotecidos. Identifica alguns conceitos relevantes para os canais de distribuição reversos. Ressalta a importância da busca de soluções para a problemática do lixo, destacando os canais reversos de reciclagem como parte fundamental de uma solução sustentável para o problema.

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Polímeros de engenharia foram avaliados para aplicação no par de engrenagens parafuso sem fim do porta-estepe de caminhão. A fim de suportar o carregamento de forma eficiente, dispensando lubrificantes e considerando um custo de fabricação competitivo para a engrenagem de um porta-estepe, foram pré-selecionados nove polímeros: um polipropileno, as poliamidas (PA) 6 e 66, de cadeia molecular linear, sem e com 15 e 30% de fibra de vidro (FV), uma poliamida de cadeia molecular ramificada, tipo estrela com 60% de fibra de vidro e um poliéster com 25% de grafite. Esses termoplásticos foram avaliados para selecionar o polímero com a melhor performance para a fabricação do par de engrenagens. O trabalho foi dividido em três etapas. A primeira consistiu na confecção de corpos-de-prova e análise dos polímeros quanto às resistências à tração e à flexão, resistência ao impacto Izod, análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA) e resistência à abrasão. Os materiais selecionados, com o melhor conjunto de propriedades nessa etapa foram as PA 6 e 66 ambas com 30% de FV e também a PA com 60% de FV. Na segunda etapa, esses polímeros foram avaliados quanto às características reológicas. Os materiais com as melhores características reológicas foram a PA 6 com 30% de FV e a PA com 60% de FV. A terceira etapa consistiu em teste em bancada a partir da confecção de pares de engrenagens, sendo os materiais selecionados injetados em forma de tarugos e após usinados Foram feitas três combinações com as duas PA selecionadas para ensaio em bancada. Na primeira utilizou-se a PA 6 com 30% de FV no pinhão e na coroa; após 623 ciclos, houve falha do par de engrenagens com ruptura do dente do pinhão. Na segunda combinação, o pinhão e a coroa em PA com 60% de FV; em 161 ciclos, teve a quebra do dente do pinhão. Na última combinação utilizou-se a PA com 60% de FV no pinhão e a PA 6 com 30% de FV na coroa, sendo que o par de engrenagens resistiu até 1200 ciclos sem ocorrer falha do sistema. Apesar da garantia do porta-estepe ser de seis meses, a estimativa do fabricante é de cinco anos de vida útil do par de engrenagens, tendo três trocas de pneu por mês; com isso, tem-se um total de 180 ciclos de aplicação desse mecanismo. Portanto, o pinhão em PA com 60% de FV e a coroa em PA 6 com 30% de FV apresentaram a melhor performance para a fabricação do par de engrenagens parafuso sem fim do porta-estepe de caminhão.

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O desenvolvimento de um método analítico para determinação de Mg, Ti e Cl emcatalisadores suportados Ziegler-Natta (ZN) por espectroscopia de fluorescência de raios Xcom dispersão em comprimento de onda (WDXRF) foi avaliado. Três famílias decatalisadores com distintos teores de Mg, Ti e Cl foram utilizados. Para fins de comparação,os analitos foram também determinados por métodos clássicos, a saber, Mg porcomplexometria com EDTA, Ti por espectrofotometria e Cl por argentimetria. A naturezahigroscópica desses catalisadores impossibilitou a análise direta por WDXRF. Melhoresresultados na preparação da amostra foram obtidos através da calcinação (1000 0C), seguida de mistura com aglomerante (H3BO3), na proporção 1:4, para a determinação da razãoMg/Ti. O estudo do efeito da pressão sobre a intensidade do sinal analítico de Mg e de Ti evidencioua necessidade de prensagem das amostras em pressões superiores a 200 MPa. No caso de Mg e Ti, a determinação por Parâmetros Fundamentais (FP), a partir da medida da linha espectral do Ti, forneceu resultados equivalentes àqueles obtidos porcalibração univariada e por métodos clássicos. No entanto, a utilização de FP a partir damedida da linha espectral do Mg mostrou-se inadequada, provavelmente, devido ao baixo valor do número atômico do Mg. Nas três famílias de catalisadores ZN a razão Mg/Tiobservada foi 0,44 ± 0,01; 1,8 ± 0,05 e 4,9 ± 0,02. A determinação de Cl foi estudada através de extração em meio aquoso, seguida pordeposição de um alíquota da solução sobre diferentes suportes (filmes finos) e posteriorevaporação do solvente. Foram avaliados os suportes papel filtro quantitativo, membranasMillipore FHLC Teflon®, de difluoreto de polivinilideno, celulose, Nylon®, fita Kapton®(poliamida) e Mylar® (poliéster). Devido à natureza do Cl, houve perdas do elemento químicopor volatilização, durante as medidas, possivelmente devido ao vácuo e aquecimento daamostra dentro da câmara de análise do equipamento. A tentativa de fixação do Cl comoAgCl, seguida por deposição sobre a membrana Millipore FHLC foi considerada adequada.No entanto, a média dos resultados obtidos por WDXRF mostrou-se inferior quando comparada ao método argentimétrico utilizado como referência, para um nível de certeza de95%.

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Pipelines for the transport of crude oil from the production wells to the collecting stations are named production lines . These pipes are subjected to chemical and electrochemical corrosion according to the environment and the type of petroleum transported. Some of these lines, depending upon the composition of the fluid produced, may leak within less than one year of operation due to internal corrosion. This work aims at the development of composite pipes with an external protecting layer of high density polyurethane for use in production lines of onshore oil wells, meeting operational requirements. The pipes were manufactured using glass fibers, epoxy resin, polyester resin, quartz sand and high density polyurethane. The pipes were produced by filament winding with the deposition of high density polyurethane on the external surface and threaded ends (API 15 HR/PM-VII). Three types of pipes were manufactured: glass/epoxy, glass/epoxy with an external polyurethane layer and glass/epoxy with an intermediate layer of glass fiber, polyester, sand and with an external polyurethane layer. The three samples were characterized by Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM) and for the determination of constituent content. In addition, the following tests were conducted: hydrostatic test, instant rupture, shorttime failure pressure, Gardner impact, transverse stiffness and axial tension. Field tests were conducted in Mossoró RN (BRAZIL), where 1,677 meters of piping were used. The tests results of the three types of pipes were compared in two events: after two months from manufacturing of the samples and after nine months of field application. The results indicate that the glass/epoxy pipes with an intermediate layer of fiber glass composite, polyester e sand and with an external layer of high density polyurethane showed superior properties as compared to the other two and met the requirements of pressure class, axial tensile strength, transverse stiffness, impact and environmental conditions, for onshore applications as production lines

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This research is about the use of the coconut´s endocarp (nucifera linn) and the waste of derivatives of wood and furniture as raw material to technological use. In that sense, the lignocellulosic waste is used for manufacture of homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS) and lignocellulosic load which take part of a polymeric composite with fiber glass E (GFRP-WC). In the manufacturing of the homogeneous wood sheet agglomerate (LHWS), it was used mamona´s resin as waste s agglutinating element. The plates were taken up in a hydraulic press engine, heated, with temperature control, where they were manufactured for different percentage of waste wood and coconuts nucífera linn. Physical tests were conducted to determine the absorption of water, density, damp grade (in two hours and twenty-four hours), swelling thickness (in two hours and twenty-four hours), and mechanical tests to evaluate the parallel tensile strength (internal stick) and bending and the static (steady) flexural. The physical test´s results indicate that the LHWS can be classified as bonded wood plate of high-density and with highly water resistant. In the mechanical tests it was possible to establish that LHWS presents different characteristics when submitted to uniaxial tensile and to the static (steady) flexural, since brittle and elasticity module had a variation according to the amount of dry endocarp used to manufacture each trace of LHWS. The GFRP-WC was industrially manufactured by a hand-lay-up process where the fiber glass E was used as reinforcement the lignocellulósic´s waste as load. The matrix was made with ortofitalic unsaturated polyester resin. Physical and mechanical tests were performed in presence of saturated humidity and dry. The results indicated good performance of the GFRP-WC, as traction as in flexion in three points. The presence of water influenced the modules obtained in the flexural and tensile but there were no significant alteration in the properties analyzed. As for the fracture, the analysis showed that the effects are more harmful in the presence of damp, under the action of loading tested, but despite this, the fracture was well defined starting in the external parts and spreading to the internal regions when one when it reaches the hybrid load

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The mixed metal oxides constitute an important class of catalytic materials widely investigated in different fields of applications. Studies of rare earth nickelates have been carried by several researchers in order to investigate the structural stability afforded by oxide formed and the existence of catalytic properties at room temperature. So, this study aims synthesize the nanosized catalyst of nickelate of lanthanum doped with strontium (La(1-x)SrxNiO4-d; x = 0,2 and 0,3), through the Pechini method and your characterization for subsequent application in the desulfurization of thiophene reaction. The precursor solutions were calcined at 300ºC/2h for pyrolysis of polyester and later calcinations occurred at temperatures of 500 - 1000°C. The resulting powders were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG / DTG), surface area for adsorption of N2 by BET method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (HR_SEM) and spectrometry dispersive energy (EDS). The results of XRD had show that the perovskites obtained consist of two phases (LSN and NiO) and from 700ºC have crystalline structure. The results of SEM evidenced the obtainment of nanometric powders. The results of BET show that the powders have surface area within the range used in catalysis (5-50m2/g). The characterization of active sites was performed by reaction of desulfurization of thiophene at room temperature and 200ºC, the relation F/W equal to 0,7 mol h-1mcat -1. The products of the reaction were separated by gas chromatography and identified by the selective detection PFPD sulfur. All samples had presented conversion above 95%

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This work reports the influence of the poly (ethylene terephthalate) textile and films surface modification by plasmas of O2 and mixtures (N2 + O2), on their physical and chemical properties. The plasma surface polymeric modification has been used for many researchs, because it does not affect the environment with toxic agents, the alterations remains only at nanometric layers and this technique shows expressive results. Then, due to its good acceptance, the treatment was carried out in a vacuum chamber. Some parameters remained constant during all treatment, such as: Voltage 470 V; Pressure 1,250 Mbar; Current: 0, 10 A and gas flow: 10 cm3/min, using oxygen plasma alternating the treatment time 10 to 60 min with an increase of 10 min to each subsequent treatment. Also, the samples were treated with a gas mixture (nitrogen + oxygen) which was varied only the gas composition from 0 to 100% leaving the treatment time remaining constant to all treatment (10 min). The plasma treatment was characterized in-situ with Optics Emission Spectroscopy (OES), and the samples was characterized by contact angle, surface tension, Through Capillary tests, Raman spectroscopy, Infrared attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that oxygen treated fabrics presented high wettability, due to the hydrophilic groups incorporation onto the surface formed through spputering of carbon atoms. For the nitrogen atmosphere, there is the a film deposition of amine groups. Treatment with small oxygen concentration in the mixture with nitrogen has a higher spputered species of the samples

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The gradual replacement of conventional materials by the ones called composite materials is becoming a concern about the response of these composites against adverse environmental conditions, such as ultraviolet radiation, high temperature and moist. Also the search for new composite using natural fibers or a blend of it with synthetic fibers as reinforcement has been studied. In this sense, this research begins with a thorough study of microstructural characterization of licuri fiber, as a proposal of alternative reinforcement to polymeric composites. Thus, a study about the development of two composite laminates was done. The first one, involving only the fiber of licuri and the second comprising a hybrid composite based of fiber glass E and the fiber of licuri, in order to know the performance of the fiber when of fiber across the hybridization process. The laminates were made in the form of plates using the tereftálica ortho-polyester resin as matrix. The composite laminate made only by licuri fiber had two reinforcing fabric layers of unidirectional licuri and the hybrid composite had two reinforcing layers of unidirectional licuri fabric and three layers of fiber short glass-E mat. Finally, both laminates was exposed to aging acceleration in order to study the influence of environmental degradation involving the mechanical properties and fracture characteristics thereof. Regarding the mechanical properties of composites, these were determined through uniaxial tensile tests, uniaxial compression and three bending points for both laminates in original state, and uniaxial tensile tests and three bending points after accelerated aging. As regards the study of structural degradation due to aging of the laminates, it was carried out based on microscopic analysis and microstructure, as well as measuring weight loss. The characteristics of the fracture was performed by macroscopic and microscopic (optical and SEM) analysis. In general, the laminated composites based on fiber licuri showed some advantages in their responses to environmental aging. These advantages are observed in the behavior related to stiffness as well as the microstructural degradation and photo-oxidation processes. However, the structural integrity of this laminate was more affected in case the action of uniaxial tensile loads, where it was noted a lower rate of withholding his last resistance property

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

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In this study, it has been investigated the influence of silver film deposition onto 100% polyester woven and non-woven, on the survival of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in contact with these surfaces. The treatment was performedin a chamber containing the working gas at low pressure (~ 10-2 mbar). Some process parameters such as as voltage: 470 V; pressure: 10-2 mbar; current : 0.40 A and gas flow: 6 and 10 cm3/min were kept constant. For the treatments with purêargon plasma using a flow of 6 and 10 cm3/min, different treatment times were evaluated, such as, 10 , 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes. Contact angle (sessile drop), measurements were used to determine the surface tension of the treated fabrics and its influence on the bacteria grow as weel as the possibilities of a biofilm formation. The formation of a silver film, as well as the amount of this element was verified byEDX technique. The topography was observed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine the size of silver grains formed on the surfaces of the fabric and assess homogeneity of treatment. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the structure of silver film deposition. The woven fabric treatments enabled the formation of silver particulate films with particle size larger than the non-woven fabrics. With respect to bacterial growth, all fabrics were shown to be bactericidal for Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), while for the Escherichia coli (E. coli), the best results were found for the non-woven fabric (TNT) treated with a flow of 10 cm3/min to both bacteria

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Os achados clínicos e radiográficos após reparo intra-articular do ligamento cruzado cranial com prótese de poliéster, utilizando a técnica over-the-top modificada, foram avaliada em seis cães. Sete cirurgias foram realizadas devido ao acometimento bilateral em um dos animais. A avaliação clínica foi realizada ao 3º, 10º e 40º dias de pós-operatório, e a avaliação radiográfica realizada ao 5º e 24º meses após a cirurgia em cinco cães, por meio da qual se confirmou a progressão da doença articular degenerativa. A resolução dos sinais clínicos foi observada entre o 25º e 68º dias após a cirurgia, segundo avaliação realizada pelos proprietários. A função do membro operado foi considerada boa. Dois cães apresentaram desgaste e ruptura da prótese após a cirurgia. Concluiu-se que a prótese de poliéster, da forma como foi implantada neste estudo, não pode ser considerada como substituto satisfatório, uma vez que resultados superiores podem ser obtidos com ténicas menos invasivas e mais simples.

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This works aims at investigating the effects of adding waste from RCBP-polyester button manufacturing to Portland cement concrete, particularly regarding its consistency and mechanic strength. The RCBP used came from a button factory located in Parnamirim, RN, Brazil. The waste was added to the concrete on different ratios: 5 %, 10 %, 15 % and 20 % of the total cement mass. A sample of concrete without the RCBP was used as reference, 1:1,33:2,45:0,50. For the mechanic strength test four samples were tested with different ages (3, 7 and 28 days old) and mixtures. Furthermore, a Slump Test was also conducted in order to verify the concrete s consistency. A tendency to a reduction in the compression resistance was noticed for all samples. For the samples with 5 % and 10 %, there was also an increase in the traction resistance during inflexion, regarding the reference concrete. In the microstructural analysis, the RBCP was observed to show an irregular and porous surface, thus explaining the consistency decrease

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The advantage in using vegetable fibres in place of synthetic fibres such as glass fibre, for reinforcements in composites are: biodegradability, low cost, low density, good tenacity, good thermal properties, low energy content and reduced use of instruments for its treatment or processing. Even though, problems related to low mechanical performance of some of the natural fibres, has caused difficulty in their direct application in structural elements. The use of alternative materials like hybrid composites has been encouraged, thus trying to better the structural performance of the composites with natural fibres. This work presents a comparative study of the strength and stiffness of hybrid composites with orthopthalic polyester matrix reinforced with E-fibre glass, jute and curauá. The experimental part includes uniaxial tension and three point bending tests to determine the mechanical properties of the final product. The hybrid composite was manufactured in a local industry and was in the form of laminates. All the samples were projected to withstand the possible structural applications as reservoirs and pipes. CH (laminated hybrid composite with glass and curauá fibres). The results obtained show clearly the influence of the hybridization in all the types tested and indicate a good mechanical performance of the composite with glass/curauá fibres in relation to the composite with glass fibres. Aspects in relation to the interfaces glass/curauá composites besides the fracture characteristics for all loading types were also analysed