Improved yields of full-length functional human FGF1 can be achieved using the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris

We have produced human fibroblast growth factor 1 (hFGF1) in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris in order to obtain the large amounts of active protein required for subsequent functional and structural characterization. Four constructs were made to examine both intracellular and secreted expression, with variations in the location of the His6 tag at either end of the peptide. hFGF1 could be produced from all four constructs in shake flasks, but production was optimized by growing only the highest-yielding of these strains, which produced hFGF1 intracellularly, under tightly controlled conditions in a 3 L fermentor. One hundred and eight milligrams of pure protein was achieved per liter culture (corresponding to 0.68 mg of protein per gram of wet cells), the function of which was verified using NIH 3T3 cell cultures. This is a 30-fold improvement over previously reported yields of full-length hFGF1. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Which yeast species shall I choose? Saccharomyces cerevisiae versus Pichia pastoris (review)

Having decided on yeast as a production host, the choice of species is often the first question any researcher new to the field will ask. With over 500 known species of yeast to date, this could pose a significant challenge. However, in reality, only very few species of yeast have been employed as host organisms for the production of recombinant proteins. The two most widely used, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris, are compared and contrasted here.

Improving recombinant eukaryotic membrane protein yields in Pichia pastoris:the importance of codon optimization and clone selection

In the last 15 years, 80% of all recombinant proteins reported in the literature were produced in the bacterium, Escherichia coli, or the yeast, Pichia pastoris. Nonetheless, developing effective general strategies for producing recombinant eukaryotic membrane proteins in these organisms remains a particular challenge. Using a validated screening procedure together with accurate yield quantitation, we therefore wished to establish the critical steps contributing to high yields of recombinant eukaryotic membrane protein in P. pastoris. Whilst the use of fusion partners to generate chimeric constructs and directed mutagenesis have previously been shown to be effective in bacterial hosts, we conclude that this approach is not transferable to yeast. Rather, codon optimization and the preparation and selection of high-yielding P. pastoris clones are effective strategies for maximizing yields of human aquaporins.

Antifoam addition to shake flask cultures of recombinant Pichia pastoris increases yield

Pichia pastoris is a widely-used host for recombinant protein production. Initial screening for both suitable clones and optimum culture conditions is typically carried out in multi-well plates. This is followed by up-scaling either to shake-flasks or continuously stirred tank bioreactors. A particular problem in these formats is foaming, which is commonly prevented by the addition of chemical antifoaming agents. Intriguingly, antifoams are often added without prior consideration of their effect on the yeast cells, the protein product or the influence on downstream processes such as protein purification. In this study we characterised, for the first time, the effects of five commonly-used antifoaming agents on the total amount of recombinant green fluorescent protein (GFP) secreted from shake-flask cultures of this industrially-relevant yeast.

Functional recombinant protein is present in the pre-induction phases of Pichia pastoris cultures when grown in bioreactors, but not shake-flasks

Background - Pichia pastoris is a widely-used host for recombinant protein production; expression is typically driven by methanol-inducible alcohol oxidase (AOX) promoters. Recently this system has become an important source of recombinant G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) for structural biology and drug discovery. The influence of diverse culture parameters (such as pH, dissolved oxygen concentration, medium composition, antifoam concentration and culture temperature) on productivity has been investigated for a wide range of recombinant proteins in P. pastoris. In contrast, the impact of the pre-induction phases on yield has not been as closely studied. In this study, we examined the pre-induction phases of P. pastoris bioreactor cultivations producing three different recombinant proteins: the GPCR, human A2a adenosine receptor (hA2aR), green fluorescent protein (GFP) and human calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor component protein (as a GFP fusion protein; hCGRP-RCP-GFP). Results - Functional hA2aR was detected in the pre-induction phases of a 1 L bioreactor cultivation of glycerol-grown P. pastoris. In a separate experiment, a glycerol-grown P. pastoris strain secreted soluble GFP prior to methanol addition. When glucose, which has been shown to repress AOX expression, was the pre-induction carbon source, hA2aR and GFP were still produced in the pre-induction phases. Both hA2aR and GFP were also produced in methanol-free cultivations; functional protein yields were maintained or increased after depletion of the carbon source. Analysis of the pre-induction phases of 10 L pilot scale cultivations also demonstrated that pre-induction yields were at least maintained after methanol induction, even in the presence of cytotoxic concentrations of methanol. Additional bioreactor data for hCGRP-RCP-GFP and shake-flask data for GFP, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the human tetraspanins hCD81 and CD82, and the tight-junction protein human claudin-1, demonstrated that bioreactor but not shake flask cultivations exhibit recombinant protein production in the pre-induction phases of P. pastoris cultures. Conclusions - The production of recombinant hA2aR, GFP and hCGRP-RCP-GFP can be detected in bioreactor cultivations prior to methanol induction, while this is not the case for shake-flask cultivations of GFP, HRP, hCD81, hCD82 and human claudin-1. This confirms earlier suggestions of leaky expression from AOX promoters, which we report here for both glycerol- and glucose-grown cells in bioreactor cultivations. These findings suggest that the productivity of AOX-dependent bioprocesses is not solely dependent on induction by methanol. We conclude that in order to maximize total yields, pre-induction phase cultivation conditions should be optimized, and that increased specific productivity may result in decreased biomass yields.

Pichia pastoris regulates its gene-specific response to different carbon sources at the transcriptional, rather than the translational, level

Background: The methylotrophic, Crabtree-negative yeast Pichia pastoris is widely used as a heterologous protein production host. Strong inducible promoters derived from methanol utilization genes or constitutive glycolytic promoters are typically used to drive gene expression. Notably, genes involved in methanol utilization are not only repressed by the presence of glucose, but also by glycerol. This unusual regulatory behavior prompted us to study the regulation of carbon substrate utilization in different bioprocess conditions on a genome wide scale. Results: We performed microarray analysis on the total mRNA population as well as mRNA that had been fractionated according to ribosome occupancy. Translationally quiescent mRNAs were defined as being associated with single ribosomes (monosomes) and highly-translated mRNAs with multiple ribosomes (polysomes). We found that despite their lower growth rates, global translation was most active in methanol-grown P. pastoris cells, followed by excess glycerol- or glucose-grown cells. Transcript-specific translational responses were found to be minimal, while extensive transcriptional regulation was observed for cells grown on different carbon sources. Due to their respiratory metabolism, cells grown in excess glucose or glycerol had very similar expression profiles. Genes subject to glucose repression were mainly involved in the metabolism of alternative carbon sources including the control of glycerol uptake and metabolism. Peroxisomal and methanol utilization genes were confirmed to be subject to carbon substrate repression in excess glucose or glycerol, but were found to be strongly de-repressed in limiting glucose-conditions (as are often applied in fed batch cultivations) in addition to induction by methanol. Conclusions: P. pastoris cells grown in excess glycerol or glucose have similar transcript profiles in contrast to S. cerevisiae cells, in which the transcriptional response to these carbon sources is very different. The main response to different growth conditions in P. pastoris is transcriptional; translational regulation was not transcript-specific. The high proportion of mRNAs associated with polysomes in methanol-grown cells is a major finding of this study; it reveals that high productivity during methanol induction is directly linked to the growth condition and not only to promoter strength.

Large-scale production of secreted proteins in Pichia pastoris

The production of recombinant therapeutic proteins is an active area of research in drug development. These bio-therapeutic drugs target nearly 150 disease states and promise to bring better treatments to patients. However, if new bio-therapeutics are to be made more accessible and affordable, improvements in production performance and optimization of processes are necessary. A major challenge lies in controlling the effect of process conditions on production of intact functional proteins. To achieve this, improved tools are needed for bio-processing. For example, implementation of process modeling and high-throughput technologies can be used to achieve quality by design, leading to improvements in productivity. Commercially, the most sought after targets are secreted proteins due to the ease of handling in downstream procedures. This chapter outlines different approaches for production and optimization of secreted proteins in the host Pichia pastoris. © 2012 Springer Science+business Media, LLC.

Optimising Pichia pastoris induction

A common method for inducing the production of recombinant proteins in Pichia pastoris is through the use of methanol. However, the by-products of methanol metabolism are toxic to yeast cells and therefore its addition to recombinant cultures must be controlled and monitored throughout the process in order to maximise recombinant protein yields. Described here are online and off-line methods to monitor and control methanol addition to bench-top-scale bioreactors. © 2012 Springer Science+business Media, LLC.

Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana das defensinas recombinantes de ervilha (drr230a) e café (cd1) produzidas em Pichia pastoris

The inefficiency of chemical pesticides to control phytopathogenic fungi in agriculture and the frequent incidence of human diseases caused by bacteria which are resistant to antibiotics lead to the search for alternative antimicrobial compounds. In this context, plant defensins are a promising tool for the control of both plant and human pathogenic agents. Plant defensins are cationic peptides of about 50 amino acid residues, rich in cysteine and whose tridimensional structure is considerably conserved among different plant species. These antimicrobial molecules represent an important innate component from plant defense response against pathogens and are expressed in various plant tissues, such as leaves, tubers, flowers, pods and seeds. The present work aimed at the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of two plant defensins against different phytopathogenic fungi and pathogenic bacteria to humans. The defensin Drr230a, whose gene was isolated from pea (Pisum sativum), and the defensin CD1,whose gene was identified within coffee (Coffea arabica) transcriptome, were subcloned in yeast expression vector and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The gene cd1 was subcloned as two different recombinant forms: CD1tC, containing a six-histidine sequence (6xHis) at the peptide C-terminal region and CD1tN, containing 6xHis coding sequence at the N-terminal region. In the case of the defensin Drr230a, the 6xHis coding sequence was inserted only at the N-terminal region. Assays of the antimicrobial activity of the purified recombinant proteins rDrr230a and rCD1 against Phakopsora pachyrhizi, causal agent of soybean Asian rust, were performed to analyze the in vitro spore germination inhibition and disease severity caused by the fungus in planta. Both recombinant defensins were able to inhibit P. pachyrhizi uredospore germination, with no difference between the antimicrobial action of either CD1tC or CD1tN. Moreover, rDrr230a and rCD1 drastically reduced severity of soybean Asian rust, as demonstrated by in planta assays. In spite of the fact that rCD1 was not able to inhibit proliferation of the human pathogenic bacteria Staplylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, rCD1 was able to inhibit growth of the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium tucumaniae, that causes soybean sudden death syndrome. The obtained results show that these plant defensins are useful candidates to be used in plant genetic engineering programs to control agriculture impacting fungal diseases.

Études cinétiques de la [gamma]-glutamyltranspeptidase purifiée de reins de rat et recombinante humaine provenant des levures Pichia pastoris

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Études cinétiques de la [gamma]-glutamyltranspeptidase purifiée de reins de rat et recombinante humaine provenant des levures Pichia pastoris

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Comparing the expression of human DNA topoisomerase I in KM71H and X33 strains of Pichia pastoris

Background: Human is an essential cellular enzyme that is found in all human cells. As this enzyme is upregulated in cancer cells exceedingly, it is used as a target for cancer chemotherapeutic drug development. As such, producing the in-house enzyme for the purpose to speed up the search for more cost-effective and target specific hTopoI inhibitors is warranted. This study aims to compare the optimised conditions for the expression of hTopoI in KM71H (MutS) and X33 (Mut+) strains of Pichia pastoris P. pastoris transfected with an hTopoI recombinant vector was used for the optimization of a higher level of hTopoI expression. Results: In the process, fed-batch cultivation parameters that influence the expression of hTopoI, such as culture temperature, methanol induction and feeding strategy, were optimised in the transfected KM71H and X33 P. pastoris strains in a shake flask system. The cell density and total protein concentration (protein level) of transfected P. pastoris were compared to determine the optimum culture conditions for each transfected P. pastoris strain. A higher hTopoI level was observed in the transfected KM71H culture supernatant (2.26 ng/mL) when the culture was incubated in the optimum conditions. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that MutS strain (KM71H) expressed and secreted a higher level of hTopoI heterologous protein in the presence of methanol compared to the Mut+ strain; X33 (0.75 ng/mL). However, other aspects of optimization, such as pH, should also be considered in the future, to obtain the optimum expression level of hTopoI in P. pastoris.

Producción y caracterización de la superóxido dismutasa a (SodA) de nocardia brasiliensis en pichia pastoris

Introducción: A mediados de los años 70’s del siglo pasado el descubrimiento de la tecnología del ADN recombinante marca el inicio de la era de la biotecnología moderna. La implementación de estas tecnologías permitió la utilización de organismos como sistemas de expresión que a lo largo de los años ha generado la producción de una gran variedad de productos biológicos. Dentro de estos sistemas Pichia pastoris es un sistema de expresión ampliamente utilizado debido a sus características tales como la producción de proteínas en grandes cantidades, la liberación de los productos al medio de cultivo, la obtención de productos complejos que requieren modificaciones postraduccionales típicas de los eucariotas o que contienen puentes disulfuro, entre otras. Nocardia brasiliensis es una bacteria parcialmente ácido-alcohol resistente la cual forma colonias granulares, con hifas aéreas escasas, sus colonias exhiben un color anaranjado pardo con bordes en blanco. N. brasiliensis es patógena para el ser humano y es el agente causal del actinomicetoma. El actinomicetoma es una enfermedad crónica generalmente localizada en las extremidades. Se caracteriza por ser un proceso lento de tumefacción con nódulos, abscesos y fístulas.La Superóxido Dismutasa (SOD) es una enzima reductora polimérica que cataliza la conversión del ión superóxido a peróxido de hidrógeno y oxígeno molecular. La SOD ha sido propuesta como un factor de virulencia de microorganismos patógenos, cuya acción consiste en bloquear los efectores oxidativos del estallido respiratorio iniciado por los fagocítos en el fagolisosoma. Este mecanismo ha sido descrito para bacterias de los géneros Mycobacterium, Rhodococcus y Nocardia. Objetivo: producir y caracterizar la Superóxido Dismutasa A (SODA) de Nocardia brasiliensis en Pichia pastoris. Metodología: se realizó el diseño de primers adicionando secuencias de sitios de corte para las enzimas XhoI y AvrII, así como una cola de histidinas en el extremo 5’ para la amplificación del gen sodA de N. brasiliensis a partir del ADN genómico de Nocardia brasiliensis. El amplicón se clonó en el vector de expresión pPIC9. Se llevó a cabo la transformación por electroporación de levaduras Pichia pastoris GS115. La producción de SOD se llevó a cabo en inducciones de 96 h con metanol como agente inductor. Los sobrenadantes se dializaron con membranas de celulosa. Los dializados se observaron por SDS-PAGE y western blot. Se analizó la actividad funcional de la enzima con el SOD Assay kit de Sigma Aldrich. Resultados: Por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa se obtuvo una secuencia de 625 pb correspondiente al gen sodA. El fragmento se ligó al vector de expresión pPIC9 y fue caracterizado con las enzimas de restricción XhoI y AvrII. Las cepas trasformadas de P. pastoris GS115 se caracterizaron con el gen aox1 obteniendo cepas Mut+ y Muts. Los análisis por SDSPAGE mostraron bandas no observadas en el control negativo de expresión mientras en los western blot solo una de las clonas mostró señal. Los análisis de actividad funcional sugieren inhibición de la reacción enzimática infiriendo presencia de la proteína SOD en el medio dializado. Conclusiones: Se logró la construcción del sistema de expresión Pichia pastoris con el casete de expresión de la SOD de N. brasiliensis. Así como la generación de cepas Mut+y Muts. En los ensayos de actividad funcional se observó inhibición de la reacción enzimática.

Análisis transcripcional de la vía de secreción y metabolismo del metanol durante la producción de una proteína heteróloga en Pichia pastoris

La levadura metilotrófica Pichia pastoris es de gran importancia industrial principalmente en la producción de proteínas heterólogas. En un estudio reciente se emplearon cinco factores ambientales para definir condiciones de cultivo a nivel de bioreactor que condujeron a altos (CM) y bajos (CP) niveles de la producción extracelular de una fitasa recombinante en una cepa Muts de P. pastoris. Los resultados de este estudio mostraron que bajo las condiciones CM, la demanda y consumo de O2 y de metanol fueron más altos y condujeron a valores más altos en la velocidad específica de crecimiento (μ), biomasa (2.7 veces), niveles de producción de fitasa extracelular (5.5 veces) y rendimientos (Yp/x) que en CP. Con el fin de comprender los mecanismos de regulación transcripcional que afectan a la fisiología de P. pastoris por la sobre-producción de la proteína recombinante y las condiciones de cultivo, en este trabajo se realizó un análisis de expresión diferencial de genes (DGE) empleando la tecnología de secuenciación masiva de mRNA (RNAseq) de la cepa Muts de P. pastoris crecida bajo las condiciones CM y CP reportadas previamente. Además se validaron los resultados del estudio de DGE mediante RT-qPCR. Resultados: La expresión de 4,950 genes, el 93% de los genes totales anotados, fueron detectados. Se sub- y sobre-expresaron 350 y 413 genes respectivamente en CM respecto a CP. En CM vs CP se sobre-expresaron significativamente términos relacionados con la biosíntesis de aminoácidos, biosíntesis de nucleósidos de purina, regulación de la traducción, glicosilación de proteínas y mitosis, indicando una mayor actividad anabólica en CM. La transcripción del gen heterólogo y de los genes de la ruta de desasimilación del metanol no mostraron diferencias entre ambas condiciones de cultivo y fue inducida en metanol. Sin embargo las enzimas claves (DAS1 y DAS2) de la ruta de asimilación del metanol se sobre-expresaron significativamente en CM vs CP, indicando que CM está favorecida la producción de biomasa y la generación de energía a través de esta vía, explicando los valores más altos para la μ y biomasa obtenidos en CM respecto a CP. De 110 genes analizados involucrados en la vía de secreción, 20 se sobre-expresaron en CM vs CP, la sobre-expresión de estos genes indicaron que bajo las condiciones de CM, se presenta una mayor actividad transcipcional de los genes implicados en el transporte y translocación hacia el RE (15%), genes implicados en el plegamiento de proteínas en RE (25%), así como genes relacionados en el procesamieto de las proteínas a través del RE (30%) y Golgi (35%) que permitieron un estado fisiológico favorable para la secreción de la proteína heteróloga. De los 44 genes relacionados con el estrés en RE durante la secreción, en CM vs CP se sobre-expresaron genes UPR indicando, que bajo condiciones de CM, se promueve la expresión de genes relacionados con el plegamiento de proteínas y probablemente se evita el acumulamiento de proteínas mal plegadas. La sub-expresión de todos los genes relacionados con autofagia, es uno de los factores que podría explicar la menor actividad proteolítica observada en CM. Finalmente se observó una correlación entre los métodos de RNA-seq y RTqPCR (r2=0.7). Conclusiones: El análisis de la DGE señala que los factores ambientales en CM condujeron a la regulación de la expresión de genes del proceso de secreción y genes relacionados al estrés en RE durante la secreción que condujeron a valores de Yp/x, más altos en CM que en CP y no se atribuyen a una expresión diferencial del gen heterólogo. La regulación de la ruta del metanol hacia la asimilación y una mejor respuesta de adaptación al estrés en CM condujeron a un mayor crecimiento y producción de biomasa en CM que en CP.

Microbes in the tailoring of barley malt properties

Microbes have a decisive role in the barley-malt-beer chain. A major goal of this thesis was to study the relationships between microbial communities and germinating grains during malting. Furthermore, the study provided a basis for tailoring of malt properties with natural, malt-derived microbes. The malting ecosystem is a dynamic process, exhibiting continous change. The first hours of steeping and kilning were the most important steps in the process with regard to microbiological quality. The microbial communities consisting of various types of bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi formed complex biofilms in barley tissues and were well-protected. Inhibition of one microbial population within the complex ecosystem led to an increase of non-suppressed populations, which must be taken into account because a shift in microbial community dynamics may be undesirable. Both bacterial and fungal communities should be monitored simultaneously. Using different molecular approaches we showed that the diversity of microbes in the malting ecosystem was greater than expected. Even some new microbial groups were found in the malting ecosystem. Suppression of Gram-negative bacteria during steeping was advanategous for grain germination and malt brewhouse performance. Fungal communities including both filamentous fungi and yeasts significantly contributed to the production of microbial beta-glucanases and xylanases, and were also involved in proteolysis. Well-characterized lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum VTT E-78076 and Pediococcus pentosaceus VTT E-90390) proved to be an effective way of balancing the microbial communities in malting. Furthermore, they had positive effects on malt characteristics and notably improved wort separation. Previously the significance of yeasts in the malting ecosystem has been largely underestimated. This study showed that yeast community was an important part of the industrial malting ecosystem. Yeasts produced extracellular hydrolytic enzymes with a potentially positive contribution to malt processability. Furthermore, several yeasts showed strong antagonistic activity against field and storage moulds. Addition of a selected yeast culture (Pichia anomala VTT C-04565) into steeping restricted Fusarium growth and hydrophobin production and thus prevented beer gushing. Addition of P. anomala C565 into steeping water tended to retard wort filtration, but the filtration was improved when the yeast culture was combined with L. plantarum E76. The combination of different microbial cultures offers a possibility to use ther different properties, thus making the system more robust. Improved understanding of complex microbial communities and their role in malting enables a more controlled process management and the production of high quality malt with tailored properties