Modelação, simulação e implementação de agitação acústica para aplicações em microfluídica

Tese de Doutoramento (Programa Doutoral em Engenharia Biomédica)

Development of multifunctional coatings deposited on polymers based sensors for biomedical applications

Tese de Doutoramento (Programa Doutoral em Engenharia de Materiais)

Desenvolvimento de membranas poliméricas baseadas em Poli(fluoreto de vinilideno) para a filtração de materiais biológicos

Dissertação de mestrado em Biofísica e Bionanossistemas

Protective immunity induced in mice by F8.1 and F8.2 antigens purified from Schistosoma mansoni eggs

Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA) were fractionated by isoelectric focusing, resulting in 20 components, characterized by pH, absorbance and protein concentration. The higher absorbance fractions were submitted to electrophoresis, and fraction 8 (F8) presented a specific pattern of bands on its isoelectric point. Protein 3 was observed only on F8, and so, it was utilized to rabbit immunization, in order to evaluate its capacity of inducing protective immunity. IgG antibodies from rabbit anti-F8 serum were coupled to Sepharose, and used to obtain the specific antigen by affinity chromatography. This antigen, submitted to electrophoresis, presented two proteic bands (F8.1 and F8.2), which were transferred to nitrocellulose membrane (PVDF) and sequenciated. The homology of F8.2 to known proteins was determined using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool program (BLASTp). Significant homologies were obtained for the rabbit cytosolic Ca2+ uptake inhibitor, and for the bird a1-proteinase inhibitor. Immunization of mice with F8.1 and F8.2, in the presence of Corynebacterium parvum and Al(OH)3 as adjuvant, induced a significant protection degree against challenge infection, as observed by the decrease on worm burden recovered from portal system.

Identification of promising antigenic components in latent fingermark residues

An analysis of latent fingermark residues by Sodium-Dodecyl-Sulfate PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) followed by silver staining allowed the detection of different proteins, from which two major bands, corresponding to proteins of 56 and 64 kDa molecular weight, could be identified. Two other bands, corresponding to proteins of 52 and 48 kDa were also visualizable along with some other weaker bands of lower molecular weights. In order to identify these proteins, three antibodies directed against human proteins were tested on western blots of fingermarks residues: anti-keratin 1 and 10 (K1/10), anti-cathepsin-D (Cat.D) and anti-dermcidin (Derm.). The corresponding antigens are known to be present in the stratum corneum of desquamating stratified epithelium (K1/10, Cat.D) and/or in eccrine sweat (Cat.D, Derm.). The two major bands were identified as consistent with keratin 1 and 10. The pro-form and the active form of the cathepsin-D have also been identified from two other bands. Dermcidin could not be detected in the western blot. In addition, these antibodies have been tested on latent fingermarks left on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane, as well as on whitened and non-whitened paper. The detection of fingermarks was successful with all three antibodies.

Suodatuskalvon puhdistaminen UV-valolla tai ultraäänellä aktivoidulla titaanidioksidilla

Kalvotekniikan suurin ongelma on edelleen kalvon likaantuminen, jonka tuloksena kalvon erotuskyky voi muuttua ja liuoksen vuo kalvon läpi pientyä huomattavasti. Kalvotekniikan teollisissa sovelluksissa kalvojen puhdistus on yksi tärkeimmistä pääkohdista, sillä se määrittää kalvon käyttöikää ja käyttötehokkuutta. Yleisimmin käytetyn kemiallisen pesun tuloksena muodostuu hävitettävä pesuliuos, joka sisältää sekä kemikaaleja, että kalvosta poistetun lian. Työssä on tutkittu kalvon puhdistusta ultravioletti-valo- tai ultraäänikäsittelyssä titaanidioksidin läsnäollessa. Menetelmien mahdollisina etuina ovat kalvosta poistetun lian hajotus harmittomiksi komponenteiksi ja mahdollisesti kalvon pienempi kuluminen pesussa. Työn kirjallisuusosassa on käsitelty orgaanisten ja epäorgaanisten aineiden hajottamista ultraviolettivalon tai ultraäänikäsittelyn avulla titaanidioksidin läsnäollessa sekä olosuhteiden vaikutusta menetelmien tehokkuuteen. Tämän lisäksi työssä on keskitytty polymeerikalvojen UV-valo- ja ultraäänikäsittelykestävyyteen. Kokeellisessa osassa on tutkittu UV-valo- ja ultraäänikäsittelyjen sopivuutta liatun PVDF-kalvon puhdistukseen titaanidioksidin läsnäollessa. Tavoitteena oli liatun kalvon permeabiliteetin palautus puhtaan kalvon tasolle käsittelyn avulla. Kalvon kestävyyttä on myös tutkittu. Tämän työn perusteella tutkittuja menetelmiä ei voida soveltaa tarkistettavan PVDF-kalvon puhdistukseen, ainakaan testeissä käytetyissä olosuhteissa, sillä kalvon ominaisuudet muuttuvat käsittelyissä.

Medidor de energia para laser pulsado

Neste trabalho descreve-se a tecnologia envolvida na fabricação de um detector piroelétrico para aplicações na determinação da energia de feixe de lasers pulsados ou CW (onda contínua) modulados, utilizando-se do polímero Polifluoreto de Vinilideno PVDF. Os dados experimentais revelam que o detector tem resposta linear com a energia aplicada para o intervalo compreendido entre 0,4 a 6,8 mili-Joule/pulse para pulsos com largura temporal de 8,3 milissegundos.

Determinação de ácidos carboxílicos em composto de resíduos sólidos urbanos por cromatografia gasosa com detector de ionização em chama

Um método simples e eficiente para determinação simultânea de quatro ácidos carboxílicos de cadeia curta (acético, propiônico, butírico e valérico) em resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) é descrito no presente trabalho. Estes ácidos são considerados fitotóxicos na literatura e a variabilidade das suas concentrações durante o processo pode ser usada como parâmetro da maturação do composto de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU). A determinação dos ácidos carboxílicos presentes no composto de RSU envolve uma extração em água e filtração em membranas de polifluoreto de vinilideno (PVDF), seguida da injeção direta em um cromatográfo a gás com detector por ionização em chama (CG-DIC). Foram analisados três tipos de leira. Boas linearidades e coeficientes de correlação foram obtidas para todos os ácidos, e os limites de detecção e quantificação foram baixos, resultando em um método sensível para monitoramento desses ácidos em composto de RSU.

Fotokatalyyttinen kalvonpesu

Fotokatalyysillä tarkoitetaan spontaania kemiallista reaktiota, joka tapahtuu fotokatalyytin absorboidessa valoa. Reaktio voi tapahtua joko katalyytin pinnalla tai sen läheisyydessä, mutta fotokatalyytti pysyy reaktiossa muuttumattomana. Ominaisuuksiltaan paras ja eniten tutkittu fotokatalyyttinen materiaali on titaanidioksidi, jolla on säteilytettynä kyky hajottaa orgaanisia molekyylejä hiilidioksidiksi ja vedeksi. Fotokatalyysin käyttömahdollisuuksia tutkitaan membraanikalvojen puhdistamisessa kalvojen käyttöiän ja erotustehokkuuden parantamiseksi. Nykyisin kalvojen puhdistamiseen käytetään useimmiten kemiallista pesua, jonka tuloksena on usein haitallisia yhdisteitä sisältävä liuos. Fotokatalyyttinen puhdistus voisi olla ratkaisu ongelmaan, sillä sen avulla voitaisiin puhdistamisessa käytettävien kemikaalien ja siinä muodostuvien jätteiden määrää vähentää. Tämän työn kokeellisessa osassa tutkittiin polyvinyylideenifluoridikalvon (PVDF) kestävyyttä ja puhdistumista fotokatalyyttisissä reaktioissa. PVDF:n on todettu olevan erinomainen kalvomateriaali, koska se on termisesti stabiili ja se kestää hyvin kemikaaleja, kuten orgaanisia liuottimia, happoja ja emäksiä. Työssä todettiin PVDF-kalvon puhdistuvan UV/TiO2-käsittelyn avulla. Kalvo puhdistui parhaiten, kun käytettiin 0,425 m- % TiO2-liuosta. Puhdistumista havainnoitiin sekä puhtaan veden vuon mittauksilla että värjäämällä käsiteltyjä kalvoja ja mittaamalla niiden värinintensiteetti.

Characterization of Lubricating Oil Using Ultrasound

This paper presents an ultrasonic method to measure small concentrations of water in lubricating oil. It uses an ultrasonic measurement cell composed by a piezoceramic emitter (5 and 10 MHz), and a large aperture PVDF receiver that eliminates diffraction effects. The propagation velocity, attenuation coefficient and density of several samples of water-in-oil emulsion were measured. The concentrations of water of the samples were in the range of 0 to 5% in volume, and the results showed that these low concentrations can be discriminated within a resolution of 0.2% in the studied range, using the measurement of the propagation velocity.

Luodin osuman havaitsevan metallimaalitaulun anturointi

Luotiaseilla tapahtuvaan ampumaharjoitteluun on käytössä monia erilaisia maalitauluja. Perinteisesti maalitauluna on toiminut puukehikkoon kiinnitetty pahvitaulu ja osumat on todettu siihen jääneiden reikien perusteella. Nykymaailmassa kaikki kuitenkin sähköistyy ja niin käy myös maalitauluille. Tämän kandidaatintyön tarkoituksena on selvittää kirjallisuustutkimuksen sekä kokeellisen tutkimuksen avulla metallisen luotiaseille tarkoitetun osuman havaitsevan maalilaitteen käyttöön soveltuva anturointi. Kirjallisuustutkimuksen avulla selvitetään antureilta vaadittavat ominaisuudet sekä valitaan kokeellista tutkimusta varten vaihtoehdot anturoinnille. Kokeellinen tutkimus suoritetaan kahdessa osassa, ensin laboratoriossa ja myöhemmin ampumaradalla tositilanteessa. Kokeellisen tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on vertailla valittujen antureiden ominaisuuksia ja valita niistä käyttötarkoitukseen soveltuvin. Kokeellista tutkimusta varten kehitettiin kaksi eri mittausjärjestelyä, joiden todettiin soveltuvan hyvin antureiden vertailemiseen. Kokeellisessa tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kolmen piezosähköisen PVDF- eli polyvinyylideenifluoridi-anturin sekä kahden erilaisen akustisen anturin soveltuvuus maalilaitteen käyttöön. Tutkimuksen perusteella todettiin PVDF-antureiden olevan soveltuvia maalilaitteen anturointiin. Akustiset anturit eivät testa-tulla tavalla täyttäneet anturoinnille asetettuja vaatimuksia.

Investigations on Ultrasonic Transducer Array Systems for NDE of Underwater Pipelines

The main objective of carrying out this investigation is to develop suitable transducer array systems so that underwater pipeline inspection could be carried out in a much better way, a focused beam and electronic steering can reduce inspection time as well. Better results are obtained by optimizing the array parameters. The spacing between the elements is assumed to be half the wavelength so that the interelement interaction is minimum. For NDT applications these arrays are operated at MHz range. The wavelengths become very small in these frequency ranges. Then the size of the array elements becomes very small, requiring hybrid construction techniques for their fabrication. Transducer elements have been fabricated using PVDF as the active, mild steel as the backing and conducting silver preparation as the bonding materials. The transducer is operated in the (3,3) mode. The construction of a high frequency array is comparatively complicated. The interelement spacing between the transducer elements becomes considerably small when high frequencies are considered. It becomes very difficult to construct the transducer manually. The electrode connections to the elements can produce significant loading effect. The array has to be fabricated using hybrid construction techniques. The active materials has to be deposited on a proper substrate and etching techniques are required to fabricate the array. The annular ring, annular cylindrical or other similar structural forms of arrays may also find applications in the near future in treatments were curved contours of the human body are affected.

Investigations on the structural, optical and Magnetic properties of nanostructured cerium oxide in pure and doped forms and its polymer nanocomposiets

This thesis Entitled INVESTIGATIONS ON THE STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURED CERIUM OXIDE IN PURE AND DOPED FORMS AND ITS POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES.Synthesis and processing of nanomatelials and nanostmctures are the essential aspects of nanotechnology. Studies on new physical properties and applications of nanomaterials and nanostructures are possible only when nanostructured materials are made available with desired size, morphology,crystal structure and chemical composition.Recently, several methods have been developed to prepare pure and doped CeO2 powder, including wet chemical synthesis, thermal hydrolysis, flux method, hydrothermal synthesis, gas condensation method, microwave technique etc. In all these, some special reaction conditions, such as high temperature, high pressure, capping agents, expensive or toxic solvents etc. have been involved.Another hi gh-li ght of the present work is room temperature ferromagnetism in cerium oxdie thin films deposited by spray pyrolysis technique.The observation of self trapped exciton mediated PL in ceria nanocrystals is another important outcome of the present study. STE mediated mechanism has been proposed for CeO2 nanocrystals based on the dependence of PL intensity on the annealing temperature. It would be interesting to extent these investigations to the doped forms of cerium oxide and cerium oxide thin films to get deeper Insight into STE mechanism.Due to time constraints detailed investigations could not be canied out on the preparation and properties of free standing films of polymer/ceria nanocomposites. It has been observed that good quality free standing films of PVDF/ceria, PS/C61‘l8, PMMA/ceria can be obtained using solution casting technique. These polymer nanocomposite films show high dielectric constant around 20 and offer prospects of applications as gate electrodes in metal-oxide semiconductor devices.

Development of selected electro-active polymer-ceramic nanocomposites as pyroelectric thermal/infrared detector materials

The present work emphasises on the synthesis and characterization of electro-active polymer-ceramic nanocomposites which can be used for pyroelectric thermal/infrared detection applications. Two sets of samples belong to polymer-microcrystalline composites have also been investigated in the work. The polymers used in the work have been commercially available ones, but the nanoceramics have been synthesized following simple chemical routes and aqueous organic gel routes. After characterizing the nanoceramics for their structure by powder XRD, they have been dispersed in liquid polymer and sonicated for uniform dispersion. The viscous mixture so formed was cast in the form of films for experimentation. Samples with volume fraction of the ceramic phase varied from 0 to 0.25 have been prepared. Solution growth was followed to prepare microcrystalline samples for the polymer-microcrystalline composites. The physical properties that determine the pyroelectric sensitivity of a material are dielectric constant, dielectric loss, pyroelectric coefficient, thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity. These parameters have been determined for all the samples and compositions reported in this work.The pyroelectric figures of merit for all the samples were determined. The pyroelectric figures of merit that determine the pyroelectric sensitivity of a material are current sensitivity, voltage responsivity and detectivity. All these have been determined for each set of samples and reported in the thesis. In order to assess the flexibility and mouldability of the composites we have measured the Shore hardness of each of the composites by indentation technique and compared with the pyroelectric figures of merit. Some important factors considered during the material fabrication stages were maximum flexibility and maximum figures of merit for pyroelectric thermal/IR detection applications. In order to achieve these goals, all the samples are synthesized as composites of polymers and nano/microcrystalline particles and are prepared in the form of freestanding films. The selected polymer matrices and particle inclusions possess good pyroelectric coefficients, low thermal and dielectric properties, so that good pyroelectric figures of merit could be achieved. The salient features of the work include the particle size of the selected ceramic materials. Since they are in nanometer size it was possible to achieve high flexibility and moldability with high figures of merit for even low volume fractions of inclusions of the prepared nanocrystalline composites. In the case of microcrystalline TGS and DTGS, their composites in PU matrix protect them from fragility and humidity susceptibility and made them for environmental friendly applications.