203 resultados para PSII
Resumo:
光合作用是地球上最重要的化学反应,它主要发生在叶绿体的类囊体膜上。光能是整个光合作用反应的驱动力,因此光能的捕获和传递过程将会直接影响整个生物体的光合作用表现。在高等植物中,光系统II(PSII)的大量捕光色素蛋白复合体(LHCIIb)作为最主要的、含量最多的光能捕获和传递器官,在光合作用过程中发挥着极其重要的作用。经过数十年的研究,认为LHCIIb主要的功能有以下四个方面:捕获和传递光能、光保护和过剩能量耗散、调节光能在两个光系统中分配和维持类囊体膜的结构。同时对其空间结构也在2.72Å的水平上进行了解析,发现每个单体含有14个叶绿素分子(Chl),其中8个叶绿素 a(Chl a)和6个叶绿素 b(Chl b),2个黄体素(Lut),一个新黄质(Neo)和一个紫黄质(Vio),3个跨膜α-螺旋和2个双亲α-螺旋。尽管目前对其空间结构和基本功能有了初步的了解,但以往研究均是对LHCIIb的三个色素蛋白复合体(Lhcb1、Lhcb2和Lhcb3)的混合研究,而关于Lhcb1、Lhcb2和Lhcb3各自的氨基酸组成、色素组成、各种光谱性质和稳定性研究还处于起步阶段。对Lhcb1、Lhcb2和Lhcb3各自的特性研究可以使我们更加深刻地理解LHCIIb的结构和功能。 本论文首先利用RT-PCR技术从豌豆(Pisum sativum L.)中提取了编码大量捕光色素蛋白复合体的三个脱辅基蛋白基因,分析了它们编码蛋白的氨基酸序列,并系统地研究了三个蛋白与其他物种中的三个蛋白之间的亲缘关系;然后在体外进行了成功的表达和与色素重组,进而对重组LHCIIb的色素组成及光谱特征进行了系统地对比和研究。实验结果表明,Lhcb1和Lhcb3的保守性高于Lhcb2,且Lhcb3最高,Lhcb1和Lhcb2的蛋白序列相似程度高于Lhcb3;Lhcb1同质三聚体的Neo含量和α-螺旋含量高于Lhcb1单体,Lhcb2单体和Lhcb3单体的α-螺旋含量高于Lhcb1单体;与Lhcb1单体和Lhcb2单体相比,Lhcb1同质三聚体和Lhcb3单体的荧光发射光谱明显红移,与核心复合物的光谱特征更加接近,这一区别可能更加有利于能量向核心传递;吸收光谱中表明,Lhcb1和Lhcb2存在两个Chl a吸收峰,根据分析超快吸收得到的模型(Amerongen & Grondelle,2001),这两个吸收峰可能代表Chl a的两个吸收中心。 在对LHCIIb各种基本特性研究的基础之上,本论文使用三氟乙酸(TFA)、离液剂尿素、离子性去污剂SDS、非离子型去污剂Triton X-100对Lhcb1单体进行了处理,使用不同温度对Lhcb1单体和同质三聚体、Lhcb2单体和Lhcb3单体进行处理。研究了它们在不同条件下的稳定性,主要结果如下: 1) 低浓度的尿素不能使Lhcb1变性,但可以影响色素之间的能量传递效率和相互作用。尽管SDS可以使Lhcb1解体,但解体后的蛋白仍旧保留了部分α-螺旋结构。TFA和非离子型去污剂Triton X-100可以使Lhcb1完全解体,并且可以完全破坏蛋白α-螺旋结构,TFA主要是通过影响色素结构和增加蛋白内部的分子间排斥力来破坏Lhcb1,而Triton X-100主要是通过破坏疏水作用力来破坏Lhcb1。高温可以使LHCIIb解体,但不能使蛋白二级结构完全消失。 2) 尿素、温度和Triton X-100均不引起色素本身的破坏,SDS和三氟乙酸使氢置换叶绿素卟啉环所螯合的镁离子,产生去镁叶绿素,造成色素本身结构的严重破坏。 3) 随着温度的升高,色素蛋白复合体的结构和功能会遭到破坏。在Lhcb1和Lhcb2中首先被破坏的是长波长吸收的Chl a。 4) .就功能而言,Lhcb1同质三聚体最为稳定,其次为:Lhcb1单体 > Lhcb3单体 > Lhcb2单体;.就结构而言,Lhcb1单体和Lhcb1同质三聚体相似,稍微较Lhcb2和Lhcb3稳定。 5) 不同处理方式均发现色素蛋白复合体的变性过程依次为:以Chl a为主的相互作用消失,其后依次为以Chl b为主的相互作用消失,以类胡萝卜素为主的相互作用,最后消失的是蛋白的二级结构。在结构受到破坏的同时,能量传递最先受到影响。 6) 解体过程并不是折叠过程的逆过程。
Resumo:
磷脂酰甘油(phosphatidylglycerol, PG)是类囊体膜(也叫光合膜)中唯一的一种磷脂。在蓝藻中,PG的合成途径为:磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)胞嘧啶双磷酸-二酰基甘油 (cytidine diphosphate diacylglycerol, CDP-DAG) 磷酸磷脂酰甘油 (phosphatidylglycerol phosphate, PGP)PG。其中最后一步反应是由PGP去磷酸化而生成PG,催化该反应的是PGP磷酸酶。然而迄今为止,PGP磷酸酶还没有在蓝藻和高等植物中得到克隆和鉴定。本工作在鱼腥藻Anabaena sp. PCC7120中通过将一个可能编码PGP磷酸酶的基因(alr1715)进行突变,获得缺失PG的突变体。与野生型相比,该突变体PG的含量降低了30%左右。突变后的蓝藻藻丝发黄、生长缓慢,叶绿素含量降低。整体细胞的光合作用活性、光系统II(photosystem II,PSII)的放氧活性以及PSII反应中心的光能转化效率显著下降,传递给PSII的激发能减少。
Resumo:
高温胁迫是限制高等植物和藻类生长和产量的主要环境因子之一。光系统II(PSII)对环境胁迫的响应被认为是光合作用适应逆境过程中最重要的一个环节。高温胁迫对螺旋藻PSII的研究相对较少,对PSII受体侧的研究更加少了。我们借助热致发光及QA-再氧化动力学,这两种检测完整光合生物PSII供体侧和受体侧电子传递的有效、简单、无损伤的方法,为高温胁迫如何影响供体侧和受体侧的电子传递提供更直接的依据,获得高温胁迫对PSII功能影响的更精确的消息。另外,有关螺旋藻在高温胁迫下的能量传递过程研究较少,希望在荧光光谱研究的结果上探求其对高温胁迫的适应机理。主要研究结果如下: 1.高温胁迫抑制螺旋藻PS II的活性, PSII原初光能转化效率Fv/Fm随处理温度的提高而下降。高温去除后Fv/Fm可以得到部分恢复(5-15%)。 2.高温胁迫对闪光诱导的可变荧光衰减动力学有显著影响,分别代表QA-到QB 的直接电子传递和PQ分子扩散到空的QB位点后QA-到QB电子传递的快相(半衰期160 ms)和中相(半衰期2 ms)占整个可变荧光的比例,随处理温度的升高显著降低,而代表S2QA- 电荷重组的慢相(半衰期约4s)显著增加。显示高温导致QA到QB的电子传递以及PQ与QB位点的结合受阻,从而促进了QA-与放氧复合体S2态的重组过程。同时我们发现,经过5分钟的恢复,这些光系统II还原侧电子传递的功能抑制能够大部分得到恢复,显示高温胁迫对受体侧电子传递的影响具有可逆性。 3. 通过采用77K低温荧光光谱等手段,我们研究了高温胁迫对螺旋藻细胞光合能量传递的影响。研究显示,高温胁迫对580nm和436nm激发的低温荧光光谱都有显著影响。高温胁迫对PS I的发射峰F725和F751没有显著影响,显示高温没有影响藻胆体到光系统I的激发能传递。而高温胁迫引起了PBS对PS II荧光发射比值的上升,说明高温抑制了藻胆体到光系统II之间的激发能传递。但藻蓝蛋白的发射峰643nm在高温处理后基本没有变化,显示高温抑制PBS到PS II的能量传递不是由于藻蓝蛋白到别藻蓝蛋白之间的能量传递受阻造成的。结果还显示,高温胁迫对藻胆体到光系统II能量传递的抑制也不是由于藻胆体与光系统II发生分离,而是抑制了别藻蓝蛋白到CP43和CP47的能量传递,原因可能是由于藻胆体内部结构的改变引起的。 4.热致发光(TL)和荧光衰减动力学的测定和分析结果显示,高温胁迫改变了S2QA-和S2QB-重组体的稳定性,其中S2QA-的稳定性降低,S2QB-的稳定性升高。根据具有异质性的TL信号,我们推测有活性PSII中有可能存在对高温胁迫敏感度不同的两种亚基,它们具有不同的QB/QB-氧化还原势能。当高温胁迫造成相当数量的反应中心失活,QA到QB正常的电子传递受阻时,光系统有可能通过保存更多的具有较高能量的反应中心亚基,达到促进QA到QB的电子传递的目的。 5. OJIP荧光瞬态上升曲线在高温胁迫后出现标志性K峰,说明螺旋藻的放氧复合物受到伤害,放氧S态引起的多次闪光下的TL振荡,显示这个高温处理对S1→S2的转变没有影响,却抑制了S2→S3的转变,这同OJIP荧光瞬态上升曲线的结果相一致,说明高温对螺旋藻放氧复合体造成了伤害。
Resumo:
磷脂是动物和植物非光合组织细胞膜系统的主要组成成分,在细胞生命过程中扮演着重要角色。尽管绿色植物光合膜的的甘油脂主要是糖脂,但是它仍然含有大约10%的磷脂,说明磷脂在光合膜的结构和功能中起重要作用。构成生物膜的磷脂有多种,但是,光合膜只含有磷脂酰甘油(PG)一种磷脂。光合膜中的PG有其特殊性,即:在PG的sn-2位上总连着一个棕榈酸(16:0)或者反式十六碳烯酸(16:1trans),说明了这种具有特殊结构的甘油脂在维持类囊体膜的结构和功能方面具有重要的作用。 叶绿体中有两个重要酶参与了PG的生物合成,它们分别是胞嘧啶二脂酰甘油合成酶(CDS)和磷脂酰甘油合成酶(PGS)。本实验以烟草和马铃薯为材料,利用RNAi技术,对CDS和PGS基因的表达进行抑制,通过PG缺失突变体,研究其功能。 对转含有PGS片段的沉默结构的转基因烟草叶片膜脂进行了分析,结果表明,与野生型烟草相比较,其PG含量下降了约20%,同时,SQDG和PC的含量增加。PG含量的降低没有引起MGDG和DGDG含量的变化。另外,我们还对转基因植株目的基因片段的RNA表达水平进行了RT-PCR分析,发现其表达量大幅度降低。这些结果表明,在转基因株系中,PGS基因的表达受到了抑制,说明我们获得了PG部分缺失的烟草PGS突变体。 对烟草PG缺失体的PG脂肪酸组成进行分析,表明其特征性脂肪酸反式十六碳烯酸含量明显下降,比野生型降低了44%,C18:0、C18:1和C18:2的相对含量增加,整个变化与总脂脂肪酸变化基本一致。 为了研究PG缺失对光合作用的影响,我们分析了多种光合指标。对叶绿素含量的分析表明,PG含量的降低影响了光合色素的组成。PG部分缺失的转基因烟草中的叶绿素总的含量下降,其中叶绿素b含量下降更为明显,结果,叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值较野生型高。转基因植株净光合速率下降,二氧化碳利用率降低;PSII的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和实际光化学效率(фPSII)降低,光化学猝灭下降,非光化学猝灭增加,尤其老叶的变化更为明显。这些结果说明了PG的部分缺失影响了植株的光合能力,捕光色素蛋白复合体的结构受到了影响,PSII功能遭受损伤。 同时,我们根据已经报道的马铃薯CDS基因,克隆了一个片段,构建沉默结构,并对沉默结构进行了转化。通过抗性基因的筛选以及RT-PCR检测,证明了沉默结构转化成功,目的基因的表达受到抑制,获得了马铃薯CDS转基因植株。 对马铃薯野生型和CDS转基因植株进行膜脂和脂肪酸分析表明,转基因植株叶片的PE、PG和PC等磷脂含量降低,SQDG和DGDG含量增加;C16:1(3t)、C16:2、C16:3、C18:1和C18:2含量下降,C16:0和C18:3含量增加,而C16:1和C18:0变化不明显。马铃薯CDS转基因植株的叶绿素荧光分析表明,PSII最大光化学效率降低,从野生型的0.82下降到0.77。
Resumo:
光系统I与光系统II ( PSI和PSII ) 是由核基因与叶绿体基因共同编码的蛋白组成的多亚基色素蛋白复合体,其复合物组装过程中蛋白以一定地次序合成并组装。现有研究表明光合膜多亚基复合物形成的每一个过程都需要一个或多个调节因子的参与。发现这些调节因子,并研究它们的作用机制将有助于我们认识高等植物两个光系统复合物组装和功能调控的分子机理。因此,我们采用正向遗传学和反向遗传学方法去寻找这些调控因子。我们一方面应用Gateway技术构建拟南芥cDNA表达文库,采用酵母双杂交技术从中筛选与Alb3互作的蛋白,称为ALIP ( Albino3 Interacting Protein );从ABRC订购编码这些互作蛋白的基因的T-DNA插入突变株系,其中发现了一个影响PSI功能的突变体alip1;另一方面,通过对拟南芥T-DNA插入突变体库进行筛选,发现了一批影响PSII功能的突变体 ( low photosystem II accumulation ),其中包括lpa1、lpa2和lpa66-1。本实验对alip1和lpa66-1突变体进行了深入研究,初步探讨了这两个基因编码的蛋白参与调控PSI以及PSII的组装机理。 突变体lpa66-1是一个高叶绿素荧光突变体,与野生型比较生长缓慢,叶色黄,叶绿素含量低。叶绿素荧光慢诱导曲线显示它是一个影响PSII功能的突变体。类囊体膜蛋白的免疫印迹发现lpa66-1突变体中PSII复合物的累积量降低到野生型的30%左右,其他复合物的含量变化不大。体内蛋白标记实验显示,PSII反应中心蛋白D1,D2的合成速率下降,PSII核心蛋白的周转加快。新合成的蛋白组装进PSII的效率比野生型显著降低。LPA66是一个定位于叶绿体的PPR蛋白。因为野生型拟南芥LPA66蛋白能够特异性的编辑psbF转录本,故野生型psbF转录本中第77C被编辑为77U,从而使相应的氨基酸序列中第26个氨基酸丝氨酸被编辑为苯丙氨酸,而lpa66-1突变体中,LPA66蛋白的缺失导致该位点不能被编辑,PSII复合体也不能有效组装。 Alb3/Oxa1p/YidC蛋白家族广泛的参与蛋白质转运和多亚基复合物组装,采用分裂泛素化酵母双杂交发现与Alb3相互作用蛋白ALIP1。突变体alip1也是一个高叶绿素荧光突变体,叶色黄,在土里生长极为缓慢,且不能开花,不育。叶绿素荧光慢诱导曲线显示,突变体中PSII功能基本没有受影响;而P700显示alip1是一个影响PSI功能的突变体。类囊体膜蛋白的免疫印迹发现突变体中PSI核心蛋白PsaA/B的累积量为野生型的40%左右,而PSII及其他复合物的含量无明显变化。Northern印迹结果显示PsaA/B在转录水平不受影响,而体内蛋白标记实验显示,PSI反应中心蛋白PsaA/B的合成速度下降。蔗糖密度梯度离心分析类囊体膜蛋白的组分显示ALIP1能够与Alb3共迁移。而Alb3对于类囊体膜上大分子复合体的组装有重要作用,我们推测,ALIP1可能与Alb3形成一个复合物,或者作为一个中间体介导Alb3参与PSI的组装。
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以‘早久保’(Prunus persica (L.) Batch.)为试材,在果实最后迅速生长期,通过去果处理降低库力,同时设留果对照,并通过环剥和保留相同数量叶片严格控制库源关系,进行了源叶净光合速率(Pn)、叶绿素荧光、叶黄素循环、抗氧化酶及抗氧化同化物日变化的研究。结果表明,和留果对照相比,去果处理显著降低了源叶Pn、气孔导度(gs)和蒸腾速率(E),但显著增加了胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、叶面饱和蒸汽压亏缺(VPDl)和叶片温度(Tl)。光系统II光化学效率(ΦPSII)以及羧化速率(CE)与Pn平行降低。中午去果降低Pn主要归因于非气孔限制。在低库需条件下,开放的PSII反应中心捕获能量的降低以及关闭的PSII反应中心的增加导致了ΦPSII的降低。去果处理叶片中依赖于叶黄素循环的热耗散以及抗氧化系统的上调保护叶片免受光氧化破坏。和留果对照相比,去果处理的叶片有更大的叶黄素循环库,更高的脱环氧化状态以及更高的抗氧化酶活性,包括超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)的活性以及更高的还原型抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量。但与此同时,去果显著增加了过氧化氢(H2O2)以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量,这意味着在去果处理的叶片中可能会发生光氧化破坏。 以一年生‘皇家嘎拉’苹果(Malus domestica Borkh.)组培苗为试材,通过环剥降低库力,进行了源叶Pn、叶绿素荧光、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/氧化酶(Rubisco)以及光系统II(PSII)复合体关键蛋白PsbA和PsbO含量日变化的研究。和对照相比,环剥显著降低了源叶Pn、gs和E,但是却显著增加了Ci、Tl和淀粉的含量。在低库需下,开放的PSII反应中心捕获能量的降低以及关闭的PSII反应中心的增加导致了ΦPSII的降低。另一方面,环剥降低了光合作用关键酶Rubisco以及PSII复合体PsbA和放氧复合体PsbO的含量。以上结果表明,环剥降低Pn主要归因于非气孔限制。
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研究了不同培养温度下对念珠藻葛仙米的生长和相关生理生化特性的变化。结果表明,低温抑制葛仙米的生长,在2℃~5℃低温下其生长甚至完全停止;在10℃低温胁迫下,其生长延滞期变长,其后仍能保持正常生长。低温胁迫下,葛仙米光合系统II(PSII)的光合效率(Fv/Fm)的变化趋势与生长曲线相似;细胞电解质渗透率在低温胁迫初期尚能保持比较低的水平,但随着时间延长而升高;可溶性糖和还原性糖含量的变化则随胁迫加剧有不同程度升高。可溶性蛋白含量则在低温下保持比较低的水平。这些结果表明,低温对葛仙米的生长和光合作用具有抑制
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以被甲栅藻(Scenedesmusarmatus)为材料研究极高浓度CO2对其生理活性和细胞结构的影响。研究表明,被甲栅藻能在60%的CO2浓度下快速生长,在5%、20%、40%、60%、80%、100%CO2浓度下的平均增长率分别是1.228、0.925、0.741、0.305、0.042、0.001g·L-1·d-1DW。通入极高浓度CO2(20%、40%)后,被甲栅藻细胞的光系统II(PSII)最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)在24h内明显下降,对PSII抑制作用较明显;其后,随培养时间的增长而逐渐恢复
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受盐胁迫的葛仙米其光系统II(PSII)反应中心的激发捕获效率(Fv/Fm)随着盐度的升高而降低,盐度高时.藻体Fv/Fm随处理时间延长而迅速下降.外源脯氨酸对Fv/Fm由于盐胁迫而降低的缓解作用并不十分明显,内源脯氨酸含量并不因为盐度的上升而增加.受胁迫藻体的膜脂过氧化产物丙二醒则由于胁迫加重而上升.另外,随着外界盐度的上升,葛仙米SOD的活性却呈现出典型的“V”形变化,这可能与藻体在不同盐度时所承受的实际胁迫有关.
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对经空间飞行搭载而获得的通罗鱼腥藻突变株的分析发现,与对照相比,它在生长率和光合效率方面明显较高.进一步分析其光合色素的组成,叶绿素荧光及PSII/PSI比值,发现突变株的PC/Chl比值明显低于对照藻株,而叶绿素荧光高于对照,PSII/PSI比值是对照藻株的1.7倍,在其它光合色素的比例上也有差异.分析这些结果表明,突变株与对照株在光合特征上有差异可能是突变株在色素系统的改变引起光能捕捉和光能利用上更为高效的原因.
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Dew is an important water source for desert organisms in semiarid and arid regions. Both field and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the possible roles of dew in growth of biomass and photosynthetic activity within cyanobacterial crust. The cyanobacteria, Microcoleus vaginatus Gom. and Scytonema javanicum (Kutz.) Born et Flah., were begun with stock cultures and sequential mass cultivations, and then the field experiment was performed by inoculating the inocula onto shifting sand for forming cyanobacterial crust during late summer and autumn of 2007 in Hopq Desert, northwest China. Measurements of dew amount and Chlorophyll a content were carried out in order to evaluate the changes in crust biomass following dew. Also, we determined the activity of photosystem II(PSII) within the crust in the laboratory by simulating the desiccation/rehydration process due to dew. Results showed that the average daily dew amount as measured by the cloth-plate method (CPM) was 0.154 mm during fifty-three days and that the crust biomass fluctuated from initial inoculation of 4.3 mu g Chlorophyll a cm(-2) sand to 5.8-7.3 mu g Chlorophyll a cm(-2) crust when dew acted as the sole water source, and reached a peak value of approximately 8.2 mu g Chlorophyll a cm(-2) crust owing to rainfalls. It indicated that there was a highly significant correlation between dew amounts and crust moistures (r = 0.897 or r = 0.882, all P < 0.0001), but not a significant correlation between dew and the biomass (r = 0.246 or r = 0.257, all P > 0.05), and thus concluded that dew might only play a relatively limited role in regulating the crust biomass. Correspondingly, we found that rains significantly facilitated biomass increase of the cyanobacterial crust. Results from the simulative experiment upon rehydration showed that approximately 80% of PSII activity could be achieved within about 50 min after rehydration in the dark and at 5 degrees C, and only about 20% of the activity was light-temperature dependent. This might mean that dew was crucial for cyanobacterial crust to rapidly activate photosynthetic activity during desiccation and rehydration despite low temperatures and weak light before dawn. It also showed in this study that the cyanobacterial crusts could receive and retain more dew than sand, which depended on microclimatic characteristics and soil properties of the crusts. It may be necessary for us to fully understanding the influence of dew on regulating the growth and activity of cyanobacterial crust, and to soundly evaluate the crust's potential application in fighting desertification because of the available water due to dew. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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A vipp1 mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 could not be completely segregated under either mixotrophic or heterotrophic conditions. A vipp1 gene with a copper-regulated promoter (P-petE-vipp1) was integrated into a neutral platform in the genome of the merodiploid mutant. The copper-induced expression of P-petE-vipp1 allowed a complete segregation of the vipp1 mutant and observation of the phenotype of Synechocystis 6803 with different levels of vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1 (Vipp1). When P-petE-vipp1 was turned off by copper deprivation, Synechocystis lost Vipp1 and photosynthetic activity almost simultaneously, and at a later stage, thylakoid membranes and cell viability. The photosystem II (PSII)-mediated electron transfer was much more rapidly reduced than the PSI-mediated electron transfer. By testing a series of concentrations, we found that P-petE-vipp1 cells grown in medium with 0.025 mu M Cu2+ showed no reduction of thylakoid membranes, but greatly reduced photosynthetic activity and viability. These results suggested that in contrast to a previous report, the loss of photosynthetic activity may not have been due to the loss of thylakoid membranes, but may have been caused more directly by the loss of Vipp1 in Synechocystis 6803.
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The phytoplankton community in Lake Dianchi (Yunnan Province, Southwestern China) is dominated in April by a bloom of Aphanizomenon, that disappears Suddenly and is displaced by a Microcystis bloom in May. The reasons for the rapid bloom disappearance phenomenon and the temporal variability in the composition of phytoplankton assemblages are poorly understood. Cell growth, ultrastructure and physiological changes were examined in cultures of Aphanizomenon sp. DC01 isolated from Lake Dianchi exposed to different closes of rnicrocystin-RR (MC-RR) produced by the Microcystis bloom. MC-RR concentrations above 100 mu g L-1 markedly inhibited the pigment (chlorophyll-a, phycocyanin) synthesis and caused an increase of soluble carbohydrate and protein contents and nitrate reductase activity of toxin-treated blue-green algae. A drastic. reduction in photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) was also found. Morphological examinationn showed that the Aphanizomenon filaments disintegrated and file cells lysed gradually after 48 h Of toxin exposure. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that cellular inclusions of stressed cells almost leaked out completely and the cell membranes were grossly damaged. These findings demonstrate the allelopathic activity of Microcystis aeruginosa inducing physiological stress and cell death of Aphanizomenon sp. DC01 Although the active concentrations of microcystin were rather high, we propose that microcystin may function as allelopathic Substance due to inhomogeneous toxin concentrations close to Microcystis cells. Hence, it may play a role in species Succession of Aphanizomenon and Microcystis in Lake Dianchi.
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Phytoplanktonic species acclimated to high light are known to show less photoinhibition. However, little has been documented on how cells grown under indoor conditions for decades without exposure to UV radiation (UVR, 280-400 nm) would respond differently to solar UVR compared to those in situ grown under natural solar radiation. Here, we have shown the comparative photosynthetic and growth responses to solar UVR in an indoor-(IS) and a naturally grown (WS) Skeletonema costatum type. In short-term experiment (<1 day), phi(PSII) and photosynthetic carbon fixation rate were more inhibited by UVR in the IS than in the WS cells. The rate of UVR-induced damages of PSII was faster and their repair was significantly slower in IS than in WS. Even under changing solar radiation simulated for vertical mixing, solar UVR-induced higher inhibition of photosynthetic rate in IS than in WS cells. During long-term (10 days) exposures to solar radiation, the specific growth rate was much lower in IS than WS at the beginning, then increased 3 days later to reach an equivalent level as that of WS. UVR-induced inhibition of photosynthetic carbon fixation in the IS was identical with that of WS at the end of the long-term exposure. The photosynthetic acclimation was not accompanied with increased contents of UV-absorbing compounds, indicating that repair processes for UVR-induced damages must have been accelerated or upgraded. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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The minor variant of the economically important cyanobacterium, Arthrospira platensis, usually appears in commercial production ponds under solar radiation. However, how sensitive the minor variant to solar UVR and whether its occurrence relates to the solar exposures are not known. We investigated the photochemical efficiency of PSII and growth rate of D-0083 strain and its minor variant in semi-continuous cultures under PAR (400-700 nm) alone, PAR + UV-A (320-400 nm) and PAR + UV-A + UV-B (280-700 nm) of solar radiation. The effective quantum yield of D-0083 at 14:00 p.m. decreased by about 86% under PAR, 87% under PAR + UV-A and 92% under PAR + UV-A + UV-B (280-315 nm), respectively. That of the minor variant was reduced by 93% under PAR and to undetectable values in the presence of UV-A or UV-A + UV-B. Diurnal change of the yield showed constant pattern during long-term (10 days) exposures, high in the early morning and late afternoon but the lowest at noontime in both strains, with the UVR-related inhibition being always higher in the variant than D-0083. During the long-term exposures, cells of D-0083 acclimated faster to solar UV radiation and showed paralleled growth rates among the treatments with or without UVR at the end of the experiment; however, growth of the minor variant was significantly reduced by UV-A and UV-B throughout the period. Comparing to the major strain D-0083, the minor variant was more sensitive to UVR in terms of its growth, quantum yield and acclimation to solar radiation. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.