Applying semantics to grid middleware

Scheduling parallel and distributed applications efficiently onto grid environments is a difficult task and a great variety of scheduling heuristics has been developed aiming to address this issue. A successful grid resource allocation depends, among other things, on the quality of the available information about software artifacts and grid resources. In this article, we propose a semantic approach to integrate selection of equivalent resources and selection of equivalent software artifacts to improve the scheduling of resources suitable for a given set of application execution requirements. We also describe a prototype implementation of our approach based on the Integrade grid middleware and experimental results that illustrate its benefits. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Capacity sharing and stealing in dynamic server-based real-time systems

This paper proposes a dynamic scheduler that supports the coexistence of guaranteed and non-guaranteed bandwidth servers to efficiently handle soft-tasks’ overloads by making additional capacity available from two sources: (i) residual capacity allocated but unused when jobs complete in less than their budgeted execution time; (ii) stealing capacity from inactive non-isolated servers used to schedule best-effort jobs. The effectiveness of the proposed approach in reducing the mean tardiness of periodic jobs is demonstrated through extensive simulations. The achieved results become even more significant when tasks’ computation times have a large variance.

Shared resources and precedence constraints with capacity sharing and stealing

This paper proposes a new strategy to integrate shared resources and precedence constraints among real-time tasks, assuming no precise information on critical sections and computation times is available. The concept of bandwidth inheritance is combined with a greedy capacity sharing and stealing policy to efficiently exchange bandwidth among tasks, minimising the degree of deviation from the ideal system's behaviour caused by inter-application blocking. The proposed capacity exchange protocol (CXP) focus on exchanging extra capacities as early, and not necessarily as fairly, as possible. This loss of optimality is worth the reduced complexity as the protocol's behaviour nevertheless tends to be fair in the long run and outperforms other solutions in highly dynamic scenarios, as demonstrated by extensive simulations.

Autonomic workflow activities: the award framework

Workflows have been successfully applied to express the decomposition of complex scientific applications. This has motivated many initiatives that have been developing scientific workflow tools. However the existing tools still lack adequate support to important aspects namely, decoupling the enactment engine from workflow tasks specification, decentralizing the control of workflow activities, and allowing their tasks to run autonomous in distributed infrastructures, for instance on Clouds. Furthermore many workflow tools only support the execution of Direct Acyclic Graphs (DAG) without the concept of iterations, where activities are executed millions of iterations during long periods of time and supporting dynamic workflow reconfigurations after certain iteration. We present the AWARD (Autonomic Workflow Activities Reconfigurable and Dynamic) model of computation, based on the Process Networks model, where the workflow activities (AWA) are autonomic processes with independent control that can run in parallel on distributed infrastructures, e. g. on Clouds. Each AWA executes a Task developed as a Java class that implements a generic interface allowing end-users to code their applications without concerns for low-level details. The data-driven coordination of AWA interactions is based on a shared tuple space that also enables support to dynamic workflow reconfiguration and monitoring of the execution of workflows. We describe how AWARD supports dynamic reconfiguration and discuss typical workflow reconfiguration scenarios. For evaluation we describe experimental results of AWARD workflow executions in several application scenarios, mapped to a small dedicated cluster and the Amazon (Elastic Computing EC2) Cloud.

Parallel run-time for CO-OPN

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

Preventive medicine for epidemic outbreaks and risky behavior through mobile devices and ubiquitous computing

In this work, we have developed the first free software for mobile devices with the Android operating system that can preventively mitigate the number of contagions of sexually transmitted infections (STI), associated with risk behavior. This software runs in two modes. The normal mode allows the user to see the alerts and nearby health centers. The second mode enables the service to work in the background. This software reports the health risks, as well as the location of different test centers.

Hybrid turbo FEC/ARQ systems and distributed space-time coding for cooperative transmission

Cooperative transmission can be seen as a "virtual" MIMO system, where themultiple transmit antennas are in fact implemented distributed by the antennas both at the source and the relay terminal. Depending on the system design, diversity/multiplexing gainsare achievable. This design involves the definition of the type of retransmission (incrementalredundancy, repetition coding), the design of the distributed space-time codes, the errorcorrecting scheme, the operation of the relay (decode&forward or amplify&forward) and thenumber of antennas at each terminal. Proposed schemes are evaluated in different conditionsin combination with forward error correcting codes (FEC), both for linear and near-optimum(sphere decoder) receivers, for its possible implementation in downlink high speed packetservices of cellular networks. Results show the benefits of coded cooperation over directtransmission in terms of increased throughput. It is shown that multiplexing gains areobserved even if the mobile station features a single antenna, provided that cell wide reuse of the relay radio resource is possible.

Automated monitoring of medical protocols: a secure and distributed architecture

The control of the right application of medical protocols is a key issue in hospital environments. For the automated monitoring of medical protocols, we need a domain-independent language for their representation and a fully, or semi, autonomous system that understands the protocols and supervises their application. In this paper we describe a specification language and a multi-agent system architecture for monitoring medical protocols. We model medical services in hospital environments as specialized domain agents and interpret a medical protocol as a negotiation process between agents. A medical service can be involved in multiple medical protocols, and so specialized domain agents are independent of negotiation processes and autonomous system agents perform monitoring tasks. We present the detailed architecture of the system agents and of an important domain agent, the database broker agent, that is responsible of obtaining relevant information about the clinical history of patients. We also describe how we tackle the problems of privacy, integrity and authentication during the process of exchanging information between agents.

DAI-DEPUR: an integrated and distributed architecture for wastewater treatment plants supervision

The activated sludge process - the main biological technology usually applied towastewater treatment plants (WWTP) - directly depends on live beings (microorganisms), and therefore on unforeseen changes produced by them. It could be possible to get a good plant operation if the supervisory control system is able to react to the changes and deviations in the system and can take thenecessary actions to restore the system’s performance. These decisions are oftenbased both on physical, chemical, microbiological principles (suitable to bemodelled by conventional control algorithms) and on some knowledge (suitable to be modelled by knowledge-based systems). But one of the key problems in knowledge-based control systems design is the development of an architecture able to manage efficiently the different elements of the process (integrated architecture), to learn from previous cases (spec@c experimental knowledge) and to acquire the domain knowledge (general expert knowledge). These problems increase when the process belongs to an ill-structured domain and is composed of several complex operational units. Therefore, an integrated and distributed AIarchitecture seems to be a good choice. This paper proposes an integrated and distributed supervisory multi-level architecture for the supervision of WWTP, that overcomes some of the main troubles of classical control techniques and those of knowledge-based systems applied to real world systems

Development a distributed simulation environment on a cluster of workstations

Simulation has traditionally been used for analyzing the behavior of complex real world problems. Even though only some features of the problems are considered, simulation time tends to become quite high even for common simulation problems. Parallel and distributed simulation is a viable technique for accelerating the simulations. The success of parallel simulation depends heavily on the combination of the simulation application, algorithm and message population in the simulation is sufficient, no additional delay is caused by this environment. In this thesis a conservative, parallel simulation algorithm is applied to the simulation of a cellular network application in a distributed workstation environment. This thesis presents a distributed simulation environment, Diworse, which is based on the use of networked workstations. The distributed environment is considered especially hard for conservative simulation algorithms due to the high cost of communication. In this thesis, however, the distributed environment is shown to be a viable alternative if the amount of communication is kept reasonable. Novel ideas of multiple message simulation and channel reduction enable efficient use of this environment for the simulation of a cellular network application. The distribution of the simulation is based on a modification of the well known Chandy-Misra deadlock avoidance algorithm with null messages. The basic Chandy Misra algorithm is modified by using the null message cancellation and multiple message simulation techniques. The modifications reduce the amount of null messages and the time required for their execution, thus reducing the simulation time required. The null message cancellation technique reduces the processing time of null messages as the arriving null message cancels other non processed null messages. The multiple message simulation forms groups of messages as it simulates several messages before it releases the new created messages. If the message population in the simulation is suffiecient, no additional delay is caused by this operation A new technique for considering the simulation application is also presented. The performance is improved by establishing a neighborhood for the simulation elements. The neighborhood concept is based on a channel reduction technique, where the properties of the application exclusively determine which connections are necessary when a certain accuracy for simulation results is required. Distributed simulation is also analyzed in order to find out the effect of the different elements in the implemented simulation environment. This analysis is performed by using critical path analysis. Critical path analysis allows determination of a lower bound for the simulation time. In this thesis critical times are computed for sequential and parallel traces. The analysis based on sequential traces reveals the parallel properties of the application whereas the analysis based on parallel traces reveals the properties of the environment and the distribution.

Smart electricity networks based on large integration of renewable sources and distributed generation

Das Grünbuch 2006 der Europäischen Kommission "Eine Europäische Strategie für nachhaltige, wettbewerbsfähige und sichere Energie" unterstreicht, dass Europa in ein neues Energie-Zeitalter eingetreten ist. Die vorrangigen Ziele europäischer Energiepolitik müssen Nachhaltigkeit, Wettbewerbsfähigkeit und Versorgungssicherheit sein, wobei sie eine zusammenhängende und logische Menge von Taktiken und Maßnahmen benötigt, um diese Ziele zu erreichen. Die Strommärkte und Verbundnetze Europas bilden das Kernstück unseres Energiesystems und müssen sich weiterentwickeln, um den neuen Anforderungen zu entsprechen. Die europäischen Stromnetze haben die lebenswichtigen Verbindungen zwischen Stromproduzenten und Verbrauchern mit großem Erfolg seit vielen Jahrzehnten gesichert. Die grundlegende Struktur dieser Netze ist entwickelt worden, um die Bedürfnisse großer, überwiegend auf Kohle aufgebauten Herstellungstechnologien zu befriedigen, die sich entfernt von den Verbraucherzentren befinden. Die Energieprobleme, denen Europa jetzt gegenübersteht, ändern die Stromerzeugungslandschaft in zwei Gesichtspunkten: die Notwendigkeit für saubere Kraftwerkstechnologien verbunden mit erheblich verbesserten Wirkungsgraden auf der Verbraucherseite wird es Kunden ermöglichen, mit den Netzen viel interaktiver zu arbeiten; andererseits müssen die zukünftigen europaweiten Stromnetze allen Verbrauchern eine höchst zuverlässige, preiswerte Energiezufuhr bereitstellen, wobei sowohl die Nutzung von großen zentralisierten Kraftwerken als auch kleineren lokalen Energiequellen überall in Europa ausgeschöpft werden müssen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird darauf hingewiesen, dass die Informationen, die in dieser Arbeit dargestellt werden, auf aktuellen Fragen mit großem Einfluss auf die gegenwärtigen technischen und wirtschaftspolitischen Diskussionen basieren. Der Autor hat während der letzten Jahre viele der hier vorgestellten Schlussfolgerungen und Empfehlungen mit Vertretern der Kraftwerksindustrie, Betreibern von Stromnetzen und Versorgungsbetrieben, Forschungsgremien und den Regulierungsstellen diskutiert. Die folgenden Absätze fassen die Hauptergebnisse zusammen: Diese Arbeit definiert das neue Konzept, das auf mehr verbraucherorientierten Netzen basiert, und untersucht die Notwendigkeiten sowie die Vorteile und die Hindernisse für den Übergang auf ein mögliches neues Modell für Europa: die intelligenten Stromnetze basierend auf starker Integration erneuerbarer Quellen und lokalen Kleinkraftwerken. Das neue Modell wird als eine grundlegende Änderung dargestellt, die sich deutlich auf Netzentwurf und -steuerung auswirken wird. Sie fordert ein europäisches Stromnetz mit den folgenden Merkmalen: – Flexibel: es erfüllt die Bedürfnisse der Kunden, indem es auf Änderungen und neue Forderungen eingehen kann – Zugänglich: es gestattet den Verbindungszugang aller Netzbenutzer besonders für erneuerbare Energiequellen und lokale Stromerzeugung mit hohem Wirkungsgrad sowie ohne oder mit niedrigen Kohlendioxidemissionen – Zuverlässig: es verbessert und garantiert die Sicherheit und Qualität der Versorgung mit den Forderungen des digitalen Zeitalters mit Reaktionsmöglichkeiten gegen Gefahren und Unsicherheiten – Wirtschaftlich: es garantiert höchste Wirtschaftlichkeit durch Innovation, effizientes Energiemanagement und liefert „gleiche Ausgangsbedingungen“ für Wettbewerb und Regulierung. Es beinhaltet die neuesten Technologien, um Erfolg zu gewährleisten, während es die Flexibilität behält, sich an weitere Entwicklungen anzupassen und fordert daher ein zuversichtliches Programm für Forschung, Entwicklung und Demonstration, das einen Kurs im Hinblick auf ein Stromversorgungsnetz entwirft, welches die Bedürfnisse der Zukunft Europas befriedigt: – Netztechnologien, die die Stromübertragung verbessern und Energieverluste verringern, werden die Effizienz der Versorgung erhöhen, während neue Leistungselektronik die Versorgungsqualität verbessern wird. Es wird ein Werkzeugkasten erprobter technischer Lösungen geschaffen werden, der schnell und wirtschaftlich eingesetzt werden kann, so dass bestehende Netze Stromeinleitungen von allen Energieressourcen aufnehmen können. – Fortschritte bei Simulationsprogrammen wird die Einführung innovativer Technologien in die praktische Anwendung zum Vorteil sowohl der Kunden als auch der Versorger stark unterstützen. Sie werden das erfolgreiche Anpassen neuer und alter Ausführungen der Netzkomponenten gewährleisten, um die Funktion von Automatisierungs- und Regelungsanordnungen zu garantieren. – Harmonisierung der ordnungspolitischen und kommerziellen Rahmen in Europa, um grenzüberschreitenden Handel von sowohl Energie als auch Netzdienstleistungen zu erleichtern; damit muss eine Vielzahl von Einsatzsituationen gewährleistet werden. Gemeinsame technische Normen und Protokolle müssen eingeführt werden, um offenen Zugang zu gewährleisten und den Einsatz der Ausrüstung eines jeden Herstellers zu ermöglichen. – Entwicklungen in Nachrichtentechnik, Mess- und Handelssystemen werden auf allen Ebenen neue Möglichkeiten eröffnen, auf Grund von Signalen des Marktes frühzeitig technische und kommerzielle Wirkungsgrade zu verbessern. Es wird Unternehmen ermöglichen, innovative Dienstvereinbarungen zu benutzen, um ihre Effizienz zu verbessern und ihre Angebote an Kunden zu vergrößern. Schließlich muss betont werden, dass für einen erfolgreichen Übergang zu einem zukünftigen nachhaltigen Energiesystem alle relevanten Beteiligten involviert werden müssen.

DAI-DEPUR: an integrated and distributed architecture for wastewater treatment plants supervision

The activated sludge process - the main biological technology usually applied to wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) - directly depends on live beings (microorganisms), and therefore on unforeseen changes produced by them. It could be possible to get a good plant operation if the supervisory control system is able to react to the changes and deviations in the system and can take the necessary actions to restore the system’s performance. These decisions are often based both on physical, chemical, microbiological principles (suitable to be modelled by conventional control algorithms) and on some knowledge (suitable to be modelled by knowledge-based systems). But one of the key problems in knowledge-based control systems design is the development of an architecture able to manage efficiently the different elements of the process (integrated architecture), to learn from previous cases (spec@c experimental knowledge) and to acquire the domain knowledge (general expert knowledge). These problems increase when the process belongs to an ill-structured domain and is composed of several complex operational units. Therefore, an integrated and distributed AI architecture seems to be a good choice. This paper proposes an integrated and distributed supervisory multi-level architecture for the supervision of WWTP, that overcomes some of the main troubles of classical control techniques and those of knowledge-based systems applied to real world systems