Quality audit in the European higher education area. A comparison of approaches

The publication illustrates various approaches to auditing and reflects on their merit, as well as outlines the implementation of audits in different higher education systems across Europe. One focus is to show common aspects and apparent deviations concerning purpose and aim of the audit, national legislation, scope of the audit, external assessments and their effects. In addition it reflects on current and future challenges and developments. Contributions from twelve European quality assurance agencies provide an insight into their audit approaches. The publication is targeted at quality assurance agencies, higher education institutions and other stakeholders and aims to increase knowledge about different quality assurance procedures across borders. With contributions by: Kastelliz, Dietlinde; Müller Strassnig, Annina; Kohler, Alexander; Huertas, Esther; Adot, Esther; Perez de la Calle, Jose Antonio; Balboa, Esther; Danian, Rado Mircea; Sarbu, Oana; Pedersen, Lars; Moitus, Sirpa; Leetz, Friederike; Froestad, Wenche; van Galen, Stephan; Le Fort, Genevieve; McLaughlin, Maureen; Crum, Ailsa.

Caractérisation des sols argileux du secteur de l’Isle-Verte et Trois-Pistoles, Québec

Une caractérisation géotechnique des sites d’étude de l’Isle-Verte et de Notre-Dame-des-Neiges, dans le Bas-Saint-Laurent, a permis de définir les principales caractéristiques physiques, minéralogiques, mécaniques et hydrauliques des silts argileux constituant ce dépôt. Ces sites sont constitués d’une couche de consistance très raide à dure qui surmonte une couche de consistance raide, avec la présence d’une couche de transition entre celles-ci. L’unité supérieure est fortement surconsolidée et montre des teneurs en eau d’environ 20 %, associées à des indices de liquidité près de 0. L’unité inférieure présente des teneurs en eau d’environ 30 %, associées à des indices de liquidité qui augmente jusqu’à 0,8 en profondeur. Plusieurs indices indiquent que le sol de l’unité inférieure est normalement consolidé ou légèrement surconsolidé, dont un rapport SuV/’v0 de 0,20 et des rapports Bq entre 0,8 et 1,0. L’unité intermédiaire joue un rôle de transition entre les unités supérieure et inférieure, avec des caractéristiques qui varient graduellement entre les deux unités. De façon générale, l’ensemble du dépôt possède des indices des vides très faibles, notamment pour les unités supérieures et intermédiaires, qui sont associés à des indices de compression entre 0,1 et 0,25. Le mode de mise en place de ce dépôt pourrait expliquer ses caractéristiques géotechniques. Il est probable qu’une réavancée glaciaire entre 12 400 et 12 000 ans B.P. ait déplacé du matériau argileux situé à des élévations plus importantes pour ensuite le déposer sur du matériau argileux déjà présent à des élévations plus faibles. L’unité inférieure semble normalement consolidée, ce qui implique que le glacier était semi-flottant et que les sols argileux qui ont été déplacés étaient gelés et collés sous le glacier. L’hypothèse de la combinaison du gel et d’une surcharge pourrait expliquer le fort degré de surconsolidation et les IL très faibles de l’unité supérieure.

Three dimensional study to quantify the relationship between facial hard and soft tissue movement as a result of orthognathic surgery

Introduction Prediction of soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery has been frequently attempted in the past decades. It has gradually progressed from the classic “cut and paste” of photographs to the computer assisted 2D surgical prediction planning; and finally, comprehensive 3D surgical planning was introduced to help surgeons and patients to decide on the magnitude and direction of surgical movements as well as the type of surgery to be considered for the correction of facial dysmorphology. A wealth of experience was gained and numerous published literature is available which has augmented the knowledge of facial soft tissue behaviour and helped to improve the ability to closely simulate facial changes following orthognathic surgery. This was particularly noticed following the introduction of the three dimensional imaging into the medical research and clinical applications. Several approaches have been considered to mathematically predict soft tissue changes in three dimensions, following orthognathic surgery. The most common are the Finite element model and Mass tensor Model. These were developed into software packages which are currently used in clinical practice. In general, these methods produce an acceptable level of prediction accuracy of soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery. Studies, however, have shown a limited prediction accuracy at specific regions of the face, in particular the areas around the lips. Aims The aim of this project is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of hard and soft tissue changes following orthognathic surgery and introduce a new method for prediction of facial soft tissue changes.   Methodology The study was carried out on the pre- and post-operative CBCT images of 100 patients who received their orthognathic surgery treatment at Glasgow dental hospital and school, Glasgow, UK. Three groups of patients were included in the analysis; patients who underwent Le Fort I maxillary advancement surgery; bilateral sagittal split mandibular advancement surgery or bimaxillary advancement surgery. A generic facial mesh was used to standardise the information obtained from individual patient’s facial image and Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to interpolate the correlations between the skeletal surgical displacement and the resultant soft tissue changes. The identified relationship between hard tissue and soft tissue was then applied on a new set of preoperative 3D facial images and the predicted results were compared to the actual surgical changes measured from their post-operative 3D facial images. A set of validation studies was conducted. To include: • Comparison between voxel based registration and surface registration to analyse changes following orthognathic surgery. The results showed there was no statistically significant difference between the two methods. Voxel based registration, however, showed more reliability as it preserved the link between the soft tissue and skeletal structures of the face during the image registration process. Accordingly, voxel based registration was the method of choice for superimposition of the pre- and post-operative images. The result of this study was published in a refereed journal. • Direct DICOM slice landmarking; a novel technique to quantify the direction and magnitude of skeletal surgical movements. This method represents a new approach to quantify maxillary and mandibular surgical displacement in three dimensions. The technique includes measuring the distance of corresponding landmarks digitized directly on DICOM image slices in relation to three dimensional reference planes. The accuracy of the measurements was assessed against a set of “gold standard” measurements extracted from simulated model surgery. The results confirmed the accuracy of the method within 0.34mm. Therefore, the method was applied in this study. The results of this validation were published in a peer refereed journal. • The use of a generic mesh to assess soft tissue changes using stereophotogrammetry. The generic facial mesh played a major role in the soft tissue dense correspondence analysis. The conformed generic mesh represented the geometrical information of the individual’s facial mesh on which it was conformed (elastically deformed). Therefore, the accuracy of generic mesh conformation is essential to guarantee an accurate replica of the individual facial characteristics. The results showed an acceptable overall mean error of the conformation of generic mesh 1 mm. The results of this study were accepted for publication in peer refereed scientific journal. Skeletal tissue analysis was performed using the validated “Direct DICOM slices landmarking method” while soft tissue analysis was performed using Dense correspondence analysis. The analysis of soft tissue was novel and produced a comprehensive description of facial changes in response to orthognathic surgery. The results were accepted for publication in a refereed scientific Journal. The main soft tissue changes associated with Le Fort I were advancement at the midface region combined with widening of the paranasal, upper lip and nostrils. Minor changes were noticed at the tip of the nose and oral commissures. The main soft tissue changes associated with mandibular advancement surgery were advancement and downward displacement of the chin and lower lip regions, limited widening of the lower lip and slight reversion of the lower lip vermilion combined with minimal backward displacement of the upper lip were recorded. Minimal changes were observed on the oral commissures. The main soft tissue changes associated with bimaxillary advancement surgery were generalized advancement of the middle and lower thirds of the face combined with widening of the paranasal, upper lip and nostrils regions. In Le Fort I cases, the correlation between the changes of the facial soft tissue and the skeletal surgical movements was assessed using PCA. A statistical method known as ’Leave one out cross validation’ was applied on the 30 cases which had Le Fort I osteotomy surgical procedure to effectively utilize the data for the prediction algorithm. The prediction accuracy of soft tissue changes showed a mean error ranging between (0.0006mm±0.582) at the nose region to (-0.0316mm±2.1996) at the various facial regions.

ECOTOURISME ET DÉVELOPPEMENT LOCAL. UN FOCUS SUR LA VILLE DE GUARAQUEÇABA, PARANÁ, BRÉSIL

La localité de Guaraqueçaba est situé sur la côte nord de l'état du Paraná, Brésil. Son territoire est couvert par le forêt atlantique, et la région est une APA (Environmental Protection Área) creé en 1985.  En 1999 Guaraqueçaba a été déclaré Patrimoine Naturel Mondial (Biosphère Reserv) par l'UNESCO. Malgré le potentiel touristique de la région, il ya une  baisse de l'approvisionnement des équipements et services. Il ya aussi le manque de conditions et organisation des lês autochtones pour l'exploitation du potentiel touristique de la région, afin d'en faire une alternative efficace pour générer des revenus et des emplois pour eux-mêmes. Pour atteindre le objective de l’étude a été élaboré un diagnostic de la région, par les données bibliographiques. L'ajout à cette activité a été réalisée sur le terrain visites pour identifier la réalité étudiée, la couverture photographique, l'observation participante, et  collecte des données qualitatives em la communauté locale via la application du Méthode DAFO ou l'analyse SWOT.

Trauma de face: eventos agudos na atenção básica

Este objeto começa destacando a importância do treinamento de cirurgiões-dentistas para o atendimento inicial do trauma de face. Ressalta que, se os traumas de face se não forem reparados de maneira e no momento adequados, podem evoluir para sérias sequelas estéticas e funcionais. Orienta que o conhecimento e a realização de um simples procedimento de contenção temporária estabiliza o paciente, prepara-o para um tratamento com o especialista e permite um melhor prognóstico. Detalha questões sobre anatomia da face bem como relembra princípios gerais do tratamento das fraturas. Destaca a divisão da abordagem em três fases: pré-trauma, com os cuidados de prevenção; atendimento do traumatizado, nas primeiras horas do ocorrido, considerado como momento ideal; tratamento pós-trauma, considerado nos casos em que se passou um tempo a mais do que o indicado para o traumatizado receber o devido tratamento, o que pode provocar sequelas. Orienta sobre tipos de trauma de face, segundo sua localização e região da face afetada, explicando sobre fratura nasal, fratura alvéolo dentária, fratura de mandíbula e terço médio da face, esta classificada em Le Fort I, Le Fort II, Le Fort III, além de abordar questões sobre fratura do complexo naso-orbitoetmoidal, fratura do complexo zigomático-maxilar e fratura do arco zigo¬mático. Trata questões rela¬cionadas à avaliação inicial e às ações possíveis para estabilização do quadro clínico. Em seguida, explica proce¬dimentos subsequentes para uma investigação mais aprofundada. Orienta que, antes da avaliação física completa e da obtenção detalhada do histórico do trauma, deve-se ter atenção às lesões que exigem cuidados imediatos – perguntas quanto à existência de alergias ou doenças crônicas e uso de medicamentos devem ser questionadas antes da administração de qualquer medicamento inicial. Orienta sobre perguntas que podem facilitar a compreensão do fato causador do trauma. Ressalta que, dependendo da complexidade do quadro clínico, existem cuidados essenciais no tratamento inicial, orientando sobre contusões (equimoses e hematomas), feridas (abrasões e lacerações), dentes avulsionados e fraturas. Em relação ao atendimento sequencial e encaminhamentos, lembra que cada fratura apresenta sinal, sintoma e tratamento específicos, que devem ser conhecidos pelas equi¬pes de saúde para que possam agilizar o primeiro atendi¬mento e necessários encaminhamentos. Conclui apresentando anexos sobre opções para a prescrição medicamentosa, prevenção pelo uso de vacinas e sobre a importância do conhecimento de como medicar uma criança.

Manejo do trauma de face: eventos agudos na atenção básica

Este objeto começa destacando a importância do treinamento de cirurgiões-dentistas para o atendimento inicial do trauma de face. Ressalta que, se os traumas de face se não forem reparados de maneira e no momento adequados, podem evoluir para sérias sequelas estéticas e funcionais. Orienta que o conhecimento e a realização de um simples procedimento de contenção temporária estabiliza o paciente, prepara-o para um tratamento com o especialista e permite um melhor prognóstico. Detalha questões sobre anatomia da face bem como relembra princípios gerais do tratamento das fraturas. Destaca a divisão da abordagem em três fases: pré-trauma, com os cuidados de prevenção; atendimento do traumatizado, nas primeiras horas do ocorrido, considerado como momento ideal; tratamento pós-trauma, considerado nos casos em que se passou um tempo a mais do que o indicado para o traumatizado receber o devido tratamento, o que pode provocar sequelas. Orienta sobre tipos de trauma de face, segundo sua localização e região da face afetada, explicando sobre fratura nasal, fratura alvéolo dentária, fratura de mandíbula e terço médio da face, esta classificada em Le Fort I, Le Fort II, Le Fort III, além de abordar questões sobre fratura do complexo naso-orbitoetmoidal, fratura do complexo zigomático-maxilar e fratura do arco zigo¬mático. Trata questões rela¬cionadas à avaliação inicial e às ações possíveis para estabilização do quadro clínico. Em seguida, explica proce¬dimentos subsequentes para uma investigação mais aprofundada. Orienta que, antes da avaliação física completa e da obtenção detalhada do histórico do trauma, deve-se ter atenção às lesões que exigem cuidados imediatos – perguntas quanto à existência de alergias ou doenças crônicas e uso de medicamentos devem ser questionadas antes da administração de qualquer medicamento inicial. Orienta sobre perguntas que podem facilitar a compreensão do fato causador do trauma. Ressalta que, dependendo da complexidade do quadro clínico, existem cuidados essenciais no tratamento inicial, orientando sobre contusões (equimoses e hematomas), feridas (abrasões e lacerações), dentes avulsionados e fraturas. Em relação ao atendimento sequencial e encaminhamentos, lembra que cada fratura apresenta sinal, sintoma e tratamento específicos, que devem ser conhecidos pelas equi¬pes de saúde para que possam agilizar o primeiro atendi¬mento e necessários encaminhamentos. Conclui apresentando anexos sobre opções para a prescrição medicamentosa, prevenção pelo uso de vacinas e sobre a importância do conhecimento de como medicar uma criança.

Fort Elisabeth [alors Autriche-Hongrie, aujourd'hui Roumanie], sur le Danube, en face de Neu-Orsova (Portes de Fer) par Helm, phot. à Vienne, don E. Reclus en 1886

Donateur : Reclus, Élisée (1830-1905)

Un ancrage familial et social fort. Le cas de Dole

L'enquête menée à Dole (Franche-Comté), définie selon les modalités du projet KASS, permet de distinguer entre les liens intergénérationnels dont la solidarité entre les membres est vécue comme « naturelle », et ceux entre parents de même génération, dont le soutien est plus électif. Elle révèle surtout l'importance de la matérialisation du réseau familial dans des lieux. D'une manière générale, les ménages enquêtés valorisent la proximité géographique de la parenté, un attachement local et l'ancrage familial dans une maison de famille. Dans cette logique, ils font peu appel aux ressources publiques quand ils ont besoin d'aide, car leur choix s'exerce d'abord au sein du réseau familial.

Ordonnance de M. le grand-maître des eaux et forêts portant défenses à toutes personnes d'apporter aucun trouble ni empêchement dans l'exécution de la plantation ordonnée par arrêt du 16 octobre 1751. (Forêt de Saint-Germain.)

[Acte. 1752-05-30. Paris]

Manuscrits de la bibliothèque de l'Arsenal. Archives de la Bastille. DEUXIÈME SECTION — PRISONNIERS DOSSIERS INDIVIDUELS ET DOCUMENTS BIOGRAPHIQUES (1). Année 1727. Dossier de l'abbé Louis-Alexis-François de Boulay, sieur de La Noue du Thay, à la B. du 7 mars au 3 oct. 1727, pour avoir publié un sermon « fort mauvais », intitulé : Sermon des païens, ou Le luthérianisme dévoilé, tiré sur la triple ingratitude ; de François Gibault, imprimeur, et de Jacques Boulard, compagnon imprimeur, également à la B. — L'abbé de Boulay avait déjà été arrêté en 1722 pour intrigues et affaires de mœurs

Le dossier contient les pièces relatives à la détention des accusés (1722-1733).

La régulation des interdépendances entre la forêt et l'eau potable en France : études de cas sur le site du Mont Forchat : les cas des captages de Ramble et des Moises (projet Alpeau)

Ce working paper traite des règles prévues en France pour gérer les usages des forêts et de l'eau souterraine ainsi que leur interdépendance. En deuxième partie, deux études de cas (sur le Mont Forchat, Haute Savoie) montrent de quelle manière les règles prédéfinies sont mises en oeuvre et parviennent (ou pas) à protéger les captages d'eau souterraine. En troisième partie, une application du cadre d'analyse des régimes institutionnels des ressources (RIR) permet de discuter en profondeur des mécanismes institutionnels en oeuvre et des enjeux en présence dans le contexte français.

La régulation des interdépendances entre la forêt et l'eau potable en Suisse : études de cas sur le site de La Côte (projet Alpeau) : les cas des captages des Mouilles et du Montant (canton de Vaud, Suisse)

Ce working paper traite des règles prévues en Suisse pour gérer les usages des forêts et de l'eau souterraine ainsi que leur interdépendance. En deuxième partie, deux études de cas (sur La Côte vaudoise) montrent de quelle manière les règles prédéfinies sont mises en oeuvre afin de protéger les captages d'eau souterraine. En troisième partie, une application du cadre d'analyse des régimes institutionnels des ressources (RIR) permet de discuter en profondeur des mécanismes institutionnels en oeuvre et des enjeux en présence dans le contexte suisse.