Chemical composition of Fe-Mn nodules and host bottom sediments along the submeridional profile across the Brazil Basin

Sedimentation and ore formation were studied in sediments from nine stations located along the 24°W profile in the Brazil Basin of the Atlantic Ocean. Bottom sediments are represented by mio- and hemipelagic muds, which are variably enriched in hydrothermal iron and manganese oxyhydroxides. As compared to bottom sediments from other basins of the Atlantic Ocean, the sediments in study are marked by extremely high manganese contents (up to 1.33%) and maximal enrichment in Ce. It was shown that the positive Ce anomaly is related to REE accumulation on iron oxyhydroxides. Influence of hydrothermal source leads to decrease of Ce anomaly and LREE/HREE ratio. In reduced sediments preservation of positive Ce anomaly and/or its disappearance was observed after iron and manganese reduction. REE contents were determined for the first time in the Ethmodiscus oozes of the Brazil Basin. Ore deposits of the Brazil Basin are represented by ferromanganese crusts and ferromanganese nodules. Judging from contents of iron, manganese, REE, and other trace elements, these formations are ascribed to sedimentation (hydrogenic) deposits. They are characterized by a notable positive Ce anomaly in the REE pattern. Extremely high Ce content (up to 96% of total REE) was discovered for the first time in the buried nodules (Mn/Fe = 0.88).

Chemical composition of phosphorites, Fe-Mn nodules and crusts, and basalts from the West Pacific

The monograph gives the first systematic description of ore-bearing guyots from the West Pacific. It is mostly based on data obtained in numerous expeditions of Russian vessels during 1984-1992. Ore deposits located on upper parts of all slopes and tops of the guyots include phosphorites associated with cobalt- and platinum-rich ferromanganese crusts. Location, origin and prospecting of mineral deposits are discussed on the base of new data on metallogenic factors (geodynamics, tectonics, magmatism, sedimentation and morphostructures).

Composition and age of ores and bottom sediments accumulated within and near the Rainbow hydrothermal field

Results of direct geological and geochemical observations of the modern Rainbow hydrothermal field (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 36°14'N; 33°54'W) carried out from the deep-sea manned Mir submersibles during Cruises 41 and 42 of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh in 1998-1999 and data of laboratory studies of collected samples are under consideration in the paper. The field lacks neovolcanic rocks and the axial part of the rift is filled in with a serpentinite protrusion. In this field there occur metalliferous sediments, as well as active and relict sulfide edifices composed of sulfide minerals; pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, isocubanite, sphalerite, marcasite, pyrite, bornite, chalcosine, digenite, magnetite, anhydrite, rare troilite, wurtzite, millerite, and pentlandite have been determined. Sulfide ores are characterized by concentric-zoned textures. During in situ measurements during 35 minutes temperature of hydrothermal fluids was varying within a range from 250 to 350°C. Calculated chemical and isotopic composition of hydrothermal fluid shows elevated concentrations of Cl, Ni, Co, CH4, and H2. Values of d34S of H2S range from +2.4 to +3.1 per mil, of d13C of CH4 from -15.2 to -11.2 per mil, and d13C of CO2 from +1.0 to -4.0 per mil. Fluid inclusions are homogenized at temperatures from 140 to 360°C, whereas salinity of the fluid varies from 4.2 to 8.5 wt %. d34S values of sulfides range from +1.3 to +12.5 per mil. 3He/4He ratio in mineral-forming fluid contained in the fluid inclusions from sulfides of the Rainbow field varies from 0.00000374 to 0.0000101. It is shown that hydrothermal activity in the area continues approximately during 100 ka. It is assumed that the fluid and sulfide edifices contain components from the upper mantle. A hypothesis of phase separation of a supercritical fluid that results in formation of brines is proposed. Hydrothermal activity is related to the tectonic, not volcanic, phase of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge evolution.

Rare earth and other chemical element contents and partitions in bottom sediments, micronodules, and nodules from the bioproductive zone of the Pacific Ocean

Concentrations and compositions of rare earth elements (REE) in three micronodule fractions (50-250, 250-500, and >500 ?m), coexisting macronodules, and host sediments were studied. Samples were collected at three sites (Guatemala Basin, Peru Basin, and northern equatorial Pacific) located in elevated bioproductivity zones of surface waters. Influence of micronodule size is dominant for REE compositions and subordinate for REE concentrations. For example, Ce concentration inversely correlates with micronodule size and drops to the lowest value in macronodules and host sediments. Decrease of Ce concentration is generally accompanied by Mn/Fe increase in micro- and macronodules. Hence, the role of diagenetic source of material directly correlates with micronodule sizes. Contribution of the diagenetic source is maximal for macronodules. REE composition distinctions for micronodules and macronodules can be attributed to variations of hydrogenic iron oxyhydroxides and diagenetic (hydrothermal) iron hydroxophosphates that are the major REE carriers in ferromanganese ore deposits. Relationship and general trend in chemistry of coexisting macronodules suggest that they can represent products of the initial stage of nodule formation.

Extensive boiling as a precipitation mechanism for precious and base metal ores, Bienaventurada Mine, Huancavelica, Perú

The Bienaventurada mine operates a polymetallic Ag-Pb-Zn (Cu, Au) vein system of the low sulphidation epithermal type. Fluid inclusions, FI, are abundant in quartz, sphalerite and adularia. FI petrography demonstrates typical primary growth zoning which occurs frequently in crystalline quartz, and defines the most common primary FI. These are usually very small, but several types of primary, P, and secondary, S, FI Assemblages (FIAs) comprising FI of measurable size (3 to > 100 μm) can also be identified through careful petrographic work. The fluids are aqueous and undersaturated, and no evidence of CO2 was found; the degree of fill is usually high (~70-80 %) in the L-rich inclusions, but extremely low in V-rich inclusions. The measured microthermometric values are very consistent in the FIAs selected; they are for the most part roughly similar in the P and S assemblages: the median is typically ~258ºC for total homogenization temperatures, Th, and -1.5 ºC for ice melting temperatures, Tm (corresponding to 2.57 wt% NaCl eq). The widespread occurrence of L-rich and V-rich FI in the same FIA and the consistent Th values point to an extensive boiling system along the vein. In these conditions, Th equals T of trapping, and the ores are assumed to have been precipitated from an aqueous low salinity boiling fluid, of likely meteoric origin, at some 250-280º C, under ~500 m hydrostatic head.

Caracterización automatizada de texturas de menas mediante análisis digital de imagen para su aplicación geometalúrgica

La mineralogía de procesos se ha convertido en los últimos años en una herramienta indispensable dentro del ámbito minero-metalúrgico debido fundamentalmente a la emergencia de la Geometalurgia. Esta disciplina en auge, a través de la integración de datos geológicos, mineros y metalúrgicos, proporciona la información necesaria para que el circuito de concentración mineral pueda responder de manera rápida y eficaz a la variabilidad mineralógica inherente a la geología del yacimiento. Para la generación del modelo geometalúrgico, la mineralogía de procesos debe aportar datos cuantitativos sobre los rasgos mineralógicos influyentes en el comportamiento de los minerales y para ello se apoya en el uso de sistemas de análisis mineralógico automatizado. Estos sistemas son capaces de proporcionar gran cantidad de datos mineralógicos de manera rápida y precisa. Sin embargo, cuando se trata de la caracterización de la textura, el mineralogista debe recurrir a descripciones cualitativas basadas en la observación, ya que los sistemas actuales no ofrecen información textural automatizada. Esta tesis doctoral surge precisamente para proporcionar de manera sistemática información textural relevante para los procesos de concentración mineral. La tesis tiene como objetivo principal la identificación y caracterización del tipo de intercrecimiento que un determinado mineral presenta en las partículas minerales, e inicialmente se han tenido en cuenta los siete tipos de intercrecimiento considerados como los más relevantes bajo el punto de vista del comportamiento de las partículas minerales durante flotación, lixiviación y molienda. Para alcanzar este objetivo se ha desarrollado una metodología basada en el diseño y cálculo de una serie de índices numéricos, a los que se ha llamado índices mineralúrgicos, que cumplen una doble función: por un lado, cada índice aporta información relevante para caracterizar los principales rasgos mineralógicos que gobiernan el comportamiento de las partículas minerales a lo largo de los procesos de concentración y por otro lado, estos índices sirven como variables discriminantes para identificar el tipo de intercrecimiento mineral mediante la aplicación de Análisis Discriminante. Dentro del conjunto de índices propuestos en este trabajo, se han considerado algunos índices propuestos por otros autores para su aplicación tanto en el ámbito de la mineralogía como en otros ámbitos de la ciencia de materiales. Se trata del Índice de Contigüidad (Gurland, 1958), Índice de Intercrecimiento (Amstutz y Giger, 1972) e Índice de Coordinación (Jeulin, 1981), adaptados en este caso para el análisis de partículas minerales. El diseño de los índices se ha basado en los principios básicos de la Estereología y el análisis digital de imagen, y su cálculo se ha llevado a cabo aplicando el método de interceptos lineales mediante la programación en MATLAB de varias rutinas. Este método estereológico permite recoger una serie de medidas a partir de las que es posible calcular varios parámetros, tanto estereológicos como geométricos, que han servido de base para calcular los índices mineralúrgicos. Para evaluar la capacidad discriminatoria de los índices mineralúrgicos se han seleccionado 200 casos en los que se puede reconocer de manera clara alguno de los siete tipos de intercrecimiento considerados inicialmente en este trabajo. Para cada uno de estos casos se han calculado los índices mineralúrgicos y se ha aplicado Análisis Discriminante, obteniendo un porcentaje de acierto en la clasificación del 95%. Esta cifra indica que los índices propuestos son discriminadores fiables del tipo de intercrecimiento. Una vez probada la capacidad discriminatoria de los índices, la metodología desarrollada ha sido aplicada para caracterizar una muestra de un concentrado de cobre procedente de la mina Kansanshi (Zambia). Esta caracterización se ha llevado a cabo para obtener la distribución de calcopirita según su tipo de intercrecimiento. La utilidad de esta distribución ha sido analizada bajo diferentes puntos de vista y en todos ellos los índices mineralúrgicos aportan información valiosa para caracterizar el comportamiento mineralúrgico de las partículas minerales. Los resultados derivados tanto del Análisis Discriminante como de la caracterización del concentrado de Kansanshi muestran la fiabilidad, utilidad y versatilidad de la metodología desarrollada, por lo que su integración como herramienta rutinaria en los sistemas actuales de análisis mineralógico pondría a disposición del mineralurgista gran cantidad de información textural complementaria a la información ofrecida por las técnicas actuales de caracterización mineralógica. ABSTRACT Process mineralogy has become in the last decades an essential tool in the mining and metallurgical sphere, especially driven by the emergence of Geometallurgy. This emergent discipline provides required information to efficiently tailor the circuit performance to the mineralogical variability inherent to ore deposits. To contribute to the Geometallurgical model, process mineralogy must provide quantitative data about the main mineralogical features implied in the minerallurgical behaviour of minerals. To address this characterisation, process mineralogy relies on automated systems. These systems are capable of providing a large amount of data quickly and accurately. However, when it comes to the characterisation of texture, mineralogists need to turn to qualitative descriptions based on observation, due to the fact that current systems can not offer quantitative textural information in a routine way. Aiming at the automated characterisation of textural information, this doctoral thesis arises to provide textural information relevant for concentration processes in a systematic way. The main objective of the thesis is the automated identification and characterisation of intergrowth types in mineral particles. Initially, the seven intergrowth types most relevant for flotation, leaching and grinding are considered. To achieve this goal, a methodology has been developed based on the computation of a set of numerical indices, which have been called minerallurgical indices. These indices have been designed with two main purposes: on the one hand, each index provides information to characterise the main mineralogical features which determine particle behaviour during concentration processes and, on the other hand, these indices are used as discriminant variables for identifying the intergrowth type by Discriminant Analysis. Along with the indices developed in this work, three indices proposed by other authors belonging to different fields of materials science have been also considered after being adapted to the analysis of mineral particles. These indices are Contiguity Index (Gurland, 1958), Intergrowth Index (Amstutz and Giger, 1972) and Coordination Index (Jeulin, 1981). The design of minerallurgical indices is based on the fundamental principles of Stereology and Digital Image Analysis. Their computation has been carried out using the linear intercepts method, implemented by means of MATLAB programming. This stereological method provides a set of measurements to obtain several parameters, both stereological and geometric. Based on these parameters, minerallurgical indices have been computed. For the assessment of the discriminant capacity of the developed indices, 200 cases have been selected according to their internal structure, so that one of the seven intergrowth types initially considered in this work can be easily recognised in any of their constituents. Minerallurgical indices have been computed for each case and used as discriminant variables. After applying discriminant analysis, 95% of the cases were correctly classified. This result shows that the proposed indices are reliable identifiers of intergrowth type. Once the discriminant power of the indices has been assessed, the developed methodology has been applied to characterise a copper concentrate sample from the Kansanshi copper mine (Zambia). This characterisation has been carried out to quantify the distribution of chalcopyrite with respect to intergrowth types. Different examples of the application of this distribution have been given to test the usefulness of the method. In all of them, the proposed indices provide valuable information to characterise the minerallurgical behaviour of mineral particles. Results derived from both Discriminant Analysis and the characterisation of the Kansanshi concentrate show the reliability, usefulness and versatility of the developed methodology. Therefore, its integration as a routine tool in current systems of automated mineralogical analysis should make available for minerallurgists a great deal of complementary information to treat the ore more efficiently.

Massachusetts, 1795 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: An accurate map of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts exclusive of the District of Maine : compiled pursuant to an act of the General Court from actual surveys of the several towns &c. taken by their order, exhibiting the boundary lines of the Commonwealth, the counties and towns, the principal roads, rivers, mountains, mines, islands, rocks, shoals, channels, lakes, ponds, falls, mills, manufactures & public buildings, with the true latitudes & longitudes, &c., by Osgood Carleton. It was published and sold by O. Carleton and I. Norman in 1795. Scale [ca. 1:281,560]. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images, representing the eastern portion of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, bridges, academies, meeting houses, court houses, drainage, mountains, iron ore deposits, coastal navigational hazards, state, county, and town boundaries, distances of individual towns from Boston and the shire towns, and more. Relief is shown pictorially. Includes illustrative cartouche. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Massachusetts, 1795 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: An accurate map of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts exclusive of the District of Maine : compiled pursuant to an act of the General Court from actual surveys of the several towns &c. taken by their order, exhibiting the boundary lines of the Commonwealth, the counties and towns, the principal roads, rivers, mountains, mines, islands, rocks, shoals, channels, lakes, ponds, falls, mills, manufactures & public buildings, with the true latitudes & longitudes, &c., by Osgood Carleton. It was published and sold by O. Carleton and I. Norman in 1795. Scale [ca. 1:281,560]. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images, representing the western portion of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, bridges, academies, meeting houses, court houses, drainage, mountains, iron ore deposits, coastal navigational hazards, state, county, and town boundaries, distances of individual towns from Boston and the shire towns, and more. Relief is shown pictorially. Includes illustrative cartouche. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.