Northern hemispheric winter warming pattern after tropical volcanic eruptions: Sensitivity to the ozone climatology

An important key for the understanding of the dynamic response to large tropical volcanic eruptions is the warming of the tropical lower stratosphere and the concomitant intensification of the polar vortices. Although this mechanism is reproduced by most general circulation models today, most models still fail in producing an appropriate winter warming pattern in the Northern Hemisphere. In this study ensemble sensitivity experiments were carried out with a coupled atmosphere-ocean model to assess the influence of different ozone climatologies on the atmospheric dynamics and in particular on the northern hemispheric winter warming. The ensemble experiments were perturbed by a single Tambora-like eruption. Larger meridional gradients in the lower stratospheric ozone favor the coupling of zonal wind anomalies between the stratosphere and the troposphere after the eruption. The associated sea level pressure, temperature, and precipitation patterns are more pronounced and the northern hemispheric winter warming is highly significant. Conversely, weaker meridional ozone gradients lead to a weaker response of the winter warming and the associated patterns. The differences in the number of stratosphere-troposphere coupling events between the ensembles experiments indicate a nonlinear response behavior of the dynamics with respect to the ozone and the volcanic forcing.

Problemas de interacción suelo estructura en cimentaciones y muros de contención. Influencia de los fenómenos de despegue y deslizamiento

Los terremotos constituyen una de las más importantes fuentes productoras de cargas dinámicas que actúan sobre las estructuras y sus cimentaciones. Cuando se produce un terremoto la energía liberada genera movimientos del terreno en forma de ondas sísmicas que pueden provocar asientos en las cimentaciones de los edificios, empujes sobre los muros de contención, vuelco de las estructuras y el suelo puede licuar perdiendo su capacidad de soporte. Los efectos de los terremotos en estructuras constituyen unos de los aspectos que involucran por su condición de interacción sueloestructura, disciplinas diversas como el Análisis Estructural, la Mecánica de Suelo y la Ingeniería Sísmica. Uno de los aspectos que han sido poco estudiados en el cálculo de estructuras sometidas a la acciones de los terremotos son los efectos del comportamiento no lineal del suelo y de los movimientos que pueden producirse bajo la acción de cargas sísmicas, tales como posibles despegues y deslizamientos. En esta Tesis se estudian primero los empujes sísmicos y posibles deslizamientos de muros de contención y se comparan las predicciones de distintos tipos de cálculos: métodos pseudo-estáticos como el de Mononobe-Okabe (1929) con la contribución de Whitman-Liao (1985), y formulaciones analíticas como la desarrollada por Veletsos y Younan (1994). En segundo lugar se estudia el efecto del comportamiento no lineal del terreno en las rigideces de una losa de cimentación superficial y circular, como la correspondiente a la chimenea de una Central Térmica o al edificio del reactor de una Central Nuclear, considerando su variación con frecuencia y con el nivel de cargas. Finalmente se estudian los posibles deslizamientos y separación de las losas de estas dos estructuras bajo la acción de terremotos, siguiendo la formulación propuesta por Wolf (1988). Para estos estudios se han desarrollado una serie de programas específicos (MUROSIS, VELETSOS, INTESES y SEPARSE) cuyos listados y detalles se incluyen en los Apéndices. En el capítulo 6 se incluyen las conclusiones resultantes de estos estudios y recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones. ABSTRACT Earthquakes constitute one of the most important sources of dynamic loads that acting on structures and foundations. When an earthquake occurs the liberated energy generates seismic waves that can give rise to structural vibrations, settlements of the foundations of buildings, pressures on retaining walls, and possible sliding, uplifting or even overturning of structures. The soil can also liquefy losing its capacity of support The study of the effects of earthquakes on structures involve the use of diverse disciplines such as Structural Analysis, Soil Mechanics and Earthquake Engineering. Some aspects that have been the subject of limited research in relation to the behavior of structures subjected to earthquakes are the effects of nonlinear soil behavior and geometric nonlinearities such as sliding and uplifting of foundations. This Thesis starts with the study of the seismic pressures and potential displacements of retaining walls comparing the predictions of two types of formulations and assessing their range of applicability and limitations: pseudo-static methods as proposed by Mononobe-Okabe (1929), with the contribution of Whitman-Liao (1985), and analytical formulations as the one developed by Veletsos and Younan (1994) for rigid walls. The Thesis deals next with the effects of nonlinear soil behavior on the dynamic stiffness of circular mat foundations like the chimney of a Thermal Power Station or the reactor building of a Nuclear Power Plant, as a function of frequency and level of forces. Finally the seismic response of these two structures accounting for the potential sliding and uplifting of the foundation under a given earthquake are studied, following an approach suggested by Wolf (1988). In order to carry out these studies a number of special purposes computer programs were developed (MUROSIS, VELETSOS, INTESES and SEPARSE). The listing and details of these programs are included in the appendices. The conclusions derived from these studies and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 6.

Influencia de la temperatura en la deflexión de firmes flexibles

En esta investigación se ha estudiado el efecto de la variación de la temperatura en la deflexión de firmes flexibles. En primer lugar se han recopilado los criterios existentes de ajuste de la deflexión por efecto de la temperatura. Posteriormente, se ha llevado a cabo un estudio empírico mediante la auscultación de las deflexiones en cinco tramos de carretera con firme flexible y con diferentes espesores de mezclas bituminosas (entre 10 y 30 cm). Las medidas se han efectuado en dos campañas (verano e invierno), tratando de abarcar un amplio rango de temperaturas. En cada campaña, se han llevado a cabo distintas auscultaciones a diferentes temperaturas. Las medidas de cada campaña se han realizado el mismo día. Se han obtenido los coeficientes empíricos de ajuste por temperatura para cada tramo analizado. Además, se ha realizado un estudio teórico mediante la elaboración de diferentes modelos (multicapa elástico lineal, multicapa visco-elástico lineal y elementos finitos) que reproducen la respuesta estructural de los firmes flexibles auscultados. La caracterización mecánica de las mezclas bituminosas se ha realizado mediante ensayos de módulo complejo en laboratorio, a diferentes temperaturas y frecuencias, sobre testigos extraídos en las carreteras estudiadas. Se han calculado los coeficientes teóricos de ajuste por temperatura para cada modelo elaborado y tramo analizado. Finalmente, se ha realizado un estudio comparativo entre los distintos coeficientes de ajuste (existentes, empíricos y teóricos), que ha puesto de manifiesto que, en todos los casos analizados, los coeficientes obtenidos en el modelo de elementos finitos son los que más se aproximan a los coeficientes empíricos (valor de referencia para los tramos analizados). El modelo desarrollado de elementos finitos permite reproducir el comportamiento visco-elástico de las mezclas bituminosas y el carácter dinámico de las cargas aplicadas. Se han utilizado elementos tipo tetraedro isoparamétrico lineal (C3D8R) para el firme y la parte superior del cimiento, mientras que para la parte inferior se han empleado elementos infinitos (CIN3D8). In this research the effect produced by the temperature change on flexible pavements deflection is analysed. First, the existing criteria of deflection adjustment by temperature were collected. Additionally, an empirical analysis was carried out, consisting on deflection tests in five flexible-pavement road sections with different asphalt mix thickness (from 10 to 30 cm). The measures were taken in two seasons (summer and winter) in an effort to register a wide range of temperatures. Different surveys were carried out at different temperatures in each season. The tests of each season were done at the same day. The empirical temperature adjustment factors for every analysed section were obtained. A theoretical study was carried out by developing different models (linear elastic multilayer, linear visco-elastic multilayer and finite elements) that reproduce the structural response of the tested flexible pavements. The mechanical characterization of the asphalt mixes was achieved through laboratory complex-modulus tests at different temperatures and frequencies, using pavement cores from the surveyed roads. The theoretical temperature adjustment factors for each model developed and each section analysed were calculated. Finally, a comparative study among the different adjustment factors (existing, empirical and theoretical) was carried out. It has shown that, in all analysed cases, the factors obtained with the finite elements model are the closest to the empirical factors (reference value for the analysed sections). The finite elements model developed makes it possible to reproduce the visco-elastic behavior of the asphalt mixes and the dynamic nature of the applied loads. Linear isoparametric tetrahedral elements (C3D8R) have been used for the pavement and the subgrade, while infinite elements (CIN3D8) have been used for the foundations.

Influência da rigidez vertical no comportamento mecânico e dimensionamento da via permanente ferroviária.

A via permanente representa um elemento imprescindível na composição do transporte ferroviário e seu desempenho deve ser adequado, de forma a garantir tanto segurança quanto conforto. Assim, diversos aspectos devem ser analisados ainda na fase de projeto, através de dimensionamentos que confrontem diferentes parâmetros da resposta da via e os limites estabelecidos. Dessa forma, o conhecimento do comportamento mecânico da via, devido aos esforços impostos pela passagem do material rodante, passa a ser essencial no projeto de uma estrutura que garanta os requisitos necessários, sem ser inviável economicamente. Visto que esse comportamento mecânico é muito sensível à rigidez vertical da estrutura, o presente trabalho apresenta análises da influência desse parâmetro na resposta da via e, consequentemente, no seu dimensionamento. Nesse contexto, o trabalho abrange tanto o caso de vias em lastro solicitadas por trens de carga, quanto o caso de vias em laje solicitadas por trens de passageiros em meios urbanos. No primeiro caso são realizados estudos paramétricos, por meio de modelos clássicos e um modelo mecanicista, para a análise de momentos fletores e deflexões nos trilhos, bem como tensões verticais nas camadas de lastro, sub-lastro e subleito. Já no segundo caso, são realizados estudos paramétricos relativos à transmissibilidade e à atenuação de vibrações causadoras de ruído secundário. Também é feita uma análise da influência da rigidez vertical na amplificação dinâmica das cargas estáticas, que pode ser aplicada a ambos os casos citados e até extrapolada para casos de vias de alta velocidade. Os resultados mostraram que aumentos de rigidez vertical resultam em ganhos do ponto de vista de momentos fletores e deflexões nos trilhos, além de maior resistência e capacidade de dissipação de tensões verticais nas camadas de lastro, sub-lastro e subleito. Por outro lado, esses aumentos também levaram a maiores tensões nas camadas subjacentes à grade citadas, além de atenuações de vibrações em menores intervalos de frequência e maiores amplificações dinâmicas das cargas estáticas em vias de alta velocidade. Assim, é mostrado que a influência da rigidez vertical, tanto da via como um todo quanto de alguns elementos específicos, não deve ser analisada de forma genérica, pois, dependendo do parâmetro da resposta da via considerado no dimensionamento, seu aumento pode representar uma influência positiva ou negativa.

Self-mode-locked vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser

Ultrashort laser pulses from vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VECSELs) have been receiving much attention in the semiconductor laser community since the first demonstration of sub-ps-pulsed devices more than a decade ago. Originally relying on semiconductor saturable-absorber mirrors for pulse formation, mode-locked operation has not only become accessible by using a variety of saturable absorbers, but also by using a saturable-absorber-free technique referred to as self-mode-locking (SML). Here, we highlight achievements in the field of SML-VECSELs with quantum-well and quantum-dot gain chips, and study the influence of a few VECSEL parameters on the assumed nonlinear lensing behavior in the system. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Modelagem computacional para avaliação da interação entre painéis de alvenaria e estrutura de suporte em concreto armado

The developed study proposes a new computer modeling efficient and easy to apply in usual project situations to evaluate the interaction between masonry panels and support structure. The proposed model simulates the behavior of the wall exclusively using frame finite elements, thus compounding an equivalent frame. The validation was performed in two ways: firstly, through the analysis of various panels of generic plans, comparing the results obtained from equivalent frame model with the ones from a reference model, which uses shell finite elements in discretization of the walls; and in a second step, comparing with the results of the experimental model of Rosenhaupt. The analyzes considered the linear elastic behavior for materials and consisted basically in the evaluation of vertical displacements and efforts in support beams, and tensions at the base of walls. Was also evaluated, from flat and threedimensional modeling of some walls from a real project, important aspects of the wall-beam interaction, e.g.: the presence of openings of doors and windows, arranged in any position; conditions of support and linking of beams; interference of moorings between walls; and consideration of wind action. The analysis of the achieved results demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed modeling, since they have very similar aspects in the distribution of stresses and efforts, always with intensities slightly larger than those of the reference and experimental models.

The Effect of Residence Time on the Tensile Properties of Superelastic and Thermal Activated Ni-Ti Orthodontic Wires

Since the 1980s, different devices based on superelastic alloys have been developed to fulfill orthodontic applications. Particularly in the last decades several researches have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical behavior of Ni-Ti alloys, including their tensile, torsion and fatigue properties. However, studies regarding the dependence of elastic properties on residence time of Ni-Ti wires in the oral cavity are scarce. Such approach is essential since metallic alloys are submitted to mechanical stresses during orthodontic treatment as well as pH and temperature fluctuations. The goal of the present contribution is to provide elastic stress-strain results to guide the orthodontic choice between martensitic thermal activated and austenitic superelastic Ni-Ti alloys. From the point of view of an orthodontist, the selection of appropriate materials and the correct maintenance of the orthodontic apparatus are essential needs during clinical treatment. The present work evaluated the elastic behavior of Ni-Ti alloy wires with diameters varying from 0.014 to 0.020 inches, submitted to hysteresis tensile tests with 8% strain. Tensile tests were performed after periods of use of 1, 2 and 3 months in the oral cavity of patients submitted to orthodontic treatment. The results from the hysteresis tests allowed to exam the strain range covered by isostress lines upon loading and unloading, as well as the residual strain after unloading for both superelastic and thermal activated Ni-Ti wires. Superelastic Ni-Ti wires exhibited higher load isostress values compared to thermal activated wires. It was found that such differences in the load isostress values can increase with increasing residence time.

The Effect of Residence Time on the Tensile Properties of Superelastic and Thermal Activated Ni-Ti Orthodontic Wires

Since the 1980s, different devices based on superelastic alloys have been developed to fulfill orthodontic applications. Particularly in the last decades several researches have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical behavior of Ni-Ti alloys, including their tensile, torsion and fatigue properties. However, studies regarding the dependence of elastic properties on residence time of Ni-Ti wires in the oral cavity are scarce. Such approach is essential since metallic alloys are submitted to mechanical stresses during orthodontic treatment as well as pH and temperature fluctuations. The goal of the present contribution is to provide elastic stress-strain results to guide the orthodontic choice between martensitic thermal activated and austenitic superelastic Ni-Ti alloys. From the point of view of an orthodontist, the selection of appropriate materials and the correct maintenance of the orthodontic apparatus are essential needs during clinical treatment. The present work evaluated the elastic behavior of Ni-Ti alloy wires with diameters varying from 0.014 to 0.020 inches, submitted to hysteresis tensile tests with 8% strain. Tensile tests were performed after periods of use of 1, 2 and 3 months in the oral cavity of patients submitted to orthodontic treatment. The results from the hysteresis tests allowed to exam the strain range covered by isostress lines upon loading and unloading, as well as the residual strain after unloading for both superelastic and thermal activated Ni-Ti wires. Superelastic Ni-Ti wires exhibited higher load isostress values compared to thermal activated wires. It was found that such differences in the load isostress values can increase with increasing residence time.

Solid-liquid interactions in microscale structures and devices

Liquid-solid interactions become important as dimensions approach mciro/nano-scale. This dissertation focuses on liquid-solid interactions in two distinct applications: capillary driven self-assembly of thin foils into 3D structures, and droplet wetting of hydrophobic micropatterned surfaces. The phenomenon of self-assembly of complex structures is common in biological systems. Examples include self-assembly of proteins into macromolecular structures and self-assembly of lipid bilayer membranes. The principles governing this phenomenon have been applied to induce self-assembly of millimeter scale Si thin films into spherical and other 3D structures, which are then integrated into light-trapping photovoltaic (PV) devices. Motivated by this application, we present a generalized analytical study of the self-folding of thin plates into deterministic 3D shapes, through fluid-solid interactions, to be used as PV devices. This study consists of developing a model using beam theory, which incorporates the two competing components — a capillary force that promotes folding and the bending rigidity of the foil that resists folding into a 3D structure. Through an equivalence argument of thin foils of different geometry, an effective folding parameter, which uniquely characterizes the driving force for folding, has been identified. A criterion for spontaneous folding of an arbitrarily shaped 2D foil, based on the effective folding parameter, is thus established. Measurements from experiments using different materials and predictions from the model match well, validating the assumptions used in the analysis. As an alternative to the mechanics model approach, the minimization of the total free energy is employed to investigate the interactions between a fluid droplet and a flexible thin film. A 2D energy functional is proposed, comprising the surface energy of the fluid, bending energy of the thin film and gravitational energy of the fluid. Through simulations with Surface Evolver, the shapes of the droplet and the thin film at equilibrium are obtained. A critical thin film length necessary for complete enclosure of the fluid droplet, and hence successful self-assembly into a PV device, is determined and compared with the experimental results and mechanics model predictions. The results from the modeling and energy approaches and the experiments are all consistent. Superhydrophobic surfaces, which have unique properties including self-cleaning and water repelling are desired in many applications. One excellent example in nature is the lotus leaf. To fabricate these surfaces, well designed micro/nano- surface structures are often employed. In this research, we fabricate superhydrophobic micropatterned Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) surfaces composed of micropillars of various sizes and arrangements by means of soft lithography. Both anisotropic surfaces, consisting of parallel grooves and cylindrical pillars in rectangular lattices, and isotropic surfaces, consisting of cylindrical pillars in square and hexagonal lattices, are considered. A novel technique is proposed to image the contact line (CL) of the droplet on the hydrophobic surface. This technique provides a new approach to distinguish between partial and complete wetting. The contact area between droplet and microtextured surface is then measured for a droplet in the Cassie state, which is a state of partial wetting. The results show that although the droplet is in the Cassie state, the contact area does not necessarily follow Cassie model predictions. Moreover, the CL is not circular, and is affected by the micropatterns, in both isotropic and anisotropic cases. Thus, it is suggested that along with the contact angle — the typical parameter reported in literature quantifying wetting, the size and shape of the contact area should also be presented. This technique is employed to investigate the evolution of the CL on a hydrophobic micropatterned surface in the cases of: a single droplet impacting the micropatterned surface, two droplets coalescing on micropillars, and a receding droplet resting on the micropatterned surface. Another parameter which quantifies hydrophobicity is the contact angle hysteresis (CAH), which indicates the resistance of the surface to the sliding of a droplet with a given volume. The conventional methods of using advancing and receding angles or tilting stage to measure the resistance of the micropatterned surface are indirect, without mentioning the inaccuracy due to the discrete and stepwise motion of the CL on micropillars. A micronewton force sensor is utilized to directly measure the resisting force by dragging a droplet on a microtextured surface. Together with the proposed imaging technique, the evolution of the CL during sliding is also explored. It is found that, at the onset of sliding, the CL behaves as a linear elastic solid with a constant stiffness. Afterwards, the force first increases and then decreases and reaches a steady state, accompanied with periodic oscillations due to regular pinning and depinning of the CL. Both the maximum and steady state forces are primarily dependent on area fractions of the micropatterned surfaces in our experiment. The resisting force is found to be proportional to the number of pillars which pin the CL at the trailing edge, validating the assumption that the resistance mainly arises from the CL pinning at the trailing edge. In each pinning-and-depinning cycle during the steady state, the CL also shows linear elastic behavior but with a lower stiffness. The force variation and energy dissipation involved can also be determined. This novel method of measuring the resistance of the micropatterned surface elucidates the dependence on CL pinning and provides more insight into the mechanisms of CAH.

The non-ideal problem behavior using a dynamic vibration absorber with nonlinear essential stiffness and timedependent damping properties

The purpose of this study is to develop a dynamic vibration absorber using viscoelastic material with nonlinear essential stiffness and time-dependent damping properties for a non-ideal vibrating system with Sommerfeld effect, resonance capture, and jump phenomenon. The absorber is a mass-bar subsystem that consists of a viscoelastic bar with memory attached to mass, in which the internal dissipative forces depend on current, deformations, and its operational frequency varies with limited temperature. The non-ideal vibrating system consists of a linear (nonlinear) oscillator (plane frame structure) under excitation, via spring connector, of a DC-motor with limited power supply. A viscoelastic dynamic absorber modeled with elastic stiffness essentially nonlinearities was developed to further reduce the Sommerfeld effect and the response of the structure. The numerical results show the performance of the absorber on the non-ideal system response through the resonance curves, time histories, and Poincarésections. Furthermore, the structure responses using the viscoelastic damper with and without memory were studied. © IMechE 2012.

Unconstrained Finite Element for Geometrical Nonlinear Dynamics of Shells

This paper presents a positional FEM formulation to deal with geometrical nonlinear dynamics of shells. The main objective is to develop a new FEM methodology based on the minimum potential energy theorem written regarding nodal positions and generalized unconstrained vectors not displacements and rotations. These characteristics are the novelty of the present work and avoid the use of large rotation approximations. A nondimensional auxiliary coordinate system is created, and the change of configuration function is written following two independent mappings from which the strain energy function is derived. This methodology is called positional and, as far as the authors' knowledge goes, is a new procedure to approximated geometrical nonlinear structures. In this paper a proof for the linear and angular momentum conservation property of the Newmark beta algorithm is provided for total Lagrangian description. The proposed shell element is locking free for elastic stress-strain relations due to the presence of linear strain variation along the shell thickness. The curved, high-order element together with an implicit procedure to solve nonlinear equations guarantees precision in calculations. The momentum conserving, the locking free behavior, and the frame invariance of the adopted mapping are numerically confirmed by examples. Copyright (C) 2009 H. B. Coda and R. R. Paccola.

Consolidation of elastic-plastic saturated porous media by the boundary element method

This paper presents a domain boundary element formulation for inelastic saturated porous media with rate-independent behavior for the solid skeleton. The formulation is then applied to elastic-plastic behavior for the solid. Biot`s consolidation theory, extended to include irreversible phenomena is considered and the direct boundary element technique is used for the numerical solution after time discretization by the implicit Euler backward algorithm. The associated nonlinear algebraic problem is solved by the Newton-Raphson procedure whereby the loading/unloading conditions are fully taken into account and the consistent tangent operator defined. Only domain nodes (nodes defined inside the domain) are used to represent all domain values and the corresponding integrals are computed by using an accurate sub-elementation scheme. The developments are illustrated through the Drucker-Prager elastic-plastic model for the solid skeleton and various examples are analyzed with the proposed algorithms. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analytical solutions for geometrically nonlinear trusses

This paper presents an analytical method for analyzing trusses with severe geometrically nonlinear behavior. The main objective is to find analytical solutions for trusses with different axial forces in the bars. The methodology is based on truss kinematics, elastic constitutive laws and equilibrium of nodal forces. The proposed formulation can be applied to hyper elastic materials, such as rubber and elastic foams. A Von Mises truss with two bars made by different materials is analyzed to show the accuracy of this methodology.

Seismic behavior of concrete block masonry buildings

Tese de Doutoramento em Engenharia Civil

Equivalent representation form of oscillators with elastic and damping nonlinear terms

In this work we consider the nonlinear equivalent representation form of oscillators that exhibit nonlinearities in both the elastic and the damping terms. The nonlinear damping effects are considered to be described by fractional power velocity terms which provide better predictions of the dissipative effects observed in some physical systems. It is shown that their effects on the system dynamics response are equivalent to a shift in the coefficient of the linear damping term of a Duffing oscillator. Then, its numerical integration predictions, based on its equivalent representation form given by the well-known forced, damped Duffing equation, are compared to the numerical integration values of its original equations of motion. The applicability of the proposed procedure is evaluated by studying the dynamics response of four nonlinear oscillators that arise in some engineering applications such as nanoresonators, microresonators, human wrist movements, structural engineering design, and chain dynamics of polymeric materials at high extensibility, among others