The crystal and molecular structure of 18-Crown-6 HgC12 and 18-Crown-6 Cdc12

Hg(18-Crown-6)C12 and Cd(18-Crown-6)C12 are isostructura1, space group Cl~ Z = 2. For the mercury compound, a = 10.444(2) A° , b = 11. 468(1) A° , c = 7.754(1) A° , a = 90.06(1)°, B = 82.20(1)°, Y = 90.07(1)°, Dobs = 1.87, Dca1c = 1.93, V = 920.05 13, R = 4.66%. For the cadmium compound, 000 a = 10.374(1) A, b = 11.419(2) A, c = 7.729(1) A, a = 89.95(1)°, B = 81.86(2)°, Y = 89.99(1)°, Dobs = 1.61, Dcalc = 1.64, V = 906.4613, R = 3.95%. The mercury and cadmium ions exhibit hexagonal bipyramidal coordination, with the metal ion located on a centre of symmetry in the plane of the oxygen atoms. The main differences between the two structures are an increase in the metal-oxygen distance and a reduction in the metalchloride distance when the central ion changes from Cd2+ to Hg2+. These differences may be explained in terms of the differences in hardness or softness of the metal ions and the donor atoms.

Thermoacclimatory variations in the activities of enzymes implicated in ion transport in the rainbow trout, salmo gairdneri

Two groups of rainbow trout were acclimated to 20 , 100 , and 18 o C. Plasma sodium, potassium, and chloride levels were determined for both. One group was employed in the estimation of branchial and renal (Na+-K+)-stimulated, (HC0 3-)-stimulated, and CMg++)-dependent ATPase activities, while the other was used in the measurement of carbonic anhydrase activity in the blood, gill and kidney. Assays were conducted using two incubation temperature schemes. One provided for incubation of all preparations at a common temperature of 2S oC, a value equivalent to the upper incipient lethal level for this species. In the other procedure the preparations were incubated at the appropriate acclimation temperature of the sampled fish. Trout were able to maintain plasma sodium and chloride levels essentially constant over the temperature range employed. The different incubation temperature protocols produced different levels of activity, and, in some cases, contrary trends with respect to acclimation temperature. This information was discussed in relation to previous work on gill and kidney. The standing-gradient flow hypothesis was discussed with reference to the structure of the chloride cell, known thermallyinduced changes in ion uptake, and the enzyme activities obtained in this study. Modifications of the model of gill lon uptake suggested by Maetz (1971) were proposed; high and low temperature models resulting. In short, ion transport at the gill at low temperatures appears to involve sodium and chloride 2 uptake by heteroionic exchange mechanisms working in association w.lth ca.rbonlc anhydrase. G.l ll ( Na + -K + ) -ATPase and erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase seem to provide the supplemental uptake required at higher temperatures. It appears that the kidney is prominent in ion transport at low temperatures while the gill is more important at high temperatures. 3 Linear regression analyses involving weight, plasma ion levels, and enzyme activities indicated several trends, the most significant being the interrelationship observed between plasma sodium and chloride. This, and other data obtained in the study was considered in light of the theory that a link exists between plasma sodium and chloride regulatory mechanisms.

The Role of MicroRNA Regulation of Cardiac Ion Channel in Arrhythmia

La fibrillation auriculaire (FA) est le trouble du rythme le plus fréquemment observé en pratique clinique. Elle constitue un risque important de morbi-mortalité. Le traitement de la FA reste un défi majeur en lien avec les nombreux effets secondaires associés aux approches thérapeutiques actuelles. Dans ce contexte, une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents à la FA est essentielle pour le développement de nouvelles thérapies offrant un meilleur rapport bénéfice/risque pour les patients. La FA est caractérisée par i) un remodelage électrique délétère associé le plus souvent ii) à un remodelage structurel du myocarde favorisant la récurrence et le maintien de l’arythmie. La diminution de la période réfractaire effective au sein du tissu auriculaire est un élément clef du remodelage électrique. Le remodelage structurel, quant à lui, se manifeste principalement par une fibrose tissulaire qui altère la propagation de l’influx électrique dans les oreillettes. Les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la mise en place de ces deux substrats restent mal connus. Récemment, le rôle des microARNs (miARNs) a été pointé du doigt dans de nombreuses pathologies notamment cardiaques. Dans ce contexte les objectifs principaux de ce travail ont été i) d'acquérir une compréhension approfondie du rôle des miARNs dans la régulation de l’expression des canaux ioniques et ii) de mieux comprendre le rôle de ces molécules dans l’installation d’un substrat favorable a la FA. Nous avons, dans un premier temps, effectué une analyse bio-informatique combinée à des approches expérimentales spécifiques afin d’identifier clairement les miARNs démontrant un fort potentiel de régulation des gènes codant pour l’expression des canaux ioniques cardiaques humains. Nous avons identifié un nombre limité de miARNs cardiaques qui possédaient ces propriétés. Sur la base de ces résultats, nous avons démontré que l’altération de l'expression des canaux ioniques, observée dans diverse maladies cardiaques (par exemple, les cardiomyopathies, l’ischémie myocardique, et la fibrillation auriculaire), peut être soumise à ces miARNs suggérant leur implication dans l’arythmogénèse. La régulation du courant potassique IK1 est un facteur déterminant du remodelage électrique auriculaire associée à la FA. Les mécanismes moléculaires sous-jacents sont peu connus. Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que l'altération de l’expression des miARNs soit corrélée à l’augmentation de l’expression d’IK1 dans la FA. Nous avons constaté que l’expression de miR-26 est réduite dans la FA et qu’elle régule IK1 en modulant l’expression de sa sous-unité Kir2.1. Nous avons démontré que miR-26 est sous la répression transcriptionnelle du facteur nucléaire des lymphocytes T activés (NFAT) et que l’activité accrue de NFATc3/c4, aboutit à une expression réduite de miR-26. En conséquence IK1 augmente lors de la FA. Nous avons enfin démontré que l’interférence in vivo de miR-26 influence la susceptibilité à la FA en régulant IK1, confirmant le rôle prépondérant de miR-26 dans le remodelage auriculaire électrique. La fibrose auriculaire est un constituant majeur du remodelage structurel associé à la FA, impliquant l'activation des fibroblastes et l’influx cellulaire du Ca2 +. Nous avons cherché à déterminer i) si le canal perméable au Ca2+, TRPC3, jouait un rôle dans la fibrose auriculaire en favorisant l'activation des fibroblastes et ii) étudié le rôle potentiel des miARNs dans ce contexte. Nous avons démontré que les canaux TRPC3 favorisent l’influx du Ca2 +, activant la signalisation Ca2 +-dépendante ERK et en conséquence activent la prolifération des fibroblastes. Nous avons également démontré que l’expression du TRPC3 est augmentée dans la FA et que le blocage in vivo de TRPC3 empêche le développement de substrats reliés à la FA. Nous avons par ailleurs validé que miR-26 régule les canaux TRPC3 en diminuant leur expression dans les fibroblastes. Enfin, nous avons montré que l'expression réduite du miR-26 est également due à l’activité augmentée de NFATc3/c4 dans les fibroblastes, expliquant ainsi l’augmentation de TRPC3 lors de la FA, confirmant la contribution de miR-26 dans le processus de remodelage structurel lié à la FA. En conclusion, nos résultats mettent en évidence l'importance des miARNs dans la régulation des canaux ioniques cardiaques. Notamment, miR-26 joue un rôle important dans le remodelage électrique et structurel associé à la FA et ce, en régulant IK1 et l’expression du canal TRPC3. Notre étude démasque ainsi un mécanisme moléculaire de contrôle de la FA innovateur associant des miARNs. miR-26 en particulier représente apres ces travaux une nouvelle cible thérapeutique prometteuse pour traiter la FA.

A Chloride Ion-Selective Potentiometric Sensor Based on a Polymeric Schiff Base Complex

This paper describes the fabrication of an ion-selective electrode in which a polymeric Schiff base complex of cobalt(II) is used as the ionophore.The main advantage of the electrode is that it is mechanically stable upto 3 months..The electrode shows a linear response in the range of 2.5 × 10-5-0.5 × 10-1 mol dm-3. The response time of the electrode is 30 s.The pH range at which the electrode works is 3.8 to 6.8. The electrode was found to be selective towards chloride ion in the presence of ions like Na+, Ca2+, Mn2+, ,Fe3+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, CH3COO-, NO3-, SO42- ,Br- and NO2-.

Diffusive transport properties in monovalent and divalent metal-ion halide melts: A computer simulation study

Self- and cross-velocity correlation functions and related transport coefficients of molten salts are studied by molecular-dynamics simulation. Six representative systems are considered, i.e., NaCl and KCl alkali halides, CuCl and CuBr noble-metal halides, and SrCl2 and ZnCl2 divalent metal-ion halides. Computer simulation results are compared with experimental self-diffusion coefficients and electrical conductivities. Special attention is paid to dynamic cross correlations and their dependence on the Coulomb interactions as well as on the size and mass differences between anions and cations.

Kr - Kr correlation diagram and its use in heavy-ion collisions

A realistic self-consistent charge correlation diagram calculation of the Kr{^2+} - Kr{^2+} system has been performed. We get excellent agreement for the 4(3/2)_u level with an experimentally observed MO level at large distances. Possible reasons for discrepancies between experiment and theory at small distances are discussed.

Theoretical evidence for quasi-molecular structure at small internuclear distances in elastic ion-atom scattering

The potential energy curve of the system Ne-Ne is calculated for small internuclear distances from 0.005 to 3.0 au using a newly developed relativistic molecular Dirac-Fock-Slater code. A significant structure in the potential energy curve is found which leads to a nearly complete agreement with experimental differential elastic scattering cross sections. This demonstrates the presence of quasi-molecular effects in elastic ion-atom collisions at keV energies.

Separation of Ba-137m from Cs-137 using new ion exchanger Na-2(H2O)(4)(H3O)[Al(OH)(6)Mo6O18]

A new polyoxometalate of chemical formula, Na-2(H2O)(4)(H3O)[Al(OH)(6)Mo6O18] (1) containing Anderson type large anion has been synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray structure determination and IR spectroscopic studies. The crystal of 1 is triclinic, spacegroup P-1 with cell dimensions, a = 6.365(9) angstrom, b = 10.37(1) angstrom, c = 10.44(1) angstrom and alpha = 65.41(1), beta = 77.18(1), gamma = 86.58(1) and Z = 1. The compound 1 behaves as an ion exchanger and is stable in thermal, radiation and chemical environments. Radiochemical separation of the short-lived daughter Ba-137m (t(1/2) = 2.50 min) from its long-lived parent Cs-137 using this newly designed and synthesized ion exchanger has been developed.

Supramolecular assemblies of metal ions in complex bimetallic and trimetallic salts based on hexacyanoferrate(III) ion

Two complex heterometallic salts with formulae Tl-6[Fe(CN)(6)](1) (33)(NO3)(OH) (1) and [Co(bpy)(2)(CN)(2)](2){[Ag(CN)(2)](0) (5)[Fe(CN)(6)](0) (5)} 8H(2)O (2) have been synthesized and fully characterized Single crystal X-ray analyses reveal that compound 1 is comprised of discrete Tl+ cations and [Fe(CN)(6)](3-) anions together with OH- and NO3- anions Compound 2 contains [Co(bpy)(2)(CN)(2)](+) cations and {[Ag(CN)(2)][Fe(CN)(6)]}(-) anions together with eight molecules of water of crystallization Both structures form unprecedented three-dimensional supramolecular networks via non covalent interactions Another important observation is that the stereochemically active inert (lone) pair present on Tl+ plays little role in controlling the structure of 1 The water molecules in 2 play important roles in providing stability organizing a supramolecular network through hydrogen bonding In the syntheses of 1 and 2 Fe(II) is oxidized to Fe(III) and Co(II) to Co(III) respectively facilitating the formation of the salts that are obtained Both compounds exhibit photoluminescence emission in solution near the visible region.

Immunopharmacology: utilizing antibodies as ion channel modulators

Development of the patch clamp technique by the Nobel Prize winners Bert Sakmann and Erwin Neher led to huge advances in ion channel research. Their work laid the foundations and revolutionized electrophysiological studies of cells and ion channels. These ion channels underlie many basic cellular physiological processes and, therefore, are key therapeutic targets for pharmaceutical companies. However, current pharmacological strategies are hampered by the lack of specific ion channel blockers. Intense research and development programs are now actively employing antibodies to target ion channels in various formats. This review discusses the use of ion channel antibodies and their associated small molecules as pharmacological tools, termed immunopharmacology. In addition, we will review some recent studies looking into clinical applications of immunopharmacology and intrabodies.

Helium ion microscopy visualizes lipid nanodomains in mammalian cells

Cell membranes are composed of two-dimensional bilayers of amphipathic lipids, which allow a lateral movement of the respective membrane components. These components are arranged in an inhomogeneous manner as transient micro- and nanodomains, which are believed to be crucially involved in the regulation of signal transduction pathways in mammalian cells. Because of their small size (diameter 10-200 nm), membrane nanodomains cannot be directly imaged using conventional light microscopy. Here, we present direct visualization of cell membrane nanodomains by helium ion microscopy (HIM). We show that HIM is capable to image biological specimens without any conductive coating, and that HIM images clearly allow the identification of nanodomains in the ultrastructure of membranes with 1.5 nm resolution. The shape of these nanodomains is preserved by fixation of the surrounding unsaturated fatty acids while saturated fatty acids inside the nanodomains are selectively removed. Atomic force microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, 3D structured illumination microscopy and direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy provide additional evidence that the structures in the HIM images of cell membranes originate from membrane nanodomains. The nanodomains observed by HIM have an average diameter of 20 nm and are densely arranged with a minimal nearest neighbor distance of ~15 nm.

Effect of renoguanylin on hydrogen/bicarbonate ion transport in rat renal tubules

Renoguanylin (REN) is a recently described member of the guanylin family, which was first isolated from eels and is expressed in intestinal and specially kidney tissues. In the present work we evaluate the effects of REN on the mechanisms of hydrogen transport in rat renal tubules by the stationary microperfusion method. We evaluated the effect of 1 mu M and 10 mu M of renoguanylin (REN) on the reabsorption of bicarbonate in proximal and distal segments and found that there was a significant reduction in bicarbonate reabsorption. In proximal segments, REN promoted a significant effect at both 1 and 10 mu M concentrations. Comparing control and REN concentration of 1 mu M, JHCO(3)(-) . nmol cm(-2) s(-1) -1,76 +/- 0.11(control) x 1,29 +/- 0,08(REN) 10 mu m: P<0.05, was obtained. In distal segments the effect of both concentrations of REN was also effective, being significant e.g. at a concentration of 1 mu M (JHCO(3)(-), nmol cm(-2) s(-1) -0.80 +/- 0.07(control) x 0.60 +/- 0.06(REN) 1 mu m; P<0.05), although at a lower level than in the proximal tubule. Our results suggest that the action of REN on hydrogen transport involves the inhibition of Na(+)/H(+) exchanger and H(+)-ATPase in the luminal membrane of the perfused tubules by a PKG dependent pathway. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Ion beam assisted deposition of an organic light emitting diode electrode

This work presents the electro-optical characterization of metal-organic interfaces prepared by the Ion Beam Assisted Deposition (IBAD) method. IBAD applied in this work combines simultaneously metallic film deposition and bombardment with an independently controlled ion beam, allowing different penetration of the ions and the evaporated metallic elements into the polymer. The result is a hybrid, non-abrupt interface, where polymer, metal and ion coexists. We used an organic light emitting diode, which has a typical vertical-architecture, for the interface characterization: Glass/Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)/Poly[ethylene-dioxythiophene/poly{styrenesulfonicacid}]) (PEDOT:PSS) /Emitting Polymer/Metal. The emitting polymer layer comprised of the Poly[(9,9-dioctyl-2,7-divinylenefluorenylene)-alt-co-{2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene}] (PFO) and the metal layer of aluminum prepared with different Ar(+) ion energies varying in the range from 0 to 1000 eV. Photoluminescence, Current-Voltage and Electroluminescence measurements were used to study the emission and electron injection properties. Changes of these properties were related with the damage caused by the energetic ions and the metal penetration into the polymer. Computer simulations of hybrid interface damage and metal penetration were confronted with experimental data. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Corrosion resistance enhancement of SAE 1020 steel after Chromium implantation by nitrogen ion recoil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of ion supplementation of a commercial soft drink on tooth enamel erosion

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)